晶体取向对铝单晶在循环形变过程中的应力响应、摩擦应力和反馈应力的影响

采用晶体取向不同的99.999％Al单晶试样,进行拉压对称的应变控制疲劳试验。应变幅为2×10~(-3)。记录了各循环周次的应力、应力-应变滞后回线,根据回线的面积和形状计算了循环形变中的能量损耗、摩擦应力、反馈应力及形状参量。观察了滑移形貌,发现晶体取向对上述各量均有很大影响。多滑移取向晶体比单滑移取向晶体具有大得多的初始硬化率、饱和应力值和能量损耗。而滞后回线的形状则后者较接近矩形,其形状参量V_H比前者大,探讨了各参量间的关系及它们与材料内部位错结构的联系。     

EFFECT OF ORIENTATION ON STRESS RESPONSE,FRICTION STRESS AND BACK STRESS DURING CYCLIC DEFORMATION IN Al SINGLE CRYSTALS

The symmetrical push-pull fatigue tests at strain amplitude of 2×10~3 with different sliporientation of Al single crystals,were carried out at room temperature in air.The peakstresses of various cycles were measured and the stress-strain hysteresis loops for selected cy-cles were recorded.The energy losses.friction stresses,back stresses and shape     

BAUSCHINGER EFFECT AND DISLOCATION STRUCTURE IN STAINLESS STEEL DURING CYCLIC DEFORMATION

Cyclic deformation in symmetrical push-pull mode was carried out at room temperature in airusing a Schenck hydropuls machine.The total strain amplitude which was kept constant dur-ing the test ranged from ±0.004 to±0.012.The 0.2% offset yield stress σ_(0.2f) in tensionand σ_(0.2r) in compression and peak stress σ were measured from the stress-strain hysteresisloop at various cycles.The Bauschinger strenghth differential factor(BSDF)was then calcu-lated from σ_(0.2f) and σ_(0.2r).The energy loss △E of each cycle was determined fromhysteresis loop areas.These parameters,BSDF,σ and △E,appear to have two distinctivelydifferent stages.The dislocation structures were observed using TEM in specimens deformed cyclically,forvarious cycles.The observation shows that the dislocations pile-up mainly against grainboundaries and there exist large amount of deformation twins.The addition of 0.25 wt-% ni-trogen reduced the stacking fault energy of the alloy significantly.Cross-slip and climb aretherefore rather difficult to occur during the cyclic deformation at room temperature,andwell-defined dislocation cells and walls can only be seen at the final stage of fatigue.     

Fatigue mechanism in Ni3Fe single crystals with L12 superlattice structure

Ni₃Fe single crystals with the L1₂ structure were cyclically deformed with various loading axes at different plastic strain amplitudes. The crystals demonstrated initial strong cyclic hardening followed by rapid cyclic softening at any orientation tested. There existed a typical plateau region in the cyclic stress–strain curves of the crystals oriented for single slip, while the saturation shear stress (τ_s) monotonically increased with increasing plastic shear strain amplitude (γ_pl) for double-slip oriented crystals. Persistent slip bands (PSBs) with cell-like dislocation structure developed in fatigued Ni₃Fe single crystals. The relationship between the volume fraction of PSBs and γ_pl suggests that Winter’s two-phase model can be applied to explain the cyclic stress–strain response in Ni₃Fe single crystals. Activation of the secondary slip is closely related to the cyclic hardening/softening behaviour and the formation of PSB in Ni₃Fe single crystals.     

CuAlMn形状记忆合金的高阻尼特性

用悬臂梁弯曲共振法研究了新型CuAlMn系形状记忆合金在马氏体态和母相态的阻尼特性.研究结果表明:室温马氏体态Cu-10.5%Al-6%Mn(质量分数)和室温母相态Cu-11%Al-8%Mn形状记忆合金在表面应变振幅为4.05MPa时,都具有很高的阻尼性能,内耗Q-1接近0.1; 两种形态的CuAlMn形状记忆合金的阻尼性能都随应力振幅增加而下降,且母相态合金阻尼性能下降速度更快.     

CNTs/Al复合材料搅拌摩擦加工质量的超声衰减评价

针对搅拌摩擦加工法制备的碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料的主要碳纳米管团聚缺陷,提出超声波衰减法对加工质量进行无损评价,通过改变搅拌摩擦加工次数得到不同团聚程度的碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料;根据超声衰减理论分别测量各个试样的衰减系数,从宏观上对团聚缺陷进行评价,最大和最小衰减系数相差50倍,通过超声特征扫描成像检测法验证了评价结果的有效性;同时测量了搅拌摩擦加工次数为3次和6次的纯铝试样的衰减系数分别是0.032、0.029 dB/mm,基本排除了在搅拌摩擦加工后纯铝晶粒变化对试验结果带来的影响;最后又采用超声衰减法从微观角度对团聚缺陷进行评价,随着搅拌次数增加,衰减系数从0.178 dB/mm变化到0.025 dB/mm,每搅拌1次衰减系数降低约1倍,可以得出团聚程度越严重,衰减系数越高。     

CuAlMn形状记忆合金微观组织对阻尼性能的影响

研究了一系列典型CuAlMn系形状记忆合金的室温组织和阻尼特性.表面应力振幅4.05MPa时,马氏体态和母相态的室温阻尼性能相当(Q-1≈0.1).当应力振幅由4.05MPa增加到40.5MPa时,无论是在马氏体态还是母相态,CuAlMn形状记忆合金的阻尼性能都随应力振幅增加而下降,但母相态阻尼性能下降速度更快.研究结果说明常温下应力振幅对阻尼性能的影响不同于升降温过程.     

单晶Nb拉伸,压缩及恒应变疲劳后的滑移系和滑移特征

研究了单滑移位向和多滑移位向Ｎｂ单晶在拉伸，压缩及循环变形时的滑移系，根据试样表面滑移线的方向，在极图上确定滑移面，单滑移位向（［３２１］）的单晶，在拉伸时的滑移系为（１０１）［１１１］，在压缩时是（１０１）［１１１］和（２１３）［１１１］．根据ｂｃｃ晶体变形特点，分析了拉伸，压缩和循环变形的滑移系之间的关系，用光学显微镜和透射电镜复型观察了试样的表面形貌，确定了多滑移位向（［１１０］位向）单晶滑     

Effect of long-range order on the cyclic deformation behaviour of Ni3Fe single crystals

Effect of ordering on cyclic deformation in disordered and ordered Ni₃Fe single crystals was investigated focusing on stress–strain response and deformation substructure. The cyclic hardening depended strongly on the long range order. The maximum stress in the disordered crystals increased gradually with increasing number of cycles and then reached a saturation, while ordered ones exhibited cyclic softening after an initial strong cyclic hardening. The cyclic hardening at an early stage of fatigue in ordered crystals may be due to APB tubes and debris which were produced by the intersection between primary and secondary slips. Coarse slip bands were observed in fatigued ordered Ni₃Fe single crystals. In the bands, three-dimensional dislocation structure was formed accompanied by a decrease in the degree of order, which was responsible for the cyclic softening.     

THERMODYNAMICS OF BAINITIC TRANSFORMATION IN Cu-24 at.-% Al ALLOY

Two driving forces △G~((β_1)+α')and △G~(β_1→β_2+α)for the bainitic transformation have been calcu-lated for Cu-24 at.-% Al alloy.Results reveal △G~(β_1→α')>0 within the transformation tem-perature range 600—750 K.Therefore,the bainitic transformation cannot be initiated by theβ_1→α' shearing mechanism.On the other hand,the driving force △G~(β_1→β_2+α)to produce 5% ofthe α becomes negative only when the composition of the α satisfiesx_(Al)~α≤0.204 at 700 K or x_(Al)~α=0.209 at 750 K.So the bainitic transformation can only proceedby β_1→β_2+α diffusional reaction with different diffusion amount at different temperatures.     

Investigation of the tensor character of mesoscopic internal stresses in tensile-deformed nickel single crystals by X-ray diffraction

X-ray diffraction profiles of tensile-deformed nickel single crystals with two different orientations of the loading axis were investigated. To characterize the internal elastic strain state on a mesoscopic scale, the profile shapes of different Bragg reflections were analysed. The asymmetric profile broadening is interpreted on the basis of a two-component model for internal stresses in a dislocation cell structure. A least-squares method was applied to determine the stress tensor for the cell interior from the asymmetry parameters of at least six independent reflections. Furthermore, this method was advanced to evaluate the distribution of the plastic deformation across the slip systems. Taking into account an inclusion approximation, by this way the calculated internal stresses were correlated with the plastic strain in the cells. The orientation of the principal axes of the stress tensor and the heterogeneity of slip in the slip systems found agree with model assumptions for the tensile deformation.     

循环变形铜单晶体的滞后回线形状变化与驻留滑移带的萌生

本文系统测量并总结了不同类型双滑移取向铜单体循环变形中滞后回线性形状参数ＶＨ随循环周次Ｎ的变化关系,结果表明,与单滑移晶体不同晶体取向双滑移晶体的滞后回线形状变化趋势有显著的影响,ＶＨ与驻留滑移带（ＰＳＢ）的形成有无明业对应关系与该取向单晶体的循环应力－应变（ＣＳＳ）曲线有无平台区或准平台区出现密切相关,ＶＨ随Ｎ的变化关系反映了晶体在循环变形中的微观组织结构的不同变化,通过ＶＨ确定了不同类型双滑移     

低模量Ti6Al4V表面Ti(Al/Pt)N薄膜强化改性

为解决硬质薄膜因与软基体硬度和模量差较大导致的薄膜失效问题,提高硬质薄膜在Ti6Al4V(TC4)钛合金基体上的适应性,使用掺杂氮化钛（TiN）陶瓷薄膜对低模量Ti6Al4V合金表面强化。采用热丝增强等离子体磁控溅射技术在Ti6Al4V合金表面制备Ti(Al/Pt)N薄膜：包括本征TiN、Al&Pt掺杂TiAlN和TiAl(Pt)N薄膜。采用扫描电子显微镜、X-射线衍射仪、纳米压痕仪、洛氏硬度计和摩擦磨损测试仪分别表征三种薄膜组织形貌、能谱分析、相结构和内应力、纳米硬度和模量及耐磨性。结果表明：Al元素掺杂使TiN薄膜柱状晶细化,截面形貌柱状晶更致密;同时微量Pt掺杂后,截面断口呈韧性撕裂。本征TiN和TiAlN薄膜衍射峰图谱呈现TiN(111)取向,TiAl(Pt)N薄膜的衍射峰呈TiN(200)主峰位。Al元素掺杂使TiN薄膜晶格畸变增多,内应力从-13 MPa增大到-115 MPa,导致膜-基结合力恶化,洛氏压痕和摩擦磨损实验中均出现薄膜剥落。Pt掺杂后薄膜内应力降低到-66 MPa,在洛氏压痕试验中TiAl(Pt)N薄膜与基体结合良好,仅有少许环形裂纹。摩擦磨损试验中本...     

等温时效过程Cu—Al—Be形状记忆合金内耗行为研究

对ＣｕＡｌＢｅ合金在等温时效过程中的内耗特性进行了研究。结果表明,等温时效时该合 金内耗主要是由应力诱发马氏体相变和Ｍ／Ｍ、Ｐ／Ｍ界面在交变应力下的粘滞性迁移所引起的。 时效过程中,合金内耗迅速下降,至一定值后趋于稳定,且大小受测量频率影响。在马氏 体态时效时,内耗衰减曲线出现峰值,这与试样中的淬火空位及其在时效时的界面扩散有 关。     

Influence of Tempering Temperature on Cyclic Viscoplastic Behaviour of 55NiCrMoV7 Steel

Low cycle fatigue behaviour of a steel 55NiCrMoV7 under tour tempered conditions is reported. One special type of total swain controlled isothermal cyclic deformation tests were performed in the temperature range 20℃ to 600℃ for the steel tempered 2h at 350℃, 460℃, 560℃ and 600℃. The influence of temperature on cyclic behaviour was investigated. Generally, the cyclic stress response shows an initial exponential softening for the first few cycles, followed by a gradual softening without cyclic softening saturatioo. At 10^-2 strain rate, σmax.Δσ／2 decrease with the test tumperature for all hardness levels. They decrease linearly with tempering temperature when testing temperature is lower than that of tempering, but rest nearly constant when test temperature is equal to or exceed tempering temperature of steel. Cyclic softening intensity increases with testing temperature from 300℃ to 600℃, but the maximal softening intensity occurs at room tumpemture. The strain rate influences notably the cyclic behavioor when T≥50℃, The time dependence of cyclic behaviour is closely related to test temperature and the tempering history of the steel.     

Ultrasonic attenuation peak during fatigue of polycrystalline copper

We studied microstructure evolution in a 4N polycrystalline copper subjected to zero-to-tension fatigue through in situ monitoring of shear-wave attenuation and velocity using electromagnetic acoustic resonance (EMAR). Contactless transduction based on the Lorentz force mechanism is the key to establishing a continuous monitor for the microstructural change in the bulk of metals with a high sensitivity. In a short interval, between 20 and 40% of the total life in the order of 10⁴–10⁵ cycles, attenuation experiences a large peak and ultrasonic velocity shows a depression, being independent of the cyclic stress amplitude. This novel phenomenon is interpreted in terms of drastic change in dislocation mobility and rearrangement, which is supported by the replication for slip bands and TEM observations for dislocation structure. At this particular period, the dense dislocation structure starts to transform to cells, which temporally accompanies long, free dislocations absorbing much ultrasonic energy to produce the attenuation peak. The possibility of remaining-life prediction is discussed.     

Orientation dependence of the γ-α’ martensitic transformation in single crystals of austenitic stainless steels with low stacking-fault energy

The development of the γ-α’ martensitic transformation (MT) upon tensile deformation of single crystals of austenitic stainless steels of compositions (wt %) Fe-17% Cr-12% Ni-2% Mn-0.75% Si (I) and Fe-18% Cr-12% Ni-2% Mo-0.015% C (II) has been studied as a function of the crystal-axis orientation and test temperature by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. It has been established that the orientation dependence of the slip deformation preceding the γ-α’ MT is determined by two factors, namely, the orientation dependence of slip deformation preceding the γ-? MT and the orientation dependence of the work U necessary for the formation of the α’-martensite crystals. The orientation dependence of slip deformation preceding the γ-? MT leads to the γ-α’ MT in the [\(\bar 1\)11], [\(\bar 1\)23], [011], and [012] crystals with different defect densities and, correspondingly, at different stress levels. In the [001] crystals, no γ-α’ MT is observed macroscopically since the γ-? MT in these crystals is suppressed. It has been established that the γ-α’ MT in the [\(\bar 1\)11], [011], [\(\bar 1\)23], and [012] crystals can be developed at T = 300 K after preliminary deformation at T = 77 K. The development of the γ-α’ MT at T = 300 K is physically related to the growth of the α’-martensite nuclei formed upon plastic deformation at T = 77 K.     

Study on the cold rolling deformation behavior of polycrystalline tungsten

Tungsten is paid special attention due to its superior properties, especially in nuclear field. Meanwhile it is suitable for texture simulation investigation of BCC metals and alloys as it's near elastically isotropic. This study investigates the cold rolling deformation texture of polycrystalline tungsten using RS model, in which the stress and strain consistence is realized simultaneously. The texture evolution and effects of deformation parameters, including external as well as internal reaction stress, strain and activation of different slip, on texture during rolling are discussed by comparing the simulated results and reported experimental results in literatures. The results show that, the cold rolling deformation texture could be simulated statistically based on RS model. The accumulation of each reaction stress is different. The up-limit of reaction stress σ'₁₂ is found to be medium, meaning that σ'₁₂ exerts important effect on texture evolution. Much lower accumulation level of σ'₁₃ as well σ'₂₃ is displayed, each of which within certain range contributes to the increase of different γ-fiber texture components. The effect of σ'₂₂ can't be ignored during rolling, especially in the case of obtaining {111}<110> texture. Regarding the deformation textures of tungsten rolled to true strains of −1.7 and −2.91, {001}<110> texture is strengthened with the increasing strain and becomes dominant, implying the easier activation of {112}<111> slip systems; γ-fiber texture is weakened at higher strain, and the formation of {111}<112> texture shows significant effect of surface shear stress σ₁₃, which is due to the nonnegligible surface friction when rolling at high temperature.     

Microband evolution during large plastic strains of stable {1 1 0}〈1 1 2〉 Al and Al–Mn crystals

The deformation microstructures of Al and Al–Mn {1 1 0}〈1 1 2〉 single crystals have been characterized after room temperature channel-die compression up to true strains of 2.1. The evolution of local misorientations and microband structures were quantified by high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction in a field emission gun scanning electron microscope and their alignments compared with the traces of active slip planes and macroscopic shear stress planes. During plane-strain compression these “Brass” oriented crystals remain stable in terms of the final, average, orientation, with a small orientation spread. However, the microband alignment varies with strain and also with solute content. There is a general tendency for the microbands to be both crystallographic and non-crystallographic at low strains, then crystallographic, and finally mixed again at high strains (with some lamellar banding).     

低Al含量Ti-Al合金相变行为的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学模拟研究了Ti-5Al和Ti-10Al两种合金的β→α相变过程。比较分析了不同Al含量下相变过程的体系内能、径向分布函数、不同晶体结构相对含量的变化以及晶体结构的演化。结果表明:Ti-10Al较Ti-5Al更快发生α相形核析出,体现出实际相变过程中Al作为α相稳定元素的作用;β→α的结构转变通过{110}β面原子层间的相互滑移发生,并伴随一定畸变,新相与母相间晶体学关系符合{0001}α//{110}β;新相中易形成层错、孪晶等晶体缺陷,以消除部分相变过程中畸变引起的应力。