高原东南缘大气近地层湍能特征与边界层动力、热力结构相关特征

基于云南省大理2008年3、5、7月GPS加密探空试验时段(14和02时)资料,结合边界层铁塔综合观测资料,采用温度梯度法、逆温强度法和涡动相关法分别计算高原东南缘对流边界层(convective boundary layer,CBL)及稳定边界层(stable boundary layer,SBL)顶高度,通过计算获取感热通量、潜热通量、湍流动能、切变项以及浮力项与大气动力、热力过程垂直相关特征综合分析,可发现湍能方程中浮力项、感热、潜热通量与NCEP再分析资料计算获取的大气视热源相关特征显著,这某种程度反映了高原东南缘近地层大气湍流动量、热量输送对低层大气视热源Q_1的重要贡献。低层视热源Q_1亦表现出与湍能方程分量类似的日变化周期,此特征反映了高原东南缘大气热源变化与下垫面水热过程及其湍流输送日变化密切相关;浮力项与湍能等项对大气低层热源与涡动特征、热力混合结构的形成有重要作用;低层大气视热源、水汽汇均与边界层高度有显著相关,综合分析结果某种程度描述了青藏高原东南缘近地层湍流动量、热量输送状况与低层大气热源,热力混合边界层结构的综合相关物理图像,初步探索了高原东南缘对流活跃区大气湍流运动与大气动力、热力过程相互作用特征。研究表明近地层湍流通量变化某种程度可反映未来局地大气视热源垂直结构变化的"强信号"特征。本文上述研究结论也可启发我们进一步关注近地层湍流通量异常变化特征及其对局地降水过程大气热源结构演变的影响问题。     

黄河源区鄂陵湖湖面和湖边草地对流边界层湍流结构特征的大涡模拟研究

为研究黄河源区边界层湍流特征及其对物质和能量输送的影响,本文首次采用大涡模拟的方法,对比分析了黄河源区两种不同下垫面上（鄂陵湖和湖边草地）对流边界层（CBL）中精细的湍流结构特征。使用资料为2012年夏季黄河源区鄂陵湖流域野外观测实验的GPS探空资料、涡动相关观测资料。分析表明,模拟的黄河源区草地和湖上CBL的平均结构与实测结果吻合较好,但草地和湖上CBL的湍流结构特征差异较明显。模拟结果显示,草地CBL内湍能收支、湍流特征量的时空分布和湍涡结构特征均与陆地上热力驱动CBL的研究结果一致;湖上CBL顶部存在明显的对流卷特征,且夹卷层的湍流强度比草地的强,而草地近地面湍强则更大。通过改变水平分辨率的模拟试验,发现两个不同下垫面上模拟结果对模式分辨率的敏感性不同,湖面CBL的模拟要选择较高的水平分辨率（50～100 m）,以提高近湖面和夹卷层对湍流动能和湍流通量模拟的精度,也充分模拟出各种尺度的波对湍流通量的累积贡献。考虑到计算时间等影响,模拟草地边界层精细的湍流结构时建议选择网格距为100～200 m。     

CAM3模式海气湍流通量参数化的改进及其应用

通过对流性阵风参数化方法,在CAM3原有海气湍流通量参数化方案(CAM3方案)中引入边界层自由对流和降水深对流对海表湍流通量的贡献,改进了CAM3模式的海气湍流通量参数化方案(CAM3 ME方案).在此基础上,利用观测海温积分改进的CAM3模式,分析改进模式对冬(DJF)、夏季(JJA)大气环流异常的模拟性能.结果表明,采用改进的海气湍流通量参数化方案,模式对冬(DJF)、夏季(JJA)大气环流异常年际变化的模拟能力有了很大提高,尤其是冬季(DJF)北太平洋和北美大陆地区以及夏季(JJA)南半球海洋上空.     

那曲高寒草地上四种地表通量计算方法的对比

利用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站2013年9月至2014年8月自动气象站(AWS)和涡动相关系统(EC)的观测资料,基于空气动力学法、地表能量平衡组合法、总体输送法以及涡动相关法,计算了高寒草地下垫面的湍流通量,并对不同方法计算结果间的一致性和差异性进行了分析。结果表明,不同方法计算的湍流通量特征具有明显的差异。地表能量平衡组合法满足能量平衡关系,但在早晨和傍晚层结转换期间,计算的湍流通量出现异常不稳定值;空气动力学法计算的湍流通量在整个观测期与涡动相关法计算的湍流通量相关性最高,但在大气稳定度参数接近0,计算结果不稳定;总体输送法计算的通量数据在地气温差为负值时发散明显,但该方法原理简单,适合在只有常规观测项目的业务气象站或在气象观测项目不全的野外台站使用。空气动力学法和地表能量平衡组合法与涡动相关法的湍流通量的平均偏差相对较小,而总体输送法平均偏差相对较大。研究方法和结果除了为这些方法的使用提供参考外,也为建立长时间通量序列提供了一个较为合理的依据,有助于深入了解高原地气相互作用。     

盘锦芦苇湿地近地面层湍流通量参数化方案研究

基于2005年盘锦芦苇湿地近地面层湍流通量和微气象梯度的连续观测,研究了芦苇湿地近地面层湍流通量参数化方案。结果表明,盘锦芦苇湿地近地面层经常维持弱稳定和弱不稳定层结。在不稳定层结(-0.4     

基于WRF模式的海面湍流通量参数化方案的研究

中尺度数值模拟结果特别是高影响天气的精细预报对近地层动量和热量通量极为敏感,因此近地层湍流通量参数化方案一直是大气科学研究中一个十分重要的课题.以TOGA-COARE观测试验资料为基础,本文将湍流通量参数化方案模块从天气研究预报(WRF)模式中提取出来,与最新研发的湍流通量参数化方案(即LGLC方案)进行对比测试分析....     

南极近地层大气的热量逆梯度输送现象

根据南极中山站观测结果 ,分析了南极地区近地层热量逆梯度输送的现象。结果表明南极地区在近地层逆温较明显时 ,常会出现热量逆梯度输送的现象 ;同时也探讨了近地层在稳定层结条件下 ,热量逆梯度输送通量的多尺度计算方法。计算结果表明 ,逆梯度输送的感热通量主要是由浮力湍涡的穿越能力决定的 ,而经典的梯度输送公式在该场合下无法使用。     

MM5和ETA相似理论近地层方案对农田下垫面通量模拟比较研究

近地层湍流通量计算对于中尺度数值模式有重要意义, 湍流通量的参数化是当前大气边界层研究的重要课题之一。选择青藏高原东缘大理观象台边界层通量观测系统, 离线测试了WRF区域模式中的两种常用的近地层参数化方案(MM5相似理论非迭代方案A和ETA 相似理论迭代方案B), 并将参数化方案计算结果与边界层铁塔涡动相关法的观测值进行对比分析。在大理观象台观测场不同植被随季节交替的状况下, 根据边界层铁塔4层高度风速拟合, 发现近地层空气动力学粗糙度随季节变化特征明显。将拟合的空气动力学粗糙度输入模式参数化方案进行通量计算。结果表明:稳定度是影响近地层参数化方案精度的重要因素, 在不稳定条件下方案B低估了动量通量, 方案A优于方案B, 而在稳定条件下方案A低估了动量通量, 方案B优于方案A, 两种方案总体来看误差不大。对于大理边界层通量观测场地农田植被交替的环境条件, 不同季节下垫面植被类型的差异, 以及植被的稀疏对近地层参数化方案湍流通量计算结果的精度有显著影响。方案B考虑了空气动力学粗糙度z₀和热量粗糙度z_0h的差异, 不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土或稀少植被条件下明显优于方案A。针对方案B不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土下垫面仍出现高估的现象, 在使用了(Zeng, et al, 1998)提出的对于使用辐射地表温度在裸土下垫面时的订正方法后, 计算结果也有明显改善。     

MM5和ETA相似理论近地层方案对农田下垫面通量模拟比较研究

近地层湍流通量计算对于中尺度数值模式有重要意义,湍流通量的参数化是当前大气边界层研究的重要课题之一.选择青藏高原东缘大理观象台边界层通量观测系统,离线测试了WRF区域模式中的两种常用的近地层参数化方案(MM5相似理论非迭代方案A和ETA相似理论迭代方案B),并将参数化方案计算结果与边界层铁塔涡动相关法的观测值进行对比分析.在大理观象台观测场不同植被随季节交替的状况下,根据边界层铁塔4层高度风速拟合,发现近地层空气动力学粗糙度随季节变化特征明显.将拟合的空气动力学粗糙度输入模式参数化方案进行通量计算.结果表明:稳定度是影响近地层参数化方案精度的重要因素,在不稳定条件下方案B低估了动量通量,方案A优于方案B,而在稳定条件下方案A低估了动量通量,方案B优于方案A,两种方案总体来看误差不大.对于大理边界层通量观测场农田植被交替的环境条件,不同季节下垫面植被类型的差异,以及植被的稀疏对近地层参数化方案湍流通量计算结果的精度有显着影响.方案B考虑了空气动力学粗糙度z₀和热量粗糙度z_0h的差异,不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土或稀少植被条件下明显优于方案A.针对方案B不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土下垫面仍出现高估的现象,使用了Zeng等1998年提出的用辐射地表温度订正裸土下垫面感热能量方法后,计算结果也有明显改善.     

北京北郊冬季大风过程湍流通量演变特征的分析研究

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所325 m气象观测塔1993年12月～1994年1月大气边界层实验资料, 计算分析了大风过境过程中47 m和120 m高度湍流通量演变特征及其影响因子, 以及与风速、 稳定度等参数的关系。结果表明: 大风过程对近地面层的物质能量输送有着重要影响, 大风之前出现短时间动量上传和热量下传; 大风过程中的湍流通量数值明显高于过境后, 水平方向湍流通量数值和能量增加幅度大于垂直方向; 当风速大于临界值5 m/s时, 湍流通量与风速、 湍流动能的相关迅速增大; 湍流谱特征表现为湍流能量的低频部分增加、 湍流谱曲线变宽; 大风能强烈影响近地面层的能量收支。     

GAME/Tibet实验中感热通量计算方法的讨论

回顾了前人对感热通量的分析研究，详细分析了计算感热通量公式的推导过程。结合GAME／Tibet那曲近地面通量观测站1998年6月6日到9月13日的观测资料验证了近地面层逆梯度热输送现象的存在；并比较了两种不同计算感热通量的方法。同时，对简化生物圈模式(SiB2)计算感热通量方案进行了分析。主要结论有：(1)由于用涡旋相关法测量得到的总体感热通量本身已经包含了非局地热(冷)泡运动的影响，所以在非均匀下垫面上，传统的闭合方案必然会“遭遇”能量不平衡。这里，非均匀下垫面可能是导致能量不平衡的关键所在。(2)在今后的有关热通量研究中，有必要仔细研究非局地热(冷)泡运动对热通量的贡献，而为了更好地理解这种贡献，应用陆面过程模式研窑能量平衡是必需的。     

Modelling Boundary-Layer Clouds With a Statistical Cloud Scheme and a Second-Order Turbulence Closure

We present a second-order turbulence model for the cloudy planetary boundary layer (PBL), which includes a statistical scheme of the sub-grid scale condensation. The model contains prognostic equations for the turbulent kinetic energy, total water, and liquid water temperature, the latter two being assumed to be conservative variables. Using these conservative thermodynamic variables the condensation process is formulated as a function of the departure of the total water from saturation and its variance. The computation of the variance requires second moment correlations which are modelled through the parameterization of the third-order moments using a convective mass-flux formulation. The inclusion of these third moments and new assumptions on heat flux transport lead to a nonlocal turbulence scheme with counter-gradient effects. The final form for the heat flux turns out to be a linearized version of a previously established result. For the statistical cloud formulation, a linear combination of a Gaussian and a positively skewed distribution function is used with a modified liquid water flux expression to account fornon-Gaussian behaviour.The effect of the turbulence scheme on the boundary-layer cloud structure is discussed and the performance of the model is tested by comparing it against the large eddy simulation (LES) of the undisturbed period of the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX). The model is able to produce both mean and turbulent quantities that are in reasonable agreement with the LES output of ASTEX.     

利用TWP-ICE试验资料对比两种边界层参数化方案

利用高分辨率WRF单气柱模式,选取了两种边界层参数化方案(YSU,MYJ),对TWP-ICE(Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment)试验期间的个例进行数值模拟,比较了两种方案对边界层结构、云和降水模拟的影响。结果表明:季风活跃期,YSU方案模拟的湍流交换系数较小,湍流混合偏弱,边界层内热通量偏小,使地表热量和水汽不易向上输送,水汽含量在近地表明显偏多,而在边界层及其以上大气层具有显著的干偏差,因此该方案模拟的云中液态水和固态水含量偏低,云量偏少,降水率偏小;MYJ方案对于季风活跃期的边界层结构具有较好的模拟能力,其模拟的云和降水更为准确。季风抑制期,MYJ方案模拟的夜间边界层结构存在较大误差,这是因为该方案模拟的夜间湍流交换系数较大,湍流混合偏强,边界层内热通量偏大,模拟的位温和水汽混合比在边界层内随高度变化较小,而观测廓线在边界层内存在较大梯度。季风抑制期两种方案模拟的云和降水均比观测值偏多,方案之间的差异较小。     

Improvement of the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino Planetary Boundary-Layer Scheme Based on Observational Data in China

The Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN) planetary boundary-layer (PBL) scheme is a second-order turbulence closure model that is an improved version of the Mellor–Yamada scheme based on large-eddy simulation data. It simulates PBL structure and evolution well, particularly over the ocean surface. However, when used with various underlying surfaces in China, the scheme overestimates the turbulent momentum flux and the sensible heat flux. Based on observations of surface fluxes in China, we attempt to improve the MYNN model by modifying the parameters and representation of the turbulence scale. Closure constants and empirical expressions in the diagnostic equation are chosen first, and an additional component of the turbulent heat flux is considered in the potential temperature prognostic equation to improve the surface heat-flux modelling. The modified MYNN scheme is incorporated into a three-dimensional mesoscale model and is evaluated using various underlying surface observations. Amelioration of the surface turbulent fluxes is confirmed at five observational sites in China over different land-use types.     

冰晶增长对热量收支的影响

使用二维云分辨模式研究冰晶增长过程(云水到冰晶的冻结增长和通过水汽凝华冰晶到雪的增长)对热量收支的影响。采用4种冰晶增长参数化方案模拟了热带到中纬度地区的4个降水个例。研究发现:(1)高冰核浓度的ZENG方案和SHEN方案引起对流层中上层辐射加热增多,这与它们模拟的冰晶在对流层中上层增多有关。(2)高冰核浓度的ZENG方案导致模拟区域—平均的局地温度变化在对流层上层出现异常减小值,这与它在热带个例中导致垂直热量通量辐合减少和在中纬度个例中导致潜热加热减少有关。(3)尽管高冰核浓度的ZENG方案引起质量加权平均的辐射加热增多,但是它在热带个例中引起地表感热通量减少和在中纬度个例中引起潜热加热减少,最终导致4种参数化方案计算的模拟区域—质量加权平均的局地温度变化基本一致。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地大气边界层参数化方案的模拟评估

沙尘起沙、沉降、传输均受到沙漠地区大气边界层条件的制约。沙漠地区观测资料匮乏,限制大气边界层模拟效果的检验和评估。利用WRFV3.7.1中尺度数值模式中5种边界层参数化方案(ACM2、BL、MYJ、MYNN2.5、YSU),模拟2014年4月塔克拉玛干沙漠大气边界层特征,并与塔中80 m塔及风廓线雷达晴朗天气下的观测资料对比分析。结果表明:5种方案均能模拟出近地面气温及地表温度,边界层高度,感热、潜热、地表热通量的变化趋势,但未能模拟出边界层风速的日变化趋势,温风湿廓线能较好的反映晴日沙漠地区边界层结构的变化特征,但未模拟出风速随高度变化趋势。沙漠地区下垫面干燥,热容量低,晴天极易形成对流不稳定边界层,非局地湍流参数化方案,ACM2方案是沙漠地区大气边界层模拟较为合理的选择。     

水平非均匀对流边界层热量平衡和平流输送作用的大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟所获的数据结果，分析地面热通量沿平均风方向存在 突变的条件下对流边界层的热量平衡和平流输送作用。分析表明边界层内模拟所得结果 可以很好地满足热量平衡关系。除地面热通量项以外，平流项（包括水平平流和垂直平 流）对边界层加热率的作用可达地面热通量不均匀性差值的大小，是影响边界层内热量 平衡的最重要因子，平均速度散度项对热量平衡的作用也不可忽略，但湍流通量散度项 的作用则很小。     

Model Simulations of the Boundary-Layer Evolution over an Arid Andes Valley

The boundary layer of the Elqui valley in the arid north of Chile exhibits several interesting phenomena, such as a very shallow convective boundary layer (CBL) during the day. In the morning, warming is observed in and above the CBL, while the humidity decreases in the CBL. At midday, in and above the CBL of the valley, the temperature stagnates. In the afternoon in the CBL the temperature decreases and humidity increases, although the latent heat flux is very low. Because the characteristic features of the valley atmosphere are hard to interpret from observations alone, model simulations were applied. The simulations indicate that all components of the budget equations, i.e. the turbulent flux divergences, advection via the sea breeze, the upvalley and upslope wind systems, as well as subsidence, contribute to the evolution of the valley atmosphere.     

Modelling the arctic convective boundary-layer with different turbulence parameterizations

Different parameterizations of subgrid-scale fluxes are utilized in a nonhydrostatic and anelastic mesoscale model to study their influence on simulated Arctic cold air outbreaks. A local closure, a profile closure and two nonlocal closure schemes are applied, including an improved scheme, which is based on other nonlocal closures. It accounts for continuous subgrid-scale fluxes at the top of the surface layer and a continuous Prandtl number with respect to stratification. In the limit of neutral stratification the improved scheme gives eddy diffusivities similar to other parameterizations, whereas for strong unstable stratifications they become much larger and thus turbulent transports are more efficient. It is shown by comparison of model results with observations that the application of simple nonlocal closure schemes results in a more realistic simulation of a convective boundary layer than that of a local or a profile closure scheme. Improvements are due to the nonlocal formulation of the eddy diffusivities and to the inclusion of heat transport, which is independent of local gradients (countergradient transport).     

Wind-Turbine Wakes in a Convective Boundary Layer: A Wind-Tunnel Study

Thermal stability changes the properties of the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer, and in turn affects the behaviour of wind-turbine wakes. To better understand the effects of thermal stability on the wind-turbine wake structure, wind-tunnel experiments were carried out with a simulated convective boundary layer (CBL) and a neutral boundary layer. The CBL was generated by cooling the airflow to 12–15 °C and heating up the test section floor to 73–75 °C. The freestream wind speed was set at about 2.5 m s^?1, resulting in a bulk Richardson number of ?0.13. The wake of a horizontal-axis 3-blade wind-turbine model, whose height was within the lowest one third of the boundary layer, was studied using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (S-PIV) and triple-wire (x-wire/cold-wire) anemometry. Data acquired with the S-PIV were analyzed to characterize the highly three-dimensional turbulent flow in the near wake (0.2–3.2 rotor diameters) as well as to visualize the shedding of tip vortices. Profiles of the mean flow, turbulence intensity, and turbulent momentum and heat fluxes were measured with the triple-wire anemometer at downwind locations from 2–20 rotor diameters in the centre plane of the wake. In comparison with the wake of the same wind turbine in a neutral boundary layer, a smaller velocity deficit (about 15 % at the wake centre) is observed in the CBL, where an enhanced radial momentum transport leads to a more rapid momentum recovery, particularly in the lower part of the wake. The velocity deficit at the wake centre decays following a power law regardless of the thermal stability. While the peak turbulence intensity (and the maximum added turbulence) occurs at the top-tip height at a downwind distance of about three rotor diameters in both cases, the magnitude is about 20 % higher in the CBL than in the neutral boundary layer. Correspondingly, the turbulent heat flux is also enhanced by approximately 25 % in the lower part of the wake, compared to that in the undisturbed CBL inflow. This study represents the first controlled wind-tunnel experiment to study the effects of the CBL on wind-turbine wakes. The results on decreased velocity deficit and increased turbulence in wind-turbine wakes associated with atmospheric thermal stability are important to be taken into account in the design of wind farms, in order to reduce the impact of wakes on power output and fatigue loads on downwind wind turbines.