一种模拟舰船表面破坏的冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀交互磨损试验研究

海洋装备表面材料破坏的主要原因是冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀及其交互作用,而量化其表面磨损程度对海洋装备材料和结构的设计具有重要意义。冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀交互磨损试验台是研究海洋装备表面材料破坏的有效工具。通过流场数值对比分析,在研究冲蚀和空蚀交互作用的基础上,优化设计了冲蚀、空蚀和电化学腐蚀交互磨损综合试验台,完成了人造海水中,不同材料的舰船工作表面受到高速流体冲击产生的冲蚀、空蚀和电化学腐蚀交互磨损试验。结果表明:同一种金属材料冲蚀、空蚀和电化学腐蚀交互作用的失重量大于冲蚀、空蚀和自然腐蚀交互作用的失重量,高强度塑性金属材料的腐蚀磨损较为严重,其三者交互作用的磨损程度大于低强度塑性金属材料。     

40Cr冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损试验研究

对40Cr进行模拟化工泵叶轮流道内工况条件下的冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损试验,分析40Cr材料的抗交互磨损性能和冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损试件表面磨痕。结果表明:40Cr的冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损失重曲线分为孕育期、上升期、衰减期和稳定期。在孕育期中,材料失重量很小;在上升期中,材料的冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损失重量增加。40Cr材料的交互磨损特性是以微切削、犁削和脆性剥落为主,同时存在针眼和剥落坑。40Cr试样表面的冲蚀沟槽和空蚀坑主要沿水流线速度矢量的方向,但也存在一些与线速度成一定夹角的摩擦痕迹或沟槽,说明影响冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损的因素不仅是水流速度,还与沙粒运动轨迹、水流方向及冲蚀角度等有关。     

冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损三相流场仿真与试验研究

基于计算流体力学方法,数值研究在模拟水轮机工况下,冲蚀与空蚀交互作用时,试件表面上汽液固三相流场的动力学特性(压力场、速度场、汽相体积比分布),然后在转盘式磨损装置上,进行汽液固三相冲蚀与空蚀交互磨损试验,并对试件微观形貌进行分析。结果表明:数值分析得到试件表面最小和最大压力值、气泡速度最大值和汽相比例最大值均出现在空化孔附近,其他位置基本不变,说明空化孔附近交互磨损比单一空蚀磨损严重。就某一空化孔而言,顺着转盘旋转方向的孔边某一夹角展开区域汽相比例较大,并且出现最小和最大压力;从试件微观磨痕分析,其上存在短程犁沟和空蚀孔,磨痕呈现规律性。仿真的气泡轨迹和试件磨痕基本一致,数值计算结果和试验结果吻合得较好,从而证明了数值分析的正确性和合理性。上述数值仿真为揭示流体机械过流部件冲蚀与空蚀交互作用磨损机理奠定了基础。     

低冲蚀角下40Cr冲蚀与空蚀耦合磨损特性研究

基于CFD理论,数值模拟了低冲角下(冲蚀角α40°)冲蚀和空蚀耦合磨损的流场特性,并将数值分析结果与实验结果进行对比,研究了40Cr在低冲角下耦合磨损的失效特性。研究发现:1)耦合磨损的破坏程度随着冲蚀角的增加先增大后减小降,在临界角α=30°时磨损最严重,此时耦合磨损流场的溃灭冲击压强达到了最大的1×107Pa,在这种高强度冲击的反复作用下,材料更容易发生疲劳失效;2)当α30°时,40Cr材料表面的磨痕主要为微切削犁沟,并有少量的针孔状蚀坑;3)当α30°时,材料表面的磨痕主要为瞬时高温氧化和疲劳剥落引起的夹杂着白色氧化铁颗粒的蚀坑。40Cr试件失重量随冲蚀角变化趋势与三次样条曲线吻合得很好。     

镍基自熔合金Ni67的空蚀磨损特性研究

对Ni67合金进行了模拟三牙轮钻头流道内实际工况条件下的空蚀磨蚀试验,用失重法评价了Ni67材料的抗空蚀磨损性能,并分析了空蚀试件表面磨痕.结果表明:Ni67的空蚀失重曲线分为孕育期、上升期、衰减期和稳定期.在孕育期中,材料失重量很小;在上升期中,材料的空蚀失重率增加.Ni67试样磨损15 h之前为孕育期,平均失重量为22.1 mg;磨损15～20 h为空蚀磨损的上升期,磨损30 h时,试件平均失重量为79.3 mg.Ni67材料的空蚀磨损特性主要是微射流对试件表面的冲击而产生的低周疲劳损伤,同时存在针眼和剥落坑.     

表面粗糙度对304不锈钢空蚀腐蚀联合作用的影响

为探究不同表面粗糙度对腐蚀空蚀破坏的影响机制,利用超声空蚀实验装置,对不同表面粗糙度的304不锈钢试样在质量分数3.5%NaCl溶液中进行空蚀腐蚀联合作用实验。通过分析试样的质量损失、表面形貌、显微硬度和电化学性能变化,探究不同表面粗糙度对空蚀腐蚀表面形貌和性能的影响规律。结果表明：空蚀腐蚀后的304不锈钢试样表面出现蚀坑,且蚀坑主要发生在磨痕边缘,并呈现腐蚀和空蚀双重特征;随着表面粗糙度的增大,蚀坑的密度增加,试样质量损失更加严重,但粗糙度达到一定程度时,空蚀会降低表面粗糙度数值,起到平整作用;经过空蚀腐蚀作用后,试样表面均出现硬化现象,但随着表面粗糙度的增大,试样表面硬化现象变弱;空蚀腐蚀后,试样的腐蚀电流增大,腐蚀电位负移,且随着粗糙度增大,试样的腐蚀电位和腐蚀电流变化也增大,呈现耐腐蚀性能不断下降趋势。     

环境压力对冲蚀、空蚀交互磨损影响研究

在转盘式磨损试验装置上进行了环境压力对冲蚀和空蚀交互磨损影响的试验,基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法,模拟水轮机工况,数值研究了试件表面汽液固三相流场及特性,以及环境压力对交互磨损的影响。结果表明:在4种环境压力参数下,交互磨损失重量随着环境压力的增大呈线性递减,即环境压力越大交互磨损程度越轻微;数值计算的转盘表面总压等值线、汽相体积比等值线两者的叠加区域与试验结果中试件的交互磨损表面形貌基本一致,即数值计算结果和试验结果吻合得较好。     

离心泵叶轮材料HT200的空蚀磨损机理研究

在圆盘式磨蚀试验台上，对HT200和45^#碳钢进行了模拟实际工况条件下的空蚀磨蚀实验，用失重法评价了两种金属材料的抗空蚀磨损性能，并用扫描电镜观察了空蚀试件表面形貌，试验结果表明：45^#碳钢的抗空蚀性能远要比HT200灰铁好；空蚀的本质是由微射流对试件表面的冲击而产生的低周疲劳过程；从摩擦学设计的角度考虑，45^#碳钢和灰铸铁HT200都不适合选为叶轮材料。     

复合尼龙涂层的腐蚀—冲蚀磨损特性

本文对尼龙涂层及尼龙+5％Al_2O_3陶瓷颗粒和尼龙+5％SiC晶须复合涂层进行了腐蚀—浆体冲蚀磨损试验研究。研究了砂浆的pH值,冲击速度等参数对涂层的腐蚀冲蚀磨损的影响,对涂层表面的组织结构和形貌进行了观察分析,探讨了复合尼龙涂层的腐蚀冲蚀磨损机理,建立了V_e-pH-U腐蚀—冲蚀磨损三维图。     

危险蚀坑评判及疲劳寿命计算

通过对在EXCO(exfoliation corrosion)溶液中加速腐蚀不同时间后的LC4CS试件表面腐蚀形貌进行观测,得到不同腐蚀时间下试件表面蚀坑深度及底部曲率半径。通过分析给出张开角的定义,并以此确定危险蚀坑及预测预腐蚀件的疲劳寿命。研究结果表明:张开角可以合理地确定危险蚀坑以及初始裂纹的等效尺寸。通过算例分析,用张开角来确定危险蚀坑可以较好地预测预腐蚀件的疲劳寿命。     

浆液冲击角度对Cr30A高铬铸铁冲蚀行为的影响

在模拟湿法脱硫浆液流动环境中,研究了NaCl溶液+石英砂酸性浆液冲击角度(与试样冲击表面夹角)对Cr30A高铬铸铁冲蚀行为的影响.结果表明:在浆液以60°和30°角度冲击铸铁后,在腐蚀与磨损的交互作用下铸铁的质量损失较大;浆液垂直冲击铸铁后,铸铁的质量损失较小,质量损失的主要原因是冲击磨损;浆液平行冲击铸铁后,铸铁的质...     

Corrosion–erosion wear behaviors of 13Cr24Mn0.44N stainless steel in saline–sand slurry

The corrosion–erosion wear behaviors of austenitic stainless steels, 316L and 13Cr24Mn0.44N, were investigated in water–sand slurry and saline–sand slurry, respectively. The corrosion–erosion wear mass-loss was measured to evaluate the influence of medium and materials. The worn surface and corrosion–erosion wear mechanism were analyzed using a scanning electron microscopy and a non-contact optical profilometer. Results show that the corrosion–erosion wear mass-loss of 13Cr24Mn0.44N is lower than that of 316L in both the slurries. The relative wear resistance increases with the increasing of the impingement velocity and arrives at maximum of 1.6. The dominant wear mechanism of 13Cr24Mn0.44N is abrasive wear in the water–sand slurry, whereas it becomes abrasive wear associated with little corrosive pitting in the saline–sand slurry. As the impingement velocity increased all the synergism ratios exhibit a tendency of increase, among which the synergism ratio of 13Cr24Mn0.44N is always lower than that of 316L at any given velocity. The results indicate that 13Cr24Mn0.44N possesses a predominant anti-corrosion–erosion wear property.     

Assessment of the erosion resistance of steels used for slurry handling and transport in mineral processing applications

The wear environment of steels used for containing, transporting and processing erosive mineral slurries is often such that fluid borne particles form a layer moving at high speed across the wearing surface. Information on the performance ranking of such materials is limited, particularly with respect to the influence of steel hardness and microstructure on the resistance to erosion. This is particularly important for the oil sands industry of Northern Alberta where handling and processing of essentially silica-based solids results in extremely severe wear conditions. This paper presents slurry erosion data obtained on 11 commercially available wear resistant plate and pipeline steels with hardness values up to 750 HV. These data were obtained using a Coriolis erosion tester operated at 5000 rpm with an aqueous slurry containing 10 wt.% of 200–300 μm silica sand particles.

The Coriolis erosion tester was selected because it provides a low-angle scouring action that simulates the erosive conditions encountered in oil sands and tailings pipeline transport and in some related processing operations. Results show that this test method is able to discriminate clearly between the erosion resistance of these steels, expressed in terms of specific energy (the energy necessary to remove unit volume of test material), with the most erosion resistant steel being more than five times superior to the least resistant. A graphical relation between steel hardness and erosion resistance is given. A comparison is also made between slurry erosion data and the performance of the materials in the ASTM G65 dry sand rubber wheel (DSRW) sliding abrasion test. Comments on the influence of the macro- and microstructures of the steels on their wear behaviour are included.     

Evaluation of a semi-empirical model in predicting erosion–corrosion

The phenomenon of erosion–corrosion has been studied extensively by various investigators but no accurate model has been developed to predict the interactions between erosion and corrosion. This is mainly attributed to the complexity of the interactions that generate either a synergistic or antagonistic wear effect for a particular material in a certain environment. A semi-empirical model has recently been developed at the University of Southampton which incorporates dynamic Hertzian contact mechanics to model the damage during particle impact and accommodates the effect of erodent deforming the surface leading to an increased corrosion activity. The model was found to have good agreement with erosion–corrosion rates of carbon steel. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the robustness of this semi-empirical model by testing it on a passive metal. UNS S31603 was chosen due to its inherent passivity to corrosion. A slurry pot erosion tester was used as the test rig to perform the experiments. It was found that this passive metal produces high synergistic levels when exposed to erosion–corrosion in 0.3 M HCl with variation in erodent concentrations and flow velocities. SEM and surface profilometry show typical ductile material behaviour with cutting mechanism and deformation mechanism occurring simultaneously. A wear map is presented and it is observed that the increase in velocity and sand concentration causes the material to shift from a corrosion–erosion dominated region to an erosion–corrosion dominated region. This paper will also evaluate the semi-empirical model and discuss its applicability in predicting erosion–corrosion.     

Some Views on the Mapping of Erosion of Coated Composites In Tidal Turbine Simulated Conditions

This article presents a study of the erosion resistance of coated and uncoated polymer matrix composites for tidal turbine conditions. It focuses on the development of comparative erosive wear mode and mechanism maps for such materials. In our earlier work, testing of glass-fiber-reinforced polymer composites for tribological applications in marine simulated conditions, several erosion-related issues were highlighted. The combined effects of the NaCl solution and sand dramatically enhanced the erosive wear of the uncoated specimens. In order to address those issues, an erosion-resistant polymeric coating was applied to the composite and tested in marine simulated conditions with an extended range of sand particle size. The test results of the uncoated and coated composite have been compared in this research by erosive wear mode and mechanism maps techniques. These maps reveal that the coating has enhanced the erosion resistance. These findings provide significant progress toward materials selection approaches to manufacture of tidal turbine blades.     

Slurry Erosion–Corrosion of Carburized AISI 5117 Steel

The erosion–corrosion of carburized and untreated low alloy steel (AISI 5117) has been investigated using slurry whirling-arm test rig. Erosion–corrosion tests were carried out in slurries composed of sand particles and either tap water or 3 % NaCl solution. The tests were carried out with particles concentration of 1 wt% and slurry stream impact velocity of 15 m/s. Silica sand having a nominal size range of 250–355 μm was used as an erodent. It has been shown that the erosion and erosion–corrosion resistance of AISI 5117 low alloy steel can be effectively improved by carburizing for all impact angles. However, the effectiveness of carburizing was the highest for an impact angle of 45°, where the erosion and erosion–corrosion resistance were increased by 60–40 %, respectively, compared with that of the untreated material. The results showed that the treated and untreated specimens behaved as ductile materials under erosion and erosion–corrosion tests, and the maximum mass loss occurred at an impact angle of 45°. SEM analysis showed that the erosion tracks developed on the untreated specimens were wider and deeper than that formed on the carburized specimens for erosion and erosion–corrosion tests.     

螺旋槽水润滑橡胶合金轴承沙粒侵蚀磨损研究

螺旋槽水润滑橡胶轴承橡胶面的破坏除了与运动轴直接接触造成磨损外,水中泥沙颗粒等污染物对水润滑橡胶的侵蚀磨损也是影响水润滑橡胶工作面的主要破坏方式。对液-固两相流中固体颗粒的受力情况进行分析;借助于Finne磨损基本数学模型,对不同转速、不同大小沙粒和水组成的流场进行分析,得到内部颗粒随液态流场变化的趋势;对中高转速下颗粒对壁面磨损的过程和位置进行初步的预测。结果表明,在不同转速下,不同粒子对橡胶面不同位置的侵蚀磨损是显著不同的:低转速下,接近层流状态时,对承载面的磨损较大;高转速下,流体呈现紊流状态,并在导流槽内出现独立的漩涡现象,导致颗粒在漩涡内聚集,从而造成漩涡面的磨损侵蚀较大。螺旋槽结构导致流场内漩涡出现,对于排污具有较好的作用。     

A review of the performance of engineering materials under prevalent tribological and wear situations in South African industries

The wear of materials used on machinery operating in a wide range of industrial situations such as mining, energy production and agriculture can cause serious inefficiencies, sudden breakdowns and consequential financial losses. Our work over two decades has concerned industrial problems encountered in South African industry, and laboratory simulations of abrasion, abrasion plus corrosion, adhesive wear, impact wear, cavitation, solid particle erosion and erosion plus corrosion situations have been successfully undertaken. Materials investigated include plain carbon and alloy steel, stainless steels, aluminium alloys, cast irons, tungsten carbide cermets, ceramics, polymers, composites and various surface treated and coated materials. The paper reviews the investigations carried out in our laboratories and conclusions we have made.