黄河沙量记录与黄土高原侵蚀

龙门黄河沙量记录研究揭示,黄土高原黄土的侵蚀现象是我国脆弱的黄土环境中出现的一种天然环境地质过程。在年际时间尺度上,其侵蚀强度表现出明显的脉动特征,且与太阳黑子活动周期有密切关系。迄今黄土高原上的人为经济活动并未明显加速这一侵蚀过程或改变它的脉动特征,因而人为活动不是支配黄土高原黄土侵蚀的主导因素。     

黄土高原的地理信息系统(GIS)试研究

黄土高原水土流失举世瞩目,现在的侵蚀继承和发展了古代的侵蚀,受自然和社会双重因素制约.随着人类社会进步和历史演进,自然与社会因子影响侵蚀的比例不断发生改变.本文从数字黄土高原的角度研究黄土的分布特征和堆积、侵蚀过程,建立了地貌、地质、黄土剖面、水文等空间数据库,研制数字黄土分布图件,展示黄土分布特点,构建黄土的三维分布模型,模拟主要地质时期黄土分布,探讨了侵蚀过程和人类活动对侵蚀的影响.     

Soil conservation and sustainable eco-environment in the Loess Plateau of China

The Loess Plateau is well known to the world because of its thick loess and severe soil erosion. Loess is a highly erosion-prone soil that is considerably susceptible to water erosion. The Loess Plateau also has a long cultivation history, hence population growth, vegetation degeneration serious soil and water loss were obviously problems on Loess Plateau. This article analyzes several strategies of soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau, such as terracing, planting trees, natural vegetation rehabilitation and construction of warp land dams. Different periods had different strategies of soil and water conservation and each strategy had its characteristics and effects. Finally, the research directions and future perspectives of the Loess Plateau were discussed, including the strategies of sustainable eco-environment of Loess Plateau in China.     

黄土斜坡内部水分二维成像研究——以黑方台罗家坡滑坡为例

黄土高原地区受构造活动及河流侵蚀形成的大量黄土斜坡, 在降雨及农业灌溉等条件影响下, 每年会有大量黄土滑坡发生, 因此, 准确揭示黄土斜坡内部水分空间分布规律及运移特征对于理解黄土滑坡机理和预警预报极其重要。本文利用电阻率层析成像技术(ERT)及模型模拟的方法对斜坡内部电阻率与含水量关系进行量化, 并结合surfer软件进行斜坡内部水分二维成像。黄土电阻率与地层物理化学参数相关性分析表明:黄土斜坡中地层含水率是地层电阻率发生变化的主导因素;基于Archie公式的模型拟合结果能更准确地量化电阻率与含水量特征关系;地层水分二维成像结果可以直观地显示斜坡内部水分时空演化。本研究定量化且更直观地对黄土斜坡内部的水分分布特征进行描述, 可为黄土滑坡预报预警提供最直接有效的数据资料。     

Advances in Researches of the Effects of Grassland Vegetation on Soil Erosion in Loess Plateau

Soil erosion is a serious global environmental problem which limits the survival and development of human beings. In our country, due to the special physical geography and socio-economic conditions, soil erosion intensity is great, which is particularly prominent in Loess Plateau region. Therefore, preventing and controlling soil erosion, as well as reducing soil erosion in Loess Plateau have become the key to solving environmental problems in the region. Soil erosion on Loess Plateau is serious, and grassland vegetation has good effects on soil and water conservation, which can improve ecological environment well. After the implementation of the project about returning farmland to grassland on Loess Plateau, the ecological benefits mainly focused on soil and water conservation benefits, soil improvement benefits, water conservation benefits and species diversity benefits, etc. Grassland vegetation has an irreplaceable role in the construction of the ecological environment on Loess Plateau. Therefore, the role of grassland in preventing soil erosion has received more and more attention. Scholars have done lots of research involved in the relationship between grassland coverage and soil erosion, impacts of grassland on hydrodynamic parameters, effects of grassland on soil properties, reduction effects of grassland on runoff and sediment, and soil erosion process on grassland slope. However, there is little research on erosion effect induced by grassland cover. This paper mainly pointed out the following questions: First, grassland cover is influenced by many factors, but the relationship with soil erosion from the dynamic mechanism is rarely discussed; Second, there is no well-developed theory of overland flow erosion at present, which limits the study of hydrodynamic parameters on grassland slope; Third, establishment of mathematical model between grassland cover and soil resistance can accelerate the quantitative analysis of grassland influence on erosion; Fourth, comprehensive analysis of influencing factors on water reduction and sediment reduction effect on grassland are insufficient; Fifth, there are not many mechanisms to analyze the erosion process of grassland slope by using the hydrodynamic characteristics of slope; sixth, research results on grassland-induced erosion are mainly focused on leading to soil dry layer and we should continue to strengthen in the future. This paper summarized the previous results, and supplemented some studies about erosion caused by grassland, then pointed out the existing problems in current research and the areas that need to be strengthened in the future, aiming at reducing soil erosion on the Loess Plateau.     

坡面细沟侵蚀产沙时空分布规律试验研究

利用放水冲刷试验结合稀土元素(REE)示踪技术对坡面侵蚀产沙特征及其时空变化进行了研究。结果表明:在径流冲刷下,坡面侵蚀产沙可分为三个不同的阶段并对应不同的产沙特征。其空间变化表现为,在6°、9°情况下,坡面不同坡段的相对侵蚀量沿下坡方向呈现出先减小后增大的趋势;在12°小流量情况下,坡面各坡段的相对侵蚀量与坡度较小的情况相似,当流量较大时,坡面各不同坡段的相对侵蚀量随坡长的增大而减小。但坡面最下端坡段的相对侵蚀量总是随着冲刷历时的延长而减小,其余各坡段的相对侵蚀量则呈现出缓慢的波动式上升。     

聚丙烯酸钠混合剂固化黄土特性研究

黄土堆积松散、湿陷性强且极易被侵蚀的特性导致滑坡、泥石流、水土流失等地质灾害在黄土高原频发。为了缓解当今黄土地区土壤侵蚀,减少地质灾害的发生,本文利用聚丙烯酸钠混合剂对甘肃董志塬重塑黄土进行固化改良。通过室内崩解试验、渗透试验、水流冲蚀试验和三轴压缩试验等手段分析了不同配比下固化黄土的特性差异。结果显示,在经聚丙烯酸钠混合剂固化后,土体抗剪切破坏和水稳性能随着配比的提高而增大。当土体经聚丙烯酸钠混合剂浓度为3.5%的试剂固化后,固化效果趋于最佳,相比未加固土抗崩解和抗冲蚀性能均大幅提高,7次干湿循环后崩解率仅为1.15%,土体剪切破坏时的主应力差在100kPa、200kPa、300kPa围压下分别提高25.29%、28.23%、22.48%,渗透系数降低217.41倍。结合三轴试验数据、粒径级配和场发射扫描电镜从微观结构进行现象和机理解释,聚丙烯酸钠混合剂可将土粒包裹黏接,使土体中细小颗粒团聚在一起,从而改变土体粒径级配,促使土体黏聚力及内摩擦角增大,增强土体抗剪切性能,提高土体水稳性。聚丙烯酸钠混合剂对黄土的固化改良效果良好,将为缓解黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀,防灾减灾提供新方法。     

黄土高原滑坡灾害形成动力学机制

滑坡灾害是威胁黄土高原人民生命和财产安全、城镇与重大工程建设与运营的重大地质问题。针对黄土高原滑坡灾害形成的动力学机制问题,在大量的调查统计、试验与理论分析基础上,总结得出区域构造应力是黄土高原滑坡高发的主要驱动力,它是滑坡分区分带群发的控制因素,是黄土滑坡的"第一元凶";边坡构造应力既造就了结构面,又不断地改造和松动着结构面,持续地肢解着边坡的完整性,它是单体滑坡形成的主要驱动力,是黄土滑坡的"第二元凶";黄土是一种特殊的结构土,具有极强的水敏性,在土体应力驱动下极易灾变,黄土的这种易灾特性是土体灾变的内在原因,是黄土滑坡的"第三元凶";大量的滑坡发生都与水有关,地表水大量渗入黄土浅表部,会引起浅表崩塌和溜滑灾害,而当水沿着微、细、宏观优势通道进入黄土深部后,就可能引起深层滑坡,因此,动水渗透作用是黄土滑坡的"主凶";工程扰动既会改变边坡原有的应力状态,进而扩展和松动已有的结构面,现今,工程扰动已经成为一种诱发地质灾害的重要地质营力,是黄土滑坡的"帮凶"。      

黄土频率磁化率与古气候冷暖变换

本文详细研究和对比了几个区域的黄土剖面,证明中国黄土地层发育的一致性;根据第5阶段以来黄土磁化率和深海氧同位素曲线特征的比较,证明中国黄土地层的连续性和全球气候变化的一致性。黄土地层的古气候信息强度与分辨率成反比,是全球信号和区域信号的叠加。黄土高原各地厚度或沉积速率的差别主要是1.7 Ma以来形成的。黄土地层频率磁化率数值随黄土和古土壤层的出现,分别呈波谷和波峰对应,说明在温湿条件下有许多细小(<0.03 μm)的铁磁性矿物形成,它可能是导致古土壤磁化率增高的最主要原因。这些磁颗粒的含量反映古气候温湿程度的强弱和持续时间的长短。黄土频率磁化率对古气候的突变或渐变研究可能具有十分重要的意义。     

Water resource development and protection in loess areas of the world: a summary to the thematic issue of water in loess

Loess is mainly distributed in arid and semiarid areas of the world, and water is essential and precious in the loess areas. Water is also an important factor inducing various geohazards and soil erosion in the loess areas. The thematic issue of Environmental Earth Sciences was edited to reflect the latest research on water and water-related themes in the loess areas of the world, especially on the Chinese Loess Plateau. This editorial introduced the background and initiative of editing this thematic issue, and it also introduced briefly the water environment projects currently underway on the Chinese Loess Plateau such as the grain for green project, the huge land creation project, and the sponge city project. The papers included in the thematic issue were also introduced to give readers a general understanding of their main research points. Finally, some suggestions to boost further water environment research in the loess areas were put forward. All the papers included in the thematic issue will scientifically support the sustainable socio-economic development in the loess areas of the world.     

兰州老狼沟黄土微地貌灾害链时空分布特征与危险性模拟研究

黄土洞穴和滑坡是黄土高原独特侵蚀作用下的微地貌景观,反映了地貌快速演化链式过程,具有分布广、发育密度高等特点,严重威胁了我国西北地区人居安全。本研究以老狼沟小流域为研究对象,利用现场调查、GIS空间分析、无人机测绘以及数值模拟等手段开展了黄土微地貌灾害链时空分布特征和危险性模拟研究。结果表明,老狼沟研究区内发育黄土洞穴、滑坡、浅沟的数量分别为134个、38个和81个,黄土洞穴密度约为159个/km2,占研究区总面积的1.88%。黄土洞穴多位于TWI高值的凹地形区域,呈线状展布排列,与浅沟发育密切。研究区2001~2021年五期核密度估计结果显示高密度中心均位于西侧斜坡,面积约为5.91×104 m2,长轴、短轴、面积、高程、周长的空间集聚程度更高。黄土微地貌灾害链演化模式可以总结为原生地貌阶段、早期侵蚀阶段、加速侵蚀阶段、侵蚀贯通阶段、局部破坏阶段。洞穴环境加剧了水分入渗程度,更易引发滑坡发生。模拟结果显示潜在滑坡运动能够对阶地建筑物造成严重破坏,受灾面积约为2.02×104 m2,滑坡运动过程为150 s,平均堆积厚度约为9.2 m,最大运动距离约为651 m。本研究是揭示黄土洞穴发育规律及其灾害链效应的有益探索和尝试,为黄土高原城镇防灾减灾提供参考。     

银西高铁董志塬地区边坡侵蚀特性分析

黄土坡面侵蚀特性研究对于铁路边坡及路基防护具有重要的意义。通过银西高铁董志塬段某路基护坡坡面冲刷试验,获得了不同冲刷历时、冲刷流量、坡度等条件下的坡面冲刷结果,并对坡面流水动力学特性、坡面产沙规律、坡面产沙机理进行了分析,得出以下结论:（1）坡顶和坡底比坡面中部更易受侵蚀;30°～60°斜坡在较小的冲刷强度下也能产生较明显的侵蚀沟,宜采取45°左右的多级矮坡来减弱侵蚀强度。（2）坡面流水动力学特性分析表明,试验工况水流主要处于过渡流区;平均流速与冲刷流量、坡度呈幂函数关系;达西阻力系数与冲刷流量、坡度呈负相关,且与雷诺数相关性较低。（3）平均含沙量随冲刷流量与坡度的增大而增大,随历时近似线性增加,约20 min以后,含沙量基本稳定,此过程为坡面沟道发展阶段。（4）坡面侵蚀产沙量与侵蚀切应力、有效水流功率都呈正相关,与前者近似呈线性增大关系,而与后者近似呈幂函数关系。     

Spatial scale dependence of sediment dynamics in a gullied rolling loess region on the Loess Plateau in China

Sediment dynamics is still imperfectly understood, especially at spatial scale in the highly erodible region of the Loess Plateau, and few studies have been heretofore conducted. Using 5-year continuous water and sediment records, three plots and three basins in the gullied rolling loess region were selected and sediment dynamics at spatial scale was studied. Results showed that the floods, where the peak discharge (Q _p) did not come earlier than the sediment peak, were predominant in slope zones, occupying >90 and >70% of the total for the Mao slope and for the Entire slope, respectively. However, in basins, most of the sediment peaks (C _p) lagged behind Q _p, implying that slope zone was the main origin of sediment. More than 50% of the events presented clockwise hysteresis loops in the Mao slope area, while almost all the events had anticlockwise hysteresis loops in basins. This can be attributed to less occurring frequency of hyperconcentrated flow, as well as its instability in slope zones, compared to those in the basins. Within these contexts, gravitational erosion made the highest sediment concentration (C) in Tuanshangou basin and median developing status of C-discharge (C–Q) relationships in the Entire slope area. This study provides insights into the protection of slope surface and disruption of the development of hyperconcentrated flow to reduce soil loss.     

Scale effect on sediment yield from sloping surfaces to basins in hilly loess region on the Loess Plateau in China

Based on data from two runoff plots and ten stations in hilly loess region Dalihe drainage basin ranging in area from 0.0006 to 3983 km² on the Loess Plateau, the relationship between mean annual specific sediment yield (Y _s) and drainage area (A) is studied, which is different from those for many other drainage areas of the world, neither at the scale of whole basin nor at local scale on the Loess Plateau. With increasing drainage area, the mean annual specific sediment yield experiences two peak values: the first peak value appears at 0.00408 km² in area corresponding to the whole slope surface, and the second peak value appears at 96.1 km² in area. The non-linear variation in the Y _s–A can be explained as follows: the first peak value can be explained by the abrupt increase in slope gradient and flow shear stress resulting in highly increased sediment concentration and specific sediment yield. And the second peak value can be explained by the combined influence of flow shear stress and drainage density, represented by dimensionless variable Ω.     

A method for the study of quaternary environmental evolution of the Loess Plateau in China

A method for obtaining quantitative information on palaeoenvironmental evolution from the loess stratum is approached in this paper.

1. Twelve typical Holocene loess profiles in Loess Plateau have been studied. A quantitative relation was found between the total ferric oxide content (TFOC) of modern surface loess and modern climate conditions. The increase of TFOC by 1% indicates an increase of annual mean precipitation by 246 mm or a rise of mean January temperature by 5.8 C°.
2. The corresponding relation between the oak(Quercus) forests and the climatic conditions of the Loess Plateau and adjacent mountainous areas to the south has also been studied. A detailed classification of vegetation ecotypes using generic differences in arboreal family differences in herb plants of an oak forest is suggested, which may improve the reliability of palaeoclimatic reconstructions from spore and pollen data.

     

基于原位监测的浅层黄土斜坡水分运移规律分析

降雨诱发的浅层黄土滑坡是黄土高原重要的地质灾害类型之一.斜坡水分空间分布和变化趋势是导致斜坡失稳的重要因素,但基于此的剖面监测数据较少.依托延安黄土地质灾害野外观测基地,选择典型黄土斜坡,在坡面布设两条5 m深的水分探测纵剖面,观测在降雨过程中斜坡水分的空间特征.监测结果显示：1）降雨引起的土壤含水率变化深度有限,与降雨量成正相关关系;2）土壤含水率随时间变化表现出周期性特征,随深度增加,周期逐渐变长;3）斜坡水分在空间分布上存在明显的各向异性——垂向上表现为含水率的不均匀性与阶段性,而在斜坡的不同部位,受降雨影响坡顶-坡腰-坡脚含水率大致呈递减趋势,其中坡顶、坡脚的水分波动程度最大,坡脚的入渗深度最大.     

小流域岩土侵蚀规律研究——以子洲县周家圪崂乡桥沟小流域为例

桥沟小流域位于子洲县周家圪崂乡东部,系黄河四级支流,面积19km^2。桥沟主沟长5．75km,坡降12．8％,沟谷切深100m左右。流域内地貌为黄土梁峁及沟壑,出露地层主要有侏罗系砂泥岩、新近系（原为第三系）红土和第四系黄土。黄土层中下部含地下水,在黄土与基岩接触带,多有下降泉溢出。从地层岩性上看,第四系黄土分布广,厚度大,结构松散,遇水易解体。岩土侵蚀环境地质类型有三：一是降雨对谷坡面的面状冲刷一坡面侵蚀;二是地表径流对谷底的侧蚀一沟谷侵蚀,三是滑塌对谷坡坡体的破坏一重力侵蚀。三种侵重力蚀的防治措施各有侧重点,对于坡面侵蚀的防治措施主要是退耕还林种草,改造微地貌;对于沟谷及重力侵蚀的防治措施主要是沟道坝系建设,即在重力侵蚀及沟谷侵蚀发育区下游,修建淤地坝,从而抬高侵蚀基准,减少重力侵蚀的发生。     

黄土陡坡降雨冲刷试验及其三维颗粒流流-固耦合模拟

针对坡角为70°的黄土边坡,进行2.7 mm/min降雨强度下的室内坡面冲刷试验。根据边坡冲刷破坏的过程特征,将边坡侵蚀方式演变过程归纳为试验初期的片蚀、中期的细沟侵蚀、到后期的切沟侵蚀和坍塌。试验中坡顶处侵蚀强度大于其他部位,当坡面形成上下贯通的切沟之后,水流开始掏蚀沟槽底部土体,随着冲刷的持续,切沟两侧土体强度降低,坡顶土体发生坍塌。以此为基础利用三维颗粒流软件PFC3D对边坡降雨冲刷过程进行流-固耦合模拟,在模拟颗粒大变形的同时得到颗粒运动轨迹、孔隙率、流体单元内流速等重要参数,这些参数的定量变化过程反映了降雨过程中边坡遭受侵蚀程度及水流侵蚀能力的分布规律:坡顶处侵蚀最为强烈、水流侵蚀能力最强,且两者随高度降低呈减小趋势,与室内试验结果一致。     

降雨诱发浅层黄土泥流的研究进展、存在问题与对策思考

降雨诱发的浅层黄土泥流规模小、流速快、冲击力强、发育范围广、难以防御、致灾频率高,近两年造成了大量人员伤亡,急需开展其形成机制与强度的研究。黄土物质组成与水敏性、坡体形态对降雨入渗—积水的响应、黄土斜坡对降水入渗的力学响应机制、富水黄土粘滞性流动特性是制约浅层黄土泥流形成的四种主要因素,分析这四种因素的对浅层黄土泥流形成的制约作用需解决斜坡降雨入渗的水文过程、非饱和土的力学效应及水土耦合的机制等前沿问题。本文对影响泥流形成的各因素研究的最新进展进行了综述,同时讨论了研究中的核心问题,并提出了相应的对策与方案,认为可从三方面开展研究:(1)定量描述泥流体积扩容特征,建立浅层黄土泥流启动与流动模式;(2)分析泥流与原状黄土物质成分、组成结构差异,开展黄土非饱和增湿力学变形试验,监测0°~60°单面坡与坡肩平缓斜坡的降雨入渗过程,研究坡体形态对雨水汇聚、入渗及基质吸力变化的控制特征,揭示泥流流体运动过程中水土响应机制;(3)对浅层黄土泥流物理力学模型进行解析,讨论泥流流动能量转化特征,建立降雨诱发泥流灾害的强度计算模型,为降雨泥流灾害危险性定量计算提供理论支撑。     

辽西黄土陡坡的冲刷破坏机制

以70°辽西黄土陡坡为例,在降雨强度为2.7 mm/min条件下对边坡坡面冲刷破坏特征进行了室内物理试验模拟。试验发现：随着降雨的持续坡面水流能量不断增加,致使侵蚀强度增强;边坡的侵蚀方式从试验初期的片蚀,到中期的细沟侵蚀,最后演化为坡顶部的切沟侵蚀和坍塌。基于试验成果,采用SEEP/W程序对降雨条件下边坡降雨入渗规律进行数值模拟,发现在降雨过程中坡顶部所产生的水头压力最大,随高度降低呈减小趋势;运用PFC2D颗粒流软件从微观角度对坡体土颗粒运动情况进行模拟,结果发现位于坡顶的颗粒最先被径流冲刷带走,且下落速度很快。经对比表明：数值模拟结果和物理模拟试验现象基本一致,可为进一步研究黄土边坡冲刷破坏规律提供参考。