家庭医生团队式管理如何在生活中影响患者的血压

高血压是诱发心脑血管疾病的重要危险因素，在中老年群体中高发。高血压患者主要生活与活动场所为社区，近年来以基层医疗卫生机构为主的高血压防治工作在我国大力推行，对于防控高血压病具有重要作用。研究表明，维持血压的稳定是治疗高血压、改善预后的关键。     

“四低四高”——高血压饮食治疗黄金原则

正世界卫生组织和国际高血压联盟对高血压的定义为:当收缩压大于或等于140 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),或舒张压大于或等于90 mmHg时,即可被诊断为高血压。高血压是中老年人易患的一种常见病,为心脑血管疾病的重要致病因素。一旦得了高血压,患者应及时进行药物治疗,以使血压控制在理想水平。研究证实,除了遗传和环境因素,高血压的发生与患者的饮食有着一定的关系,其中与食盐摄入过多、钾盐摄入较少、大量饮酒、肥胖等因素密切     

海藻食品的加工与研究

一、海藻豆腐本文介绍的以大豆和海藻为原料研制的新产品——海藻豆腐,富含蛋白质,维生素和碘、钙、磷等矿物质,食后可以补充体内碘和钙的缺乏,尤其是起到减肥和美容的作用,以及对高血压、高血脂有良好的防治作用,是一种理想的保健食品.开发利用海藻资源生产海藻豆腐,不仅能有效地补充人体对营养成份的需求,而且经济效益和社会效益十分可观.     

不同种类乳制品对心脑血管疾病防控的影响

综述了近年来国内外有关乳制品对心脑血管疾病防控相关的流行病学研究证据和可能机制.研究表明,总乳制品、低脂乳制品以及牛奶摄入有利于高血压的防控,低脂乳制品以及发酵乳制品有利于脑卒中的防控,而对于冠心痛患者以及超重者,摄入乳制品对于疾病的控制有正面效果,但关于乳脂肪的作用研究证据不一致.     

乳制品摄入与体质量控制

综述了近年来乳制品摄入与体质量控制之间关系的研究进展和可能机制。结果表明,流行病学研究和随机对照人体试验均证明乳制品摄入量与肥胖风险之间具有一定的负相关性,其中酸奶的保护作用最为肯定,而脱脂奶和全脂奶的效果在研究中不够一致。乳制品中的蛋白质、钙、维生素D、共轭亚油酸等成分对于控制体质量可能具有一定作用。     

高蛋白营养冲剂的组成及其营养价值的研究

高蛋白营养冲剂是我室根据我国人民膳食特点,以奶粉、强化大豆分离蛋白、蜂乳、糖和维生素等为主要成分,设计的一种高蛋白、低脂、低盐营养补充剂。其目的以补充优质蛋白、维生素A、核黄素、铁为主要目标,同时考虑到锌对儿童智力发育的有益作用也适量添加;此外,还考虑到单独食用时营养素平衡及口味问题,因此尤其适宜于蛋白质营养不良、冠心病、高血压患者以及老年人与儿童食用。为了确保产品的质量,便于食用者选用,我们分析测定了该制剂的营养素含量,并以麦乳精和奶粉为对照,进行了营养效能试验。     

蔬菜饮料的发展现状和前景

蔬菜饮料是一种以新鲜蔬菜为主要原料,经破碎,榨汁等工艺生产出来的富含多种维生素和矿物质的纯天然营养保健饮品.它的出现为我国食品工业的发展开辟了一条新的途径.蔬菜是人体维生素和矿物质等营养成分的主要来源.随着科学技术的发展,人们对蔬菜的研究越来越多,发现每种蔬菜都含有其特殊元素,且具有一定的辅助治疗某种或几种疾病的作用,甚至有的还有美容、延年益寿等功效.如南瓜可防癌、抗癌,防治糖尿病、降低血压、驱虫、护眼等;芹菜能防治高血压;     

心脑血管急危重症的急救与预防知识

<正>心脑血管急危重症是一种严重的疾病，包括心肌梗死、脑卒中、心力衰竭等。这些疾病具有突发、快速和高风险的特点，对患者健康和生命构成严重威胁。心脑血管急危重症的发生往往与心脑血管疾病的慢性进展和危险因素密切相关。高血压、高血脂、糖尿病、肥胖和吸烟等不良生活习惯是这些疾病的常见风险因素。此外，年龄、遗传因素和个人病史等也会增加患心脑血管急危重症的风险。     

美研究称服用维生素无助预防妊娠高血压

<正>新华网洛杉矶4月7日电很多孕妇在怀孕初期就开始补充维生素C和E,希望能帮助预防高血压等妊娠期并发症。而美国一项最新研究发现,这种做法可能没有什么效果。     

食用油佳品——茶油

>OPC—葡萄籽与心脑血管<葡萄籽提取物的精华之精华是具有强大的抗氧化、清除自由基的功能,其抗自由基效果是维生素E的50倍,维生素C的20倍,其强大的抗自由基、抗氧化功效,结合纯天然植物精华的优势,对包括冠心病、脑中风、高血压在内的心脑血管疾病具有极强的防治效果,还能增强     

Antioxidant vitamins in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Vitamin E

The hypothesis that antioxidant vitamins may reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases has been the subject of considerable research attention in recent years. Basic research studies have provided evidence of possible mechanisms for an effect of antioxidants on atherosclerosis, and several epidemiological studies have suggested that risk of coronary heart disease may be 20-40% lower among those with high dietary intake and serum levels of antioxidant vitamins, especially of vitamin E. However, large-scale randomized trial haven not supported a benefit of high doses of vitamin E supplementation among a general, well-nourished population.     

Fate of supplementary B-vitamins in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows

Four lactating Holstein cows equipped with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in 2 studies to evaluate the disappearance of supplementary B-vitamins before and from the small intestine. The cows were fed a total mixed ration with chromic oxide in 12 daily meals. Each study consisted of a control (no vitamin supplementation) and a treatment period (with vitamin supplementation). Amounts of vitamins (mg/d) supplemented in studies 1 and 2, respectively, were: thiamin: 300 and 10; riboflavin: 1600 and 2.0; niacin: 12,000 and 600; vitamin B₆: 800 and 34; biotin: 20 and 0.02; folic acid: 2600 and 111; vitamin B₁₂: 500 and 0.4. In study 1, vitamins were added to the feed 5 d before and during the 4-d collection period. In study 2, vitamins were infused postruminally 1 d before and during the 4-d collection period. Substantial disappearance before the duodenal cannula was noted in study 1 (67.8% thiamin, 99.3% riboflavin, 98.5% nicotinamide, 41.0% pyridoxine, 45.2% biotin, 97.0% folic acid, and 62.9% vitamin B₁₂). Except for nicotinamide and folate, there was almost no disappearance of postruminally infused vitamins before the duodenal cannula (study 2), suggesting extensive ruminal destruction or use. Apparent intestinal absorption values differed greatly among vitamins, but the proportion of vitamins disappearing from the small intestine was not negatively influenced by supplementation. Except for riboflavin and niacin, absolute amounts disappearing from the small intestine were greater during the treatment than the control periods, suggesting that B-vitamin supply in dairy cows is increased by supplementation, although losses in the rumen are extensive.     

Authors' perspective: what is the optimum intake of vitamin C in humans?

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin C has traditionally been based on the prevention of the vitamin C deficiency disease, scurvy. While higher intakes of vitamin C may exert additional health benefits, the limited Phase III randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin C supplementation have not found consistent benefit with respect to chronic disease prevention. To date, this has precluded upward adjustments of the current RDA. Here we argue that Phase III RCTs-designed principally to test the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical drugs-are ill suited to assess the health benefits of essential nutrients; and the currently available scientific evidence is sufficient to determine the optimum intake of vitamin C in humans. This evidence establishes biological plausibility and mechanisms of action for vitamin C in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer; and is buttressed by consistent data from prospective cohort studies based on blood analysis or dietary intake and well-designed Phase II RCTs. These RCTs show that vitamin C supplementation lowers hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and Helicobacter pylori infection, which are independent risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers. Furthermore, vitamin C acts as a biological antioxidant that can lower elevated levels of oxidative stress, which also may contribute to chronic disease prevention. Based on the combined evidence from human metabolic, pharmacokinetic, and observational studies and Phase II RCTs, we conclude that 200 mg per day is the optimum dietary intake of vitamin C for the majority of the adult population to maximize the vitamin's potential health benefits with the least risk of inadequacy or adverse health effects.     

高食盐摄入对人体健康的影响

高盐摄入是影响饮食最主要的风险因素,高钾膳食可以防止高血压和心血管疾病的发生,减盐计划具有很高的成本效益,所以世界各国都应实施或加快实施。因此这篇综述提供了盐与血压、其潜在的生理机制及心血管疾病相关的健康证据,并且我们简要介绍一下减盐行动所带来的成本效益分析及世界各地在减盐行动中发挥的作用。     

多糖的降血压作用及其机制研究进展

高血压是全球范围内导致残疾和过早死亡的主要风险因素之一,我国高血压及其相关并发症呈逐年升高的趋势,并逐渐年轻化。口服降压药虽能暂时将血压控制在一个正常范围内,但是可能会对机体多个系统产生严重的不良反应。随着多糖与高血压的关系研究逐渐深入,越来越多的研究表明多糖作为天然活性物质,对高血压具有安全、副作用小的优势。本文从多糖类别、来源、剂量、动物模型等方面介绍了多糖的降血压作用效果,阐述了多糖调节肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统、改善内皮功能、调控多因子等降血压机制,简述了多糖与降血压作用的构效关系,对多糖应用于高血压的治疗前景进行了展望,为多糖降压药的研发提供了科学参考,也为高血压患者的疾病防治提供了更多的选择性。     

Status of vitamins E and A and β-carotene and health in organic dairy cows fed a diet without synthetic vitamins

Synthetic vitamin supplementation is not consistent with organic production, so it is important to investigate whether dairy cows can maintain their health and production without synthetic vitamins being added to their diet. In basic dairy cow diets, provitamin A (β-carotene) and vitamin E are mainly found in pasture and in grass and legume silages, but the concentrations are highly variable. This study compared the vitamin status and health of cows without synthetic vitamin supplementation (NSV group) with control cows (CON group) fed synthetic vitamins according to Swedish recommendations (600 IU of vitamin E and 80,000 IU of vitamin A per cow per day) to investigate whether dairy cows can fulfill their requirements of vitamins A and E without supplementation with synthetic vitamins. Vitamin concentrations in blood plasma and milk, health, fertility, milk yield, and milk composition were measured in Swedish Holstein cows (n = 28) during 2 complete lactations. All cows were fed a 100% organic diet containing grass-legume silage, cold-pressed rapeseed cake, peas, cereal grains, and minerals. Blood samples were collected from each cow 3 wk before expected calving, at calving, and 3 wk, 3 to 5 mo, and 7 to 9 mo after calving. Samples of colostrum were taken and milk samples were collected 4 d after calving and at the same time as the 3 blood samplings after calving. The only difference in vitamin status between groups was found in colostrum in yr 1, when CON cows tended to have a higher concentration of α-tocopherol, and their β-carotene concentration was higher compared with NSV cows. The NSV cows tended to have more cases of mastitis than CON cows in yr 2. Within the NSV group, fewer cows were healthy and more cases of mastitis were observed in yr 2 than in yr 1. The groups did not differ in production parameters. In conclusion, the vitamin status in blood and milk of the studied cows indicated that cows in organic dairy production can fulfill their requirements of vitamins A and E without any supplementation of synthetic vitamins, except at the time around calving, when the requirements are high. However, the impaired health of NSV cows in yr 2 may indicate a long-term negative health effect in cows fed no synthetic vitamins.     

Theoretical and practical aspects of modern vitaminology

General subjects and achievement of modern vitaminology are discussed. The most impressive success in fundamental vitaminology during last three-four decades was achieved in following areas: elucidation of vitamins metabolic roles and molecular mechanisms in their action; development and improvement of high sensitive modern methods for analytical vitamins determination in biological objects and food; establishment of reliable criteria and methods for human vitamin status assessment; examination of physiological human vitamin requirements and establishment of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) or Adequate Levels (AL) of their intake; elaboration of scientifical grounds for reasonable vitamins application in diseases prevention and treatment. In the area of applied vitaminology the most attention during last decades was paid to next subjects: regular broad vitamin status examination of representative groups of population; reasoning, development, realization and evaluation of broad scale measures for prevention of vitamin insufficiency and improvement of vitamin status of population; development and industrial production of vitamins, multivitamin-mineral preparations and various vitamin enriched food stuffs for the same purpose. Decrease of state financial support for fundamental studies and cessation of such a support for applied investigation make it necessary to organize nonstate commercial scientific-technologic center functioning on the requests of vitamin producers and consumers.     

富硒食品的研究进展

富硒食品是膳食补硒的主要来源。硒元素作为谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶必需组成部分而在人体中发挥着保护细胞膜、抗癌、延缓衰老、预防心脑血管疾病等作用,与富硒食品特殊的保健功效紧密相关。随着对全球范围内普遍缺硒问题的认识愈来愈清晰,如何科学合理、健康安全地补硒受到了广泛的关注。因此,近年来国内外对天然或人工富硒资源中硒元素的相关研究逐渐增多。本文从天然资源中硒的形态分析、富硒组分的生物活性评价和开发、硒元素的人工转化等方面论述了富硒食品的研究开发进展,为富有机硒食品作为补硒营养源的开发提供参考。     

Studies on iron deficiency anemia, rickets and zinc deficiency and their prevention among Chinese preschool children.

The incidence of iron deficiency anemia, rickets, and zinc deficiency is very high in Chinese preschool children and a method for prevention is urgently needed. From our studies, it can be seen that a soft drink powder is a convenient vehicle for the supplementation of iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, riboflavin, and ascorbic acid. Table salt is also a good, low-cost carrier for iron and zinc, and cow's milk can only be used for the enrichment of vitamins A and D. In our study the therapeutic dose of iron was lower than 3 mg/kg body weight recommended by the WHO Expert Committee. As ascorbic acid can enhance the absorption of iron in the body, so 300 mg vitamin C was added to 100 g of soft drink powder containing 100 mg of elemental iron. Ten g of powder is not only enough for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia but it can also cure iron deficiency anemia within 3 months. One hundred mg of iron in 100 g of table salt is an adequate level, because an adult or a child taking 10 or 5 g of salt will receive 10 and 5 mg of elemental iron respectively. This dosage is adequate for the prevention of anemia. From our results, 10 mg of zinc daily is enough for the prevention and treatment of zinc deficiency in preschool children. Four hundred IU of vitamin D (from fortified soft drink powder or enriched fresh cow's milk) orally-administered daily, is a good way to prevent rickets in infants and young children.     

神经酸的来源与功能研究进展

神经酸是一种长链单不饱和脂肪酸,最初在哺乳动物大脑白质中被发现,对于大脑神经细胞具有修复和促进神经纤维再生双效功能,对于神经退行性疾病和神经系统紊乱等具有重要的预防和治疗作用。近年来,国内外对神经酸的研究与应用备受关注。综述了神经酸的动植物体、生物及化学合成来源,以及对脑组织、中枢神经系统疾病、心脑血管疾病、增强免疫和预防艾滋病的作用,以期为神经酸产品的开发提供参考。