消退素D1(resolvin D1)抑制小鼠激活型小胶质细胞对PC12细胞的损伤及机制

目的探讨消退素D1(Rv D1)在小鼠活化BV-2小胶质细胞介导PC12神经元损伤中所起的作用及相关机制。方法BV-2细胞分为对照组、脂多糖(LPS)处理组、Rv D1联合LPS处理组和Rv D1组。各组BV-2细胞处理12 h、24 h,ELISA检测上清液中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的水平;收集以上各组细胞培养24 h的上清液培养PC12细胞24 h后,MTT法检测PC12细胞存活率,Western blot法检测各组BV-2细胞核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)蛋白的水平。结果与对照组比较,LPS处理的PC12细胞存活率降低,BV-2细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的水平均升高,NF-κB p65核转位增加;而与LPS处理组相比,Rv D1联合LPS处理组PC12细胞存活率升高,BV-2细胞上清液中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量均降低,NF-κB p65核转位减少。结论 Rv D1可通过抑制NF-κB p65核转位,抑制LPS激活的BV-2细胞对PC12神经元的损伤。     

SUMO化修饰对高糖诱导的大鼠肾系膜细胞IκB/NF-κB信号的影响

目的 探讨小泛素相关修饰物(SUMO)修饰对高糖诱导的肾系膜细胞IκB/NF-κB信号的影响.方法 体外培养正常大鼠肾小球系膜细胞,设对照组、不同浓度高糖干预组和渗透压对照组,用免疫共沉淀检测SUMO1,SUM02/3蛋白与IκBα蛋白的相互作用;免疫印迹检测IκBα、NF-κB P65蛋白表达.结果 高糖特异性地减弱肾系膜细胞SUMO2/3与IκBα蛋白间的相互作用(P＜0.05);高糖呈浓度-时间依赖性促进IκBα泛素化降解(P＜0.05),同时上调NF-κB P65表达(P＜0.05).结论 高糖特异性减弱IκBα的SUMO化修饰,可能介导了肾系膜细胞、NF-κB信号的激活,参与了糖尿病肾病的发病.     

NF-κB反义寡核苷酸对高糖诱导的HK-2细胞外基质表达的影响

目的观察NF-κBp65反义寡核苷酸(AS-ODN)对高糖诱导体外培养HK-2细胞外基质表达的影响,探讨NF-κB在糖尿病肾病(DN)肾小管间质纤维化中的作用。方法体外培养HK-2,予以正常糖(NG组)、高糖(HG组)培养液培养。在高糖培养后应用梭华-SofastTM转染NF-κB p65AS-ODN(ODNL、ODNH组)。免疫细胞化学检测细胞NF-κBp65蛋白的表达;ELISA检测细胞培养上清液Fn、ColⅢ浓度。结果 NG组HK-2细胞呈基础量地表达NF-κBp65蛋白;与NG组比较,HG组细胞NF-κBp65蛋白的表达显著增加,细胞上清液FN、ColⅢ蛋白浓度亦显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);与HG组比较,ODNL及ODNH组细胞NF-κBp65蛋白的表达显著减弱,培养上清液FN、ColⅢ蛋白水平也显著降低,两者差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 NF-κB反义寡核苷酸可抑制高糖诱导的HK-2细胞NF-κBp65、FN、ColⅢ的表达;通过抑制NF-κB的活化可能有助于DN肾脏纤维化的防治。     

葡萄糖调节蛋白75对缺糖诱导的凋亡相关基因Bax和NF κB改变的影响

目的 通过已获得稳定表达葡萄糖调节蛋白(Grp75)的PC12细胞株,检测Grp75对缺糖诱导的细胞凋亡过程中Bax和NF-κB的影响。 方法 Grp75过表达组和对照组细胞无糖培养6h、12h、24h和48h后,进行相关的实验。免疫印迹法检测缺糖状态下两组细胞中Grp75的表达水平和NF-κB的活性;应用半定量RT-PCR和免疫印迹法比较Bax表达水平的变化;免疫细胞化学通过构象特异性的Bax 6A7抗体检测Bax的活化。 结果 Bax活化和NF-κB活性的下降在缺糖诱导的PC12细胞凋亡过程中发挥了重要的作用。而Grp75通过阻止Bax的活化和NF-κB活性的下降抑制缺糖诱导的凋亡。缺糖状态下Grp75过表达组和对照组细胞中Bax表达水平均未发生改变。 结论 Bax活化和NF-κB活性下降与缺糖诱导的PC12细胞凋亡关系密切,Grp75通过阻止Bax的活化和维持NF-κB的活性保护PC12细胞。     

葡萄糖调节蛋白75对缺糖诱导的凋亡相关基因Bax和NF-κB改变的影响

目的 通过已获得稳定表达葡萄糖调节蛋白(Grp75)的PC12细胞株,检测Grp75对缺糖诱导的细胞凋亡过程中Bax和NF-κB的影响. 方法 Grp75过表达组和对照组细胞无糖培养6h、12h、24h和48h后,进行相关的实验.免疫印迹法检测缺糖状态下两组细胞中Grp75的表达水平和NF-κB的活性;应用半定量RT-PCR和免疫印迹法比较Bax表达水平的变化;免疫细胞化学通过构象特异性的Bax 6A7抗体检测Bax的活化. 结果 Bax活化和 NF-κB活性的下降在缺糖诱导的PC12细胞凋亡过程中发挥了重要的作用.而Grp75通过阻止Bax的活化和NF-κB活性的下降抑制缺糖诱导的凋亡.缺糖状态下Grp75过表达组和对照组细胞中Bax表达水平均未发生改变. 结论 Bax活化和NF-κB活性下降与缺糖诱导的PC12细胞凋亡关系密切,Grp75通过阻止Bax的活化和维持NF-κB的活性保护PC12细胞.     

大鼠脑出血后的细胞凋亡及其与NF-κB和I-κBα蛋白表达的关系

目的:探讨大鼠脑出血(ICH)后细胞凋亡及其与NF-κB和I-κBα蛋白表达的关系和演变规律,本实验用Ⅶ胶原酶联合肝素注入大鼠右侧脑纹状体制备脑出血模型。方法:TUNEL染色(末端脱氧核糖核苷转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记法)观察细胞凋亡的变化;免疫组化SABC法检测NF-κB和I-κBα蛋白的表达;Western Blot技术检测NF-κB和I-κBα蛋白相对光密度值。结果:(1)ICH组TUNEL阳性细胞于出血后12h可检测到,3d达高峰,7d仍有较高表达(P0.01);(2)ICH组I-κBα和NF-κB蛋白免疫阳性细胞分别于出血12h、3d达高峰,7d仍高于假手术组和正常对照组(P0.01);(3)Western Blot结果显示NF-κB相对光密度比值在ICH3d出血侧达高峰,I-κBα蛋白相对光密度比值在ICH组ICH侧12h达高峰,7d时仍明显高于正常对照组(P0.05)。结论:ICH后存在细胞凋亡;NF-κB和I-κBα参与了ICH所致的细胞凋亡。     

Trx-1过表达通过NF-κB信号通路减轻MPP~+所致PC12细胞的氧化应激损伤

目的:探讨硫氧还蛋白1(Trx-1)过表达通过NF-κB信号通路减轻1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(MPP~+)诱导的大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤PC12细胞氧化应激损伤的作用,探讨帕金森病的发病机制。方法:采用1、3和5 mmol/L MPP~+损伤PC12细胞,MTT法检测细胞活力,商用试剂盒检测细胞上清液中氧化应激指标乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,Western blot检测细胞中Trx-1蛋白的表达。以3 mmol/L MPP~+损伤PC12细胞,以含Ad-Trx-1-GFP序列的慢病毒感染建立Trx-1过表达的帕金森病细胞模型,采用MTT法、商用试剂盒和Western blot分别检测Trx-1过表达对PC12细胞活力、氧化应激反应和NF-κB信号通路的影响。给予NF-κB信号通路激活剂佛波酯(PMA)作用于经MMP~+处理的P12细胞,观察激活NF-κB信号通路对PC12细胞活力和氧化应激反应的影响;给予NF-κB信号通路抑制剂吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸盐(PDTC)作用于Trx-1过表达的MPP~+损伤PC12细胞,观察Trx-1过表达通过NF-κB信号通路对PC12细胞活力和氧化应激反应的影响。结果:1、3和5 mmol/L MPP~+能够明显降低PC12细胞活力、细胞上清液中SOD活性和细胞内Trx-1蛋白的表达,升高细胞上清液中LDH活性和MDA含量,且3 mmol/L MPP~+和5 mmol/L MPP~+的作用明显大于1 mmol/L MPP~+(P0.05),而3 mmol/L MPP~+和5 mmol/L MPP~+间的差异无统计学显著性。Trx-1过表达能够明显减弱MPP~+对PC12细胞活力的抑制作用及其诱导的氧化应激损伤和NF-κB信号通路活化。NF-κB信号通路的激活促进了MPP~+对PC12细胞活力的抑制作用及其诱导的氧化应激损伤,而抑制NF-κB信号通路则增强了Trx-1过表达对MPP~+损伤的PC12细胞的保护作用。结论:Trx-1过表达可通过NF-κB信号通路减轻MPP~+作用下PC12细胞的氧化应激损伤。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对AD细胞模型ERK1/2活性的影响

目的 研究碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)对阿尔茨海默病(AD)细胞模型中磷酸化细胞外调节蛋白激酶(p-ERK1/2)表达影响.方法 经体外培养的大鼠肾上腺嗜铬瘤细胞(PC12细胞)分正常对照组(常规培养液)、Aβ损伤组(即AD细胞模型,加入Aβ25-35)、bFGF组(加入bFGF及Aβ25-35)和抑制剂组(加入MEK抑制剂PD98059、bFGF和老化Aβ25-35).MTT怯检测不同处理组PC12细胞存活率,Western Blot免疫印迹法分析P-ERK1/2蛋白表达变化.结果 Aβ损伤组PC12细胞存活率低于正常对照组(P＜0.05),bFGF组细胞存活率高于A β损伤组(P＜0.01).Western Blot结果显示,Aβ损伤组p-ERK1/2相对表达值较对照组显著下降,A β损伤组在加入不同浓度的bFGF后p-ERK1/2的相对表达值较A β损伤组显著增强,抑制剂组在加入不同浓度的PD98059后p-ERK1/2的相对表达值较bFGF组p-ERK1/2显著下降.结论 bFGF对Aβ诱导的PC12细胞损伤具有一定保护作用,可能与增强PC12细胞ERK1/2活性有关.     

高糖通过激活活性氧介导的NF-κB信号通路诱导HK-2人肾小管上皮细胞转分化

目的基于活性氧/核因子κB(ROS/NF-κB)信号通路探讨高糖诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞转分化机制。方法 HK-2正常人近端肾小管上皮细胞随机分为空白对照组、渗透压对照组、高糖组、吡咯烷二硫氨基甲酸(PDTC)组。用相差显微镜观察细胞形态、噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞活性,流式细胞术检测细胞内ROS含量, ELISA检测丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性; Western blot法检测细胞NF-κBp65、磷酸化的NF-κB抑制蛋白α(p-IκBα)和IκB激酶α(IKKα)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)和细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM-1)的蛋白水平;免疫细胞化学法检测细胞NF-κBp65、上皮型钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)表达。结果高糖组细胞变成长梭形或不规则形,边缘可呈现放射状,细胞间隙变大,折光度下降,排列不整齐。同时细胞活性随处理时间的延长不断下降, PDTC组细胞活性较高糖组高。与空白对照组相比,高糖组ROS及MDA含量增加、 SOD活性下降, PDTC组ROS及MDA含量较高糖组减少、 SOD活性较高糖组增强。与空白组比较,高糖组NF-κBp65、 p-IκBα、 IKKα、 MCP-1、 ICAM-1蛋白水平增加;与高糖组比较PDTC组以上蛋白水平降低。与空白组比较,高糖组NF-κBp65及α-SMA的阳性细胞所占比率升高、 E-cadherin的阳性细胞所占比率降低;与高糖组比较, PDTC组NF-κBp65及α-SMA的阳性细胞所占比率降低、 E-cadherin的阳性细胞比率升高。结论高糖可以诱导HK-2细胞发生上皮间质转化, ROS介导的NF-κB信号通路的激活参与以上进程, PDTC可阻断该过程。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

État de l’art : nouveaux anticoagulants et transfusion

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are indicated for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. As any anticoagulant, they are associated with a bleeding risk. Management of DOAC-induced bleeding is challenging. Idarucizumab, antidote for dabigatran, is currently available and is part of the therapeutic strategy, whereas antidotes for anti-Xa agents are under development. Activated or non-activated prothrombin concentrates are proposed, although their efficacy to reverse DOAC is uncertain. We propose an update on DOAC-associated bleeding management, integrating the availability of idarucizumab and the critical place of DOAC concentration measurements.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.