本溪市大气污染对儿童非特异性免疫功能的影响监测分析

目的：了解大气污染对儿童非特异性免疫功能的影响。方法：对本溪市重污染区和轻污染区内一年级,六年级儿童的唾液溶菌酶和分泌型免疫球蛋白（SIgA)及皮肤自生菌丛和皮肤碱抗力等非特异性免疫功能指标进行了测定。结果：重污染区儿童各项指标均低于轻污染区,尤以唾液分泌型免疫球蛋白（SIgA)和皮肤自生菌丛的变化为明显,相同地区一年级儿童的非特异性免疫功能指标优于六年级。结论：大气污染物对儿童非特异性免疫功能的影响与年龄,接触污染物的时间,浓度有明显的正相关关系。     

大气污染对小学生非特异性免疫功能的影响

目的探讨大气污染对小学生非特异性免疫功能的影响。方法选择唐山市工业区、清洁区、商业区、交通区7～14岁小学生共576人进行唾液溶菌酶和分泌型免疫球蛋白(SIgA)的测定。结果清洁区、交通区、商业区、工业区小学生的SIgA水平随大气污染程度加重,而逐渐升高(P<0.05)。但4个功能区小学生唾液溶菌酶水平差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论大气污染程度与反映小学生非特异性免疫功能的唾液SIgA有一定关联。     

某垃圾卫生填埋场对周边儿童非特异性免疫功能的影响

目的 了解某大型垃圾卫生填埋场对周边儿童非特异免疫功能的影响.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法对某垃圾填埋场周边的3所小学四至六年级(9～12岁)小学生进行流行病学调查,距垃圾填埋场半径2 km以内的小学生为高暴露组,2至5 km之间的小学生为低暴露组,5 km以外的小学生为对照组.采集唾液,对唾液溶菌酶、SIgA浓度进行检测和分析,同时监测室外空气污染物.结果 室外空气监测结果显示,污染物浓度与垃圾填埋场距离有关,除CO外,甲烷、NO2、SO2、NH3、H2S、PM10浓度以及臭气强度均随与填埋场距离的缩短而升高.高暴露组、低暴露组、对照组儿童的唾液溶菌酶浓度分别为61.40、71.37、76.10 μg/ml,SIgA浓度分别为204.11、224.28、248.44μg/ml.高暴露组和低暴露组唾液溶菌酶、SIgA浓度均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);且随着暴露程度的加重,唾液溶菌酶、SIgA浓度均呈下降趋势.结论 垃圾填埋场产生的有害物质影响了儿童非特异性免疫功能,造成机体抵抗力下降.     

贵阳地区不同污染环境中儿童唾液SIgA,溶菌酶含量的比较

为了解贵阳地区不同居住环境儿童的免疫功能状况,分别收集工业污染区92 例、商业交通污染区90 例、非污染区83 例儿童唾液,经平板打孔法、ELISA、单向琼脂扩散试验测定唾液溶菌酶及SIgA 含量。实验结果显示:工业污染区和商业交通污染区儿童唾液溶菌酶和SIgA 含量低于非污染区儿童,经统计学处理具有显著性差异( P< 0-05) ,证明环境污染可造成儿童免疫能力降低     

大气污染对儿童非特异性免疫功能影响研究

目的了解大气污染对小学生非特异性免疫功能的影响 ,并筛选大气污染对健康损害的早期灵敏指标。方法根据本溪、沈阳二市环保局提供的大气污染资料 ,在二城市采用整群抽样方法在轻、重污染区各选取一、六年级150名儿童。男女各半 ,进行唾液中SIgA(放射免疫法)和溶菌酶(琼脂扩散法)测定。结果本溪市重污染区一年级儿童唾液中的SIgA为70.60μg/ml ,低于轻污染区儿童97.77μg/ml(P<0.01)。六年级儿童之间未见差异。沈阳市轻重污染区一、六年级儿童的SIgA均未见差异。沈阳市一、六年级儿童的唾液中SIgA均高于本溪市儿童 ,差异显著(P<0.01)。从本溪市和沈阳市大气污染资料表明本溪市的空气污染物浓度高于沈阳。本溪市轻重污染区儿童唾液溶菌酶的水平未见差异 ,从而沈阳市一年级儿童出现重污染区高于轻污染区的现象 ,本溪市儿童唾液溶菌酶水平较高。结论大气污染能引起儿童唾液中SIgA水平下降 ,对唾液溶菌酶的影响还有待今后进一步研究     

室内燃煤对学龄儿童健康的影响

在室外大气质量基本一致的情况下,在南通市区选择7～8岁学龄儿童598人,调查他们呼吸系统疾病患病率、二周症状阳性率和非特异免疫功能的改变。结果显示二周内咳嗽阳性率在燃煤家庭儿童显著高于燃煤气家庭儿童;唾液溶菌酶和SIgA前者显著低于后者。     

某市中小学生唾液溶菌酶含量及影响因素调查

溶菌酶是一种具有溶解细菌作用的碱性低分子蛋白,是机体内非特异性免疫功能构成因素之一.唾液和血清中溶菌酶含量的变化,可以说明机体的非特异性免疫状况.为探讨中小学生唾液溶菌酶含量及其环境污染等影响因素,我们对济南市两个区的部分中小学生进行了调查,现将结果报告如下.     

高龋儿童全唾液免疫生化分析与龋病关系的研究

目的 通过对全口无龋与高龋儿童口腔唾液免疫生化的分析，试图从免疫生化的角度来探讨儿童唾液成分与龋病的关系。方法 测定高龋儿童唾液酸碱度和唾液中免疫球蛋白SIgA、IgG、溶菌酶及乳酸脱氢酶含量，并与无龋儿童比较。结果 高龋儿童唾液pH、免疫球蛋白SIgA含量、唾液乳酸脱氢酶含量较低，IgG和溶菌酶含量两组无差异。结论 唾液pH及唾液中SIgA、乳酸脱氢酶含量较低可能与龋病的发生有关。     

承德空气污染与儿童呼吸系统疾病

我们以前的一些研究曾表明,室内燃煤污染能引起人群呼吸系统症状和疾病的增加,燃煤家庭空气污染严重,冬季室内IP,SO_2,CO_2浓度通常超过大气卫生标准限值,为证实室内高浓度的污染对人体健康危害的程度,本文调查了室内空气污染对儿童健康的影响。     

家庭作坊空气苯系物质对儿童免疫功能影响的研究

【目的】 探讨家庭作坊空气有毒物质存在的苯系物对其家庭中儿童免疫功能影响情况,为建立预防措施提供理论依据。 【方法】 对2009年5月-2011年11月在本地区经营3年以上的家庭作坊进行空气中苯系物的监测,同时对其家庭中75例儿童血清球蛋白、唾液溶菌酶及唾液中分泌型SIgA检测。并在该地区随机抽取50名无类似家庭作坊背景的儿童作为对照组。统计两组儿童患病情况。 【结果】 监测组与对照组比较,IgG、唾液溶菌酶水平无明显变化(P＞0.05);监测组IgM、IgA水平、SIgA总体水平低于对照组, IgE高于对照组,喘息性支气管炎患病率增多(均P＜0.01);监测组总患病频率增多,无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。 【结论】 家庭作坊空气污染物质可导致儿童的血清免疫球蛋白总体水平、非特异性免疫力(SIgA水平)下降。测定IgE水平可作为大气污染引起过敏反应人群的早期敏感效应指标。     

Risk of male lung cancer attributed to coal combustion indoors in Shanghai.

Lung cancer is now the leading cause of death among all male cancers in Shanghai. Besides the smoking habit, the indoor air pollution from coal combustion may also make some contribution. The purpose of our study is to explore the risk of lung cancer death in male residents who live in coal-using families. Stratified by two extreme levels of ambient sulphur dioxide (SO2) and inhalable particulate (IP) concentrations, 4 areas were chosen in the city proper: Area A (low SO2, low IP); Area B (high SO2, low IP); Area C (low SO2, high IP) and Area D (high SO2, high IP). Within each of these areas, two neighboring residential groups were chosen, one of which uses coal as fuel (group 1), with the other using coal gas or liquified petroleum gas as fuel (group 0). The percentages of smokers and the ambient environment of the two chosen groups within each area are comparable. Total person-years observed is 117,039 from 1 January 1978 to 31 December 1987 for all males in the 8 groups. The mortalities (per 100,000 person-years) of male lung cancer in the 8 groups are as follows: A0-22.33, A1-37.64; B0-27.14, B1-30.72; C0-41.77, C1-54.99; D0-49.97, D1-78.11. The result shows that male lung cancer mortality in the coal-using group is higher than that in the coal-gas-using group within each area. Mantel-Haenszel's Relative Risk (RRMH) of male lung cancer in coal-using groups is 1.44 stratified by ambient SO2 and IP and smoking levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

燃煤对儿童免疫功能的影响研究

目的：探讨不同生活燃料对儿童免疫功能的影响。方法：配对选择燃煤和燃气各41名小学生作为研究对象,监测不同燃料导致的室内空气污染水平,同时对研究对象进行了免疫功能7项指标包括IgA、IgG、IgM、补体C3、血清溶菌酶和CD4、CD8的检测.结果：燃煤家庭的室内SO2、CO2、NO2及IP均显著高于燃气家庭,但两组儿童的各项免疫指标未见显著性差异。结论：南方由于住房结构尤其是通风状况,导致燃料所产生的室内空气污染物扩散稀释速度快,在室内停留时间短,儿童实际暴露水平低,因此未见明显的免疫功能损害。     

沈阳市可吸入尘(IP)与其它因素的相关分析

为了探讨北方城市ＩＰ（可吸入尘）和ＴＳＰ（总悬浮颗粒）之间的关系,在沈阳市内３个能代表不同大气污染水平的地区,定点同时连续测定ＴＳＰ、ＩＰ和ＳＯ２共９０天。分别在春秋两季。同时收集当天气象资料（气温、气湿、风速、风向）。相关、回归和主因素分析结果表明,ＩＰ与ＴＳＰ虽呈非常显著相关,但其比例受季节、风速的影响很大。春天季风使ＴＳＰ中含扬尘比例很大,ＩＰ显示为一个更稳定的指标。ＳＯ２与气温呈非常显著负相关,说明它是煤烟污染的主要代表。主因素分析显示沈阳大气污染有３个主要来源。首位是煤烟。分析得出ＩＰ与ＴＳＰ关系的２个回归方程,分别代表春秋两季     

空气污染对儿童部分免疫及肺通气功能的多因素分析

目的：探讨空气污染儿童健康影响，方法：根据1988－1998年大气污染物[SO2,NOx,总悬浮颗粒（TSP），CO]监测资料，选择唐山市工业区（污染区）和相对清洁区（对照组）7－15岁学龄儿童656人和712人进行局部非特异免疫功能[唾液溶菌酶和分泌型免疫球蛋白A（SIgA)]和肺功能（肺活性（VC），用力肺活量（FVC），1s用力呼气容积（FEV），25％，50％和75％用力肺活量呼气流速（V25,V50和V75)最大通气量（MVV）进行检测并开展问卷调查，结果：污染区大气SO2，NOx和TSP均显著高于对照区（P＜0．05或P＜0．01），多因素分析显示，除SIgA外其他指标均与生理因素有关，其中主要与年龄呈正相关（t=5.130-9.698,P=0.0001)，唾液溶菌酶、SIgA,VC,FVC,MVV,V25,V50和V75，主要与空气NOx可SO2浓度显负相关（P＝0．0005－0．0086），结论：空气污染尤其室外空气污染可导致儿童局部非特异免疫功能及肺通气功能降低。     

使用不同燃料的家庭妇女免疫功能比较

本文检测了家庭使用煤球(饼)和煤气为燃料的家庭妇女免疫功能,发现使用煤球的家庭妇女血清IgG量外周血T淋巴细胞活性E花环率以及IL-2诱导活性值均显著低于使用煤气的家庭妇女,血清IgA、M量以及外周血T淋巴细胞总数,T淋巴细胞转化功能,血清总补体量在两组之间差别无显著性。提示室内燃料严重污染使家庭妇女的某些免疫功能受到了影响。     

室内燃煤与大气污染对儿童肺功能的交互影响

目的 研究室内燃煤与大气污染对儿童肺功能的交互作用影响。方法 1995—1996年间在中国4城市的城区和郊区的8所小学对6～12岁的儿童进行肺功能的队列测试,每年分冷、暖两季进行。通过3步回归过程进行统计分析。结果 室外空气颗粒物与儿童第1秒最大呼气量(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)和FEV1／FVC都有显著的负相关关系。家庭燃煤与TSP对FEV1和FVC有较显著的交互作用。家庭燃煤与PM10对肺功能的交互作用较弱,但有加重颗粒物对肺功能产生不利影响的趋势。未发现室内燃煤与SO2和NOx对肺功能有显著的交互影响作用。结论 家庭燃煤这种室内污染因素加重了环境空气颗粒物污染,特别是TSP对儿童肺功能的不利影响。     

Air pollution and daily mortality in seven major cities of Korea, 1991-1997

The relationship between ambient air pollution and daily mortality in seven major cities of Korea for the period 1991-1997 was examined. These cities account for half of the Korean population (about 22 million). The observed concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO(2), mean=23.3 ppb), ozone (O(3), mean=23.7 ppb), and total suspended particulates (TSP, mean=77.9 microg/m(3)) during the study period were at levels below Korea's current ambient air quality standards. Generalized additive models were applied to allow for the highly flexible fitting of seasonal and long-term time trends in air pollution as well as nonlinear associations with weather variables, such as air temperature and relative humidity. In city-specific analyses, an increase of 50 ppb of SO(2) corresponded to 1-12% more deaths, given constant weather conditions. The risk of all-cause mortality was estimated to increase by 0.5-4%, with an increase in the 2-day moving average of TSP levels equal to 100 microg/m(3). In multipollutant models with pooled data, we found that the estimated risk of death by SO(2) was notably unaffected by adding the other two pollutants (TSP and O(3)) to the model and was statistically significant in various regression models. The rate ratio (RR) for SO(2) remained elevated, indicating an excess mortality of 3% 50 ppb (RR=1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.05). TSP's effect on mortality maintained its significance with O(3), but not with SO(2). This implies that there may be collinearity problems where TSP and SO(2) are included in the same model or that TSP may function less than SO(2) as a surrogate for fine particles in the ambient air of Korea. In conclusion, increased mortality was associated with air pollution at SO(2) levels below the current recommendation for air quality. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between SO(2) and fine particles in Korea.     

Estimating environmental exposures to sulfur dioxide from multiple industrial sources for a case-control study

This paper first discusses how population exposures to environmental pollutants are estimated from environmental monitoring data and the problems that are encountered in estimating risk from pollutants on the basis of ecologic studies. We then present a technique of estimating individualized exposures to an atmospheric pollutant, sulfur dioxide (SO2), through atmospheric transport modeling for a case-control study. The transport model uses the quantities of SO2 released from 30 geographically identified industrial facilities and meteorological data (wind speed and direction) to predict the downwind ground-level concentrations of SO2 at geographically identified residences, receptors, of 797 study subjects. A distribution of facility SO2 emissions, uncertainties in effective stack height, and model uncertainty are incorporated to examine the uncertainty in the predicted versus ambient monitoring SO2 levels, and to generate an exposure uncertainty distribution for both the cases and controls. The transport model's accuracy is evaluated by comparing recorded ambient measurements of SO2 with the model's predicted SO2 estimates at geographically identified ambient monitoring stations.     

Air quality in postunification Erfurt, East Germany: associating changes in pollutant concentrations with changes in emissions

The unification of East and West Germany in 1990 resulted in sharp decreases in emissions of major air pollutants. This change in air quality has provided an opportunity for a natural experiment to evaluate the health impacts of air pollution. We evaluated airborne particle size distribution and gaseous co-pollutant data collected in Erfurt, Germany, throughout the 1990s and assessed the extent to which the observed changes are associated with changes in the two major emission sources: coal burning for power production and residential heating, and motor vehicles. Continuous data for sulfur dioxide, total suspended particulates (TSP), nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and meteorologic parameters were available for 1990-1999, and size-selective particle number and mass concentration measurements were made during winters of 1991 and 1998. We used hourly profiles of pollutants and linear regression analyses, stratified by year, weekday/weekend, and hour, using NO and SO(2) as markers of traffic- and heating-related combustion sources, respectively, to study the patterns of various particle size fractions. Supplementary data on traffic and heating-related sources were gathered to support hypotheses linking these sources with observed changes in ambient air pollution levels. Substantially decreased (19-91%) concentrations were observed for all pollutants, with the exception of particles in the 0.01-0.03 microm size range (representing the smallest ultrafine particles that were measured). The number concentration for these particles increased by 115% between 1991 and 1998. The ratio of these ultrafine particles to TSP also increased by more than 500%, indicating a dramatic change in the size distribution of airborne particles. Analysis of hourly concentration patterns indicated that in 1991, concentrations of SO(2) and larger particle sizes were related to residential heating with coal. These peaks were no longer evident in 1998 due to decreases in coal consumption and consequent decreased emissions of SO(2) and larger particles. These decreases in coal combustion and the decreased concentrations of SO(2) and particles of larger size classes may have led to decreased particle scavenging and may be partially responsible for the observed increases in ultrafine particles. Traffic-related changes, such as increased numbers of trucks and increased use of diesel vehicles in Erfurt, were also associated with increased number concentrations of ultrafine particles. Morning particle peaks of all sizes were associated with NO and CO (markers for traffic) in both the 1991 and 1998 periods. There were significant differences in the ultrafine particle levels for morning hours between 1991 and 1998, suggesting that traffic was the cause of this increase.