视黄醇结合蛋白4与冠心病患者冠脉病变程度的相关性研究

目的 检测冠心病患者血清视黄醇结合蛋白4(Retinol binding protein、RBP4)水平与冠心病和冠状动脉病变程度的关系;探讨RBP4在判断冠心病病情方面的临床意义.方法 收集2014年4月至8月在吉林大学第二医院心血管内科就诊并诊断为冠心病的60名患者的临床资料.根据临床特点及结合冠脉造影的结果将其分为:稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组、不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)组、急性心梗(AMI),另选健康体检者20名为对照组;根据造影结果将不稳定型心绞痛组和急性心梗组部分患者分为单支冠脉病变组、双支冠脉病变组和三支冠脉病变组.收集各组患者一般资料,检测各组患者血清RBP4、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的水平,并采用统计软件SPSS16.0对所得数据进行分析.结果 ①UAP组和AMI组血清RBP4水平均高于SAP组和对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).UAP组和AMI组间,SAP组和对照组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);②三支冠脉病变组的RBP4水平高于与单冠脉支病变组,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.05);RBP4水平在三支冠脉病变组与双支冠脉病变组间,双支冠脉病变组与单支冠脉病变组间比较均有升高,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);③血清RBP4水平与Gensini评分呈正相关关系RBP4(r=0.433,P=0.013)结论 冠心病患者血清RBP4浓度升高,且随冠脉病变程度加重而升高显著,可视为冠心病的重要危险因素,RBP4联合Gensini评分等指标对判断冠心病病情严重程度具有重要的临床应用价值.     

血清腱糖蛋白-C、hs-CRP与急性冠脉综合症的相关性分析

目的 通过观察血清腱糖蛋白-C(TN-C)和高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)在不同类型急性冠状动脉综合征患者血中表达水平,探讨二者与不同类型冠脉综合征的相关性.方法 总共入组诊断为急性冠脉综合症的患者90例,进一步分为两组:急性心肌梗死(AMI)组(n=48),不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)组(n=42),以及另入组稳定性心绞痛60例稳定心绞痛(SAP)组,及健康体检者55例为对照组.采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA法)、放射免疫法分别测定血清TN-C和hs-CRP水平,并在各组间进行比较.结果 AMI组和UAP组TN-C表达水平明显高于SAP组、对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);SAP组TN-C水平高于对照组但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).AMI组、UAP组和SAP组hs-CRP水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05),而AMI组和UAP组hs-CRP较SAP相比差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 TN-C、hs-CRP在ACS患者血清中升高,TN-C可作为急性冠状动脉综合征斑块稳定性病变严重程度的预测因子.     

胰岛素样生长因子-1与急性冠脉综合症的关系

目的 探讨胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)与急性冠脉综合症的关系.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELIsA)分别对急性心肌梗死(AMI),不稳定型心绞痛(UAP),稳定型心绞痛(SAP)患者及正常对照组,进行血清IGF-1水平测定.结果 AMI和UAP组中IGF-1明显高于SAP和对照组(P＜0.01).SAP组IGF-1明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 IGF-1参与动脉硬化粥样斑块的发生发展过程.可作为预测斑块稳定性的标志物.     

血清S1OOB,MCP-1,COX-2及hs-CRP与急性冠脉综合征的相关性分析

目的 观察不同类型急性冠状动脉综合征患者血清S100B、MCP-1、COX2和高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)等因子的表达水平,探讨其与不同类型冠脉综合征的相关性以及诊断意义.方法 选择急性冠状动脉综合征患者134例,根据诊断分为急性心肌梗死(AMI)组55例,不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)组69例,另选取61例稳定性心绞痛患者作为SAP组,及健康体检者45名为健康对照组.运用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA法)测定血清S100B、MCP-1、COX-2及hs-CRP水平.结果 AMI组和UAP组S100B、MCP-l、COX2和hs-CRP等因子的表达水平明显高于健康对照组;SAP组MCP-1,hs-CRP明显高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),COX2水平与健康对照组差异无统计学意义.AMI组和UAP组S100B、MCP-1、COX2和hs-CRP水平明显高于SAP组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 S100B、COX2可作为急性冠状动脉综合征斑块稳定性病变严重程度的预测因子,调节S100B及COX2可能成为治疗冠脉综合症的潜在靶点.     

急性冠脉综合征患者血浆CRP,IL-6水平分析

目的 :通过对急性冠脉综合征 (ACS)患者与稳定型心绞痛 (SAP)患者血浆炎症标志物C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素 6 (IL - 6 )水平的对比分析 ,探讨CRP、IL - 6与ACS的关系。方法 :选择ACS患者 5 7例分为急性心肌梗死组 (AMI组 ) 2 1例与不稳定型心绞痛组 (UAP组 ) 36例 ,其中不稳定型心绞痛组患者根据其病情的严重程度按Braunwald分级分成三组 :Ⅰ级 1 1例 ,Ⅱ级 1 0例 ,Ⅲ级 1 5例 ;对照组为稳定型心绞痛患者 4 8例。采用免疫比浊法测定患者血浆CRP水平 ,采用放射免疫分析法测定患者血浆IL - 6水平 ,并进行对比分析。结果 :AMI组和UAP组患者血浆CRP、IL - 6水平均高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,且AMI组和UAP组两组间比较无显著性差异(P >0 .0 5 ) ;各组内CRP、IL - 6水平呈直线正相关 (P <0 .0 1 ,P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :ACS组患者血浆CRP、IL - 6水平显著升高并与疾病的严重程度有关 ,提示炎症在ACS的发病中可能起着重要作用     

冠心病患者FFA水平与冠脉病变程度的相关性分析

目的 探讨冠心病(CHD)患者游离脂肪酸(FFA)水平与冠脉病变程度的关系.方法 选取我院接诊的具备完整病例资料的433例CHD患者为研究对象,另纳入我院同期健康体检者90例为对照组,比较不同类型、冠脉不同狭窄支数和不同冠脉病变Gensini积分CHD患者的FFA水平,分析FFA与冠脉病变程度的相关性.结果 CHD组与对照组甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(APOA1)、FFA比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)、稳定型心绞痛(SAP)和急性心肌梗死(AMI)组FFA水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),UAP组和SAP组FFA水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);AMI组FFA水平显著高于UAP组和SAP组(P<0.05);FFA水平随着冠脉狭窄支数和冠脉病变Gensini积分的增加而升高(P<0.05);FFA水平与冠脉病变Gensini积分呈正相关(r=0.309,P<0.05);FFA水平与冠脉狭窄支数呈正相关(r=0.265,P<0.05);FFA>0.57mmol/L是冠脉病变的独立危险因素.结论 CHD患者FFA水平与冠脉病变Gensini积分、冠脉狭窄支数呈正相关,FFA>0.57mmol/L是冠脉病变的独立危险因素,治疗过程中应监测和控制FFA水平.     

高敏C-反应蛋白与急性冠脉综合征患者预后的相关探讨

目的:对高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)与急性冠脉综合征(ACS)及其预后的关系进行相关探讨,为ACS的防治以及高敏C-反应蛋白在ACS患者预后中所起到的作用提供科学依据。方法:选择2008-01/2010-05入住我院符合ACS诊断标准的患者作为病例组,其中包括不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)患者42例,急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者38例;选取同期在我院门诊上健康体检的健康人44例和入住我院的稳定型心绞痛(SAP)患者40例作为对照组。对所有研究对象的血清采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELASA法)进行hs-CRP表达水平的检测。结果:4组研究对象hs-CRP平均浓度比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),其中病例组(包括AMI患者和UAP患者)的hs-CRP表达水平均高于SAP组,SAP患者血清中的hs-CRP高于健康体检者。组间两两比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析发现hs-CRP为ACS的危险因素,并且其表达水平与ACS成正相关(P0.05)。结论:ACS患者的hs-CRP表达水平与对照组相比显著增高,与ACS患者的病情轻重也有关,hs-CRP对ACS患者的预后具有一定预测价值。     

急性冠脉综合征患者血浆B型钠尿肽水平及影响因素分析

目的:分析急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者血浆B型钠尿肽水平及影响因素和临床意义。方法:平行测定82例ACS,包括50例急性心肌梗死(AMI)、32例不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)患者、38例稳定型心绞痛(SAP)患者和30例非冠心病对照者的血浆BNP、血清肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)和白细胞(WBC)计数;分析ACS与另两组相关指标变化的差异及对BNP水平的影响。结果:AMI组和UAP组BNP水平分别为683.84士561.27pg/ml、386.05士201.54pg/ml,均明显高于对照组(55.67士35.46pg/ml),P均<0.01;AMI组BNP水平显著高于SAP组(201.21士105.0pg/ml,P<0.05)。直线相关分析显示ACS患者BNP水平升高与cT-nI、WBC、hs-CRP呈显著正相关(r分别为0.615、0.286、0.506,P均<0.05),与LVEF呈显著负相关(r=-0.714,P<0.01)。多元线性逐步回归分析发现cTnI、hs-CRP、LVEF与BNP独立相关(标准化偏回归系数β分别为0.391、0.240和-0.426,P<0.05)。结论:ACS患者血浆BNP水平升高可用于评价心肌缺血、坏死、炎症反应和心功能损伤程度。     

MPO对急性冠脉综合征早期筛查的临床意义

目的 探讨髓过氧化物酶（MPO）对急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者的早期筛查意义.方法 参照ACC/AHA指南收集两组病例,其中ACS组164例,稳定性心绞痛（SAP）组105例.同时选取76例冠脉造影正常者作为对照组.ACS组又分为两组,其中心肌梗死（AMI）组71例,不稳定性心绞痛（UA）93例.检测所有入选者一般生化学指标及心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）水平.结果 ACS组血浆总胆固醇水平高于对照组,cTnI、hsCRP、MPO高于SAP组及对照组（P＜0.05）,SAP组hs-CRP高于对照组（P＜0.05）.AMI组胸痛发生后6～72小时cTnI水平高于SAP组和UA组（P ＜0.05）;UA组12 ～72小时cTnI水平高于SAP组（P＜0.05）.AMI组胸痛发生后12～72小时hs-CRP水平高于SAP组和UA组（P＜0.05）;UA组胸痛发生后12～ 72小时hs-CRP水平高于SAP组（P＜0.05）.AMI组胸痛发生后2～48小时MPO水平高于SAP组,2～24小时高于UA组（P ＜0.05）;UA组2～24小时MPO水平高于SAP组（P＜0.05）.结论 MPO可预测ACS患者的预后,能有效的筛查其他心肌损伤标志物不高的ACS患者.     

ACS患者血浆NT-proBNP水平变化及对PCI治疗预后的临床意义

目的：为了研究急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者血浆N氨基末端脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）水平变化及对经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）治疗预后的临床意义。方法：荧光免疫分析156例ACS患者（包括84例AMI和72例UAP）和30例SAP患者以及42例正常对照组的血浆NT-proBNP水平并进行了比较分析。结果：在156例ACS患者中,84例AMI组（P〈0.01）和72例UAP组（P〈0.05）患者血浆NT-proBNP水平显著高于30例SAP组和42例正常对照组,30例SAP组较之42例正常对照组无明显差异（P〉0.05）。156例ACS患者随疾病的严重程度、UAP分级和冠脉病变支数,血浆NT-proBNP水平增加。156例ACS患者PCI治疗后,44例心血管事件组血浆NT-proBNP水平明显高于112例无心血管事件组（P〈0.01）,并与LVEDD呈正相关,与LVEF呈负相关,故血浆NT-proBNP水平是随访、考核疗效的有效指标。结论：血浆NT-proBNP的测定是ACS患者诊断、疾病严重程度判断和PCI疗效考核的有效工具。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

État de l’art : nouveaux anticoagulants et transfusion

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are indicated for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. As any anticoagulant, they are associated with a bleeding risk. Management of DOAC-induced bleeding is challenging. Idarucizumab, antidote for dabigatran, is currently available and is part of the therapeutic strategy, whereas antidotes for anti-Xa agents are under development. Activated or non-activated prothrombin concentrates are proposed, although their efficacy to reverse DOAC is uncertain. We propose an update on DOAC-associated bleeding management, integrating the availability of idarucizumab and the critical place of DOAC concentration measurements.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.