陆地棉四室铃、五室铃棉铃性状及其种子性状的相关研究

2014年在一师十团中棉所试验田种植32个棉花品种,研究陆地棉四室铃和五室铃及其种子性状。结果表明,四室铃在经济系数、种子出仁率、衣分率、子指、衣指方面均高于五室铃,而五室铃单铃重、铃壳重和实数种子数高于四室铃。此外,对四室铃与五室铃及其种子性状的相关分析得出,影响2种铃室及其种子性状的不仅有相同因素,还有不同因素:(1)2种铃室的衣分率均受子指、衣指和不孕籽率的影响,且达到显著水平;四室铃衣分率还受到实数种子数和种子出仁率的影响,且达到显著水平;五室铃衣分率还受经济系数的影响,且达到显著水平。(2)2种铃室的子指受种子不孕率的影响达到极显著水平;四室铃不孕籽率还受衣指、实数种子数、种子出仁率和仁壳比的影响,其中,受衣指影响达极显著水平;受实数种子数、种子出仁率和仁壳比的影响达显著水平。(3)2种铃室的单铃重均受到铃壳重和衣指的影响,且达极显著水平。四室单铃重受子指影响达到极显著水平,而五室铃受实数种子数的影响达极显著水平。     

陆地棉种子品质性状与棉花产量性状的遗传相关性分析

采用包括基因型与环境互作的双子叶作物种子遗传模型和农艺性状遗传模型，分析了陆地棉五个亲本及其Ｆ１、Ｆ２棉子仁的油分含量、油分指数、蛋白质含量和蛋白质指数、棉子的子指、容重、仁壳比和仁指以及棉花植株单株产量、革株铃数、单铃重的两年实验资料，估算了棉仁营养品质性状及棉子物理性状与棉花在艺性状间的各项近传协方差分量。结果表明，棉子仁营养品质和种子物理性状与单株产量遗传相关均不显著，油分含量、油分指数、蛋白质指数、子指、容重和仁指的细胞质效应、母体遗传效应与单株铃数的相应遗传效应存在显著的负向协方差，其互作协方差也为显著的负值。这６个种子性状与单铃重的遗传关系列相反，这些效应均为负相关。衣分与大多数种子性状不存在明显的遗传相关性，仅与蛋白质指数、子指和仁指有明显的细胞质和母体效应的正相关。     

衣分不同陆地棉品种的产量及产量构成因素的遗传分析

选用衣分不同的陆地棉品种配置组合,率先将主基因-多基因联合世代分析与双列杂交试验分析相结合,分别从单个和整体基因水平上对棉花产量及产量构成因素进行了遗传研究。对2个高×低衣分组合的主基因-多基因6世代联合分析结果表明,各产量性状至少在1个组合中检测到主基因的存在,说明产量性状主基因存在的普遍性。由2个组合各产量性状的主基因、多基因遗传率比较得出,产量性状的主基因遗传率比多基因遗传率在不同组合间趋势变化相对较稳定;各性状在2个组合中的主基因、多基因遗传率分量不完全相同。衣分、铃重和籽指在2个组合中分别以主基因遗传为主和以多基因遗传为主;子棉产量和皮棉产量在2个组合中均以主基因遗传为主;衣指在组合I中以多基因遗传为主,在组合II中属于典型的多基因遗传;单株铃数在组合I中属于典型的主基因遗传,在组合II中以多基因遗传为主。双列杂交结果表明,陆地棉产量及产量构成因素都有较高的遗传主效应方差,产量性状受加性效应和显性效应共同控制,其中,衣分、衣指以加性效应为主;子棉产量、铃重和籽指以显性效应为主;皮棉产量和单株铃数以加性和显性效应为主。衣分和衣指的普通广义遗传率和普通狭义遗传率均最高,与联合世代分析两性状的总遗传率平均值结果趋势一致。相关和通径分析一致表明,产量构成因素中单株铃数对皮棉产量的贡献最大,衣分次之,铃重最小。     

海岛棉产量构成因素的遗传模型测验

本试验采用增广NCII设计，对海岛棉单株有效铃数、单株籽棉重、衣指及单铃重等产量构成因素进行遗传模型测验。结果表明：单株有效铃和单株籽棉重符合加性模型，衣分符合加性一显性模型，均存在着极显著的加性效应，单铃重符合加性一显性一上位性模型，存在显著的加性效应和上位性效应。增效、减效等位基因频率在雌、雄亲闯的分配，单株有效铃、单株籽棉重和单铃重有明显差异。单株有效铃、单株籽棉重、衣分和单铃重均为超显性遗传，该4个性状的增效、减效等位基因均可能为显性或隐性，随基因位点而不同。     

棉花抗红铃虫性对产量性状的影响研究

以不同抗性类型的陆地棉抗虫品种(系)和常规棉品种(系)作亲本配制杂交组合,将亲本和F1代杂交种共20个材料在网室、田间进行抗红铃虫鉴定和棉花抗红铃虫性对棉花产量的影响研究,试验表明,具有外源抗虫基因的抗虫棉皮棉产量高,稳产性好,尤其是抗虫杂交棉具有明显的杂种优势。相关分析结果,棉花种子虫害率与皮棉产量、子棉产量、单株成铃数和霜前花率呈极显著负相关;与衣分和僵瓣黄花率成极显著正相关;与单铃重相关性较低。结果表明,利用外源抗虫基因转导的棉花新材料作为杂交亲本,可以培育出丰产高抗棉花害虫的棉花新品种,尤其适合培育抗红铃虫的杂交棉品种。     

气象因子对湖南省棉花经济性状影响的研究

为探索棉花主要经济性状与气象因子之间的量化关系,采用灰色系统和逐步回归法研究了温度、光照时数、空气湿度、降水量对棉花经济性状的影响。结果表明,在湖南气候条件与栽培技术体系下,光照时间、温度与单铃重、籽指关联系数大,与衣分、衣指关联系数小;而降水量、湿度与单铃重、籽指关联系数小,与衣分、衣指关联系数大;温度、光照时间对单铃重、籽指起正作用,降水量在较少的情况下对单铃重起正作用,但超过一定界限后,反而起负作用。降水量对衣分、衣指起正作用。     

陆地棉配合力与杂种优势、遗传距离的相关性分析

 用10个陆地棉亲本进行不完全双列杂交,共配置了45个组合,计算亲本的一般配合力（GCA）、特殊配合力(SCA)、杂种优势,并结合SSR标记研究了陆地棉亲本配合力与杂种优势、遗传距离之间的相关关系。配合力分析发现,10个亲本的一般配合力和特殊配合力存在显著或极显著差异。分析亲本配合力、杂种优势和遗传距离的相关性发现,子棉产量、皮棉产量、衣分的一般配合力和杂种优势呈显著或极显著相关,纤维长度、比强度、麦克隆值、株高、果枝数、单株铃数、铃重、子棉产量、皮棉产量、衣分的特殊配合力和杂种优势均呈极显著正相关,而与遗传距离相关均不显著。单株铃数、铃重、子棉产量、皮棉产量、衣分的杂种优势与遗传距离均为正向显著或极显著相关。在育种实践中这些显著或极显著相关的性状可能具有较高的改良潜力。     

棉花复合杂交育成亲本主要产量性状的杂种优势及配合力分析

为测定利用复合杂交育成的5个亲本的育种应用潜力,将5个亲本与4个推广品种采用不完全双列杂交设计配制20个组合,对组合的产量及相关性状的杂种优势进行分析,并对5个亲本的产量及相关性状进行配合力分析.结果:铃数对产量的贡献最大;A1亲本在铃数,A2亲本在衣分,A3亲本在铃重,A 5亲本在铃重、衣分性状上一般配合力(GCA)为正,A 5亲本是一个较理想的亲本;具有较高特殊配合力效应(SCA)的组合有A5×B3、A2×B2、A3×B1.结论:利用复合杂交培育高配合力亲本是可行的;但不同来源的亲本在同一性状,同一亲本的不同性状间一般配合力(GCA)是不同的;同一性状的不同组合间,同一组合的不同性状间特殊配合力(SCA)效应也都存在大小或方向上的差异.     

基于陆地棉背景的海岛棉染色体片段导入系产量性状QTL定位

棉花产量分为籽棉产量和皮棉产量,其中高皮棉产量总是育种的首要目标。皮棉产量由单株铃数、衣分、单铃重等因素组成。其中衣分在各因素中的遗传率最高,同时也是产量育种中重要的选择指标。育种中利用分离群体对单株铃数、铃重等产量性状选择受环境影响较大。利用染色体片段导入系进行铃数、铃重等产量性状的定位,定向改良产量性状,是棉花分子设计育种的有效方法。本研究利用陆地棉TM-1为轮回亲本和海岛棉海7124为非轮回亲本构建了一套陆地棉背景的染色体片段导入系,并在7个环境的田间试验下,鉴定了它们的产量表现,定位了28个与单株铃数、铃重、衣分和籽指相关的QTL。其中,在Dt亚组染色体上鉴定出的产量性状QTL多于在At亚组染色体上鉴定出的。28个QTL中,加性效应为正的16个,加性效应为负的12个,表明海岛棉不同的导入片段效应不同,有的片段可以提高陆地棉产量,有的则降低陆地棉产量。在6个环境下,导入系IL008(特征标记NAU2573和NAU3576)的衣分均显著高于轮回亲本TM-1,因此IL008可以应用于棉花分子育种,定向改良陆地棉的衣分。     

转基因抗病棉花所转抗病基因（Chi+Glu）对棉花生物学特性的影响

此研究为国家转基因抗病棉环境安全评价技术的建立而设。以转入几丁质酶和葡聚糖酶双价抗病基因（Chi+Glu）的中棉所24为试验观察品种,对应的受体中棉所24和赣棉11号非转抗病基因棉为两个对照品种,进行棉花生育性状、产量性状上生物学特性的表现对比,结果中棉所24转入双价抗病基因后,生育期比受体对照延长11天,比非转基因的常规棉赣棉11号延长3天;经LSD最小显著性差异测验,转双价抗病基因（Chi+Glu）对棉苗期株高生长变缓慢影响极显著,对蕾期株高生长缓慢影响显著,而花铃期时株高超速生长影响显著;对蕾花铃发育迟缓、第一果枝节位前移影响显著;对第一果枝高度降低、果枝节距拉大、籽棉和皮棉增产、发芽率提高效应（提高13个百分点）影响极显著;对棉花单铃重、单铃籽棉重、单铃皮棉重、衣分、籽指、衣指、单铃不孕籽粒数性状转好影响明显;对单铃壳重、单铃不孕籽重量变差也有明显影响;对棉花纤维上半部平均长度变短,整齐度指数增加,马克隆值升高,纤维伸长率下降,纤维纺纱均匀指数降低,纤维断裂比强度降低有明显影响。试验显示,所转双价抗病基因对棉花上述生物学特性有显著和极显著影响,尤其对产量性状变好影响极显著（增产籽棉1491.9 kg/hm2）。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...