水热法制备PZT纳米晶体微粉结构与热效应的分析

本文报道了水热条件下制备的ＰＺＴ纳米晶体微粉结构和热效应分析的研究结果，认为ＰＺＴ纳米晶粒尺寸为１２～１４ｎｍ，ＰＺＴ纳米晶体微粉粒度１３０ｎｍ左右，产生最显著的热效应和热失重时的温度分别为８１１．２６℃和９２４．７１℃，用传统固相法制备的ＰＺＴ微粉产生最显著的热效应和热失重时的温度分别为１２４３．４７℃和１２１３．２９℃，这对有效地降低ＰＺＴ陶瓷材料的烧结温度和有效防止ＰｂＯ的挥发有重要意义。     

溶胶－凝胶工艺合成ZrO_2超微粉末的研究

以自制Ｚｒ（ＯＣ_３Ｈ_７）_４和Ｙ（ＣＨ_３ＣＯＯ）_３为原料，应用溶胶、凝胶法制备了组份为ＺｒＯ_２－９ｍｏｌ％Ｙ_２Ｏ_３超微粉末．实验表明：温度、湿度、溶液的浓度．介质和催化剂等是影响形成溶胶、凝胶的主要因素．通过ＴＧ－ＤＴＡ、ＸＲＤ、ＢＥＴ比表面积测量以及ＴＥＭ等分析手段研究了粉末的结构与性能．结果表明：钇稳定立方相二氧化锆（ＹＳＺ）超微粉末的合成温度在４７０℃左右．粉末经５００℃以上热处理后变为纯立方相结构．５００℃煅烧２ｈ后的超微粉末颗粒呈球形或近似球形，比表面积为６４．０４ｍ￣２／ｇ，粒径为１５．７ｎｍ．随着烧结温度的升高，ＹＳＺ超微粉末的比表面积减小，粒径增大，预示着颗粒间发生团聚，一次颗粒间的团聚引起了表面积的明显损失和界面的形成．     

溶胶—凝胶法制备PCT铁电陶瓷

本文报导了通过溶胶－凝胶法制备Ｐｂ１－ｘＣａｘＴｉＯ３（ｘ＝０．１￣０．３）铁电陶瓷原料粉末，所得粉末具有较高的活性、纯度和均匀度。研究了不同掺ＣａＯ量对晶体结构和烧结温度的影响。在ＰＣＴ晶相生成前未发现有烧绿石或其它过渡晶相的出现。使用该粉末通过１０００￣１２００℃的烧结过程，所得ＰＴＣ陶瓷可达理论密度的８８￣９４％。     

共沉淀法制备钒掺杂钛酸铋粉体及其陶瓷性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备了掺钒钛酸铋粉体，研究了粉体的晶化过程、微观形貌和烧结性能．与传统固相反应法相比，共沉淀法合成钛酸铋相的反应可在550℃完成，比固相反应法低250℃左右，所得粉体的粒径〈100nm．此外，共沉淀法制备的粉体具有良好的烧结性能，在900℃达到理论密度的96％．与固相法烧结陶瓷相比，共沉淀粉体制备的材料具有更低的介电损耗．     

BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+荧光粉的化学共沉淀法合成及其发光性质

以(NH4)2CO3为沉淀荆采用化学共沉淀法在1350℃成功合成了单相Ba3-xEuxMgAl10O17(0．02≤x≤0．14)蓝色荧光粉。合成温度比传统的高温固相法降低了约250℃。制备的荧光粉颗粒呈准球状形貌,分布均匀且无烧结。晶粒尺寸在0．3μm左右。在254nm紫外光激发下．发射光谱的最大峰值在450nm附近。发射强度比高温固相法提高了大约15％。当x=0．10时发射强度最高。     

PZT液相包裹法合成机理研究

为了对ＰＺＴ材料合成机理进行研究，本文用液相包裹法对同一组成的ＰＺＴ配方，以二组不同的活性中间体与液相组分进行了前驱体的制备．初步揭示了它们的合成过程及机理，并与团相法相比较，解释了液相包裹法合成温度低于固相法的原因，提出了在制备功能陶瓷粉体时，应选择化学活性接近的原料相匹配，以合成制得纯净的单一相的观点．     

碳铵共沉淀法合成LaAlO3粉体材料的研究

用碳铵共沉淀法制备LaAlO3粉体前驱体，1200℃下烧结，可得到性能稳定的LaAlO3粉体。经X射线衍射分析产物为单相，属具有钙钛矿结构的三角晶系，其XRD图谱与JCPDS卡84-0848完全一致。采用库尔特LS-230粒度分析仪对共沉淀法和高温固相法合成的两种粉末样品进行粒度分析，发现共沉淀法合成的样品粒度细且分布均匀。分析了上述两种方法合成的粉末样品的SEM照片，发现共沉淀法不仅能降低合成温度，而且可使生成产物结晶均匀，对细化粉体晶粒也有较大作用。     

溶胶—凝胶工艺合成ZrO2超微粉末的研究

以自制Ｘｒ（ＯＣ３Ｈ７）４和Ｙ（ＣＨ３ＣＯＯ）３为原料，应用溶胶、凝胶法制备了组份为ＺｒＯ２９ｍｏｌ％Ｙ２Ｏ３超微粉末，实验表明：温度，湿度、溶液的浓度，介质和催化剂等是影响形成溶胶、凝胶的主要因素，通过ＴＧ－ＤＴＡ，ＸＲＤ、ＢＥＴ比表面积测量以及ＴＥＭ等分析手段研究了粉末的结构结果表明，钇稳定立方相二氧化锆（ＹＳＺ）超微粉末的合成温度在４７０℃左右，粉末经５００℃以上热处理后变为纯立方相结构。５     

Sol－Gel法合成K（Ta，Nb）O_3材料

以金属醇盐乙酸钾［Ｋ（ＯＣ２Ｈ５）］，乙醇铌［Ｎｂ（ＯＣ２Ｈ５）５］和乙醇钽［Ｔａ（ＯＣ２Ｈ５）５］为原料，用Ｓｏｌ－Ｇｅｌ法合成了Ｋ（Ｔａ，Ｎｂ）Ｏ３超细粉末和薄膜，研究了工艺参数如前驱体溶液浓度、热处理温度等因素对材料结构及物性的影响．粉料的粒径为２０～４０ｎｍ，所需合成温度约为７００℃，比通过传统的固相反应制备同种材料的合成温度低近１００℃；以ＳｒＴｉＯ３（１００）单晶作基片，采用匀胶法获得了沿（１００）高取向生长的Ｋ（Ｔａ０．６５Ｎｂ０．３５）Ｏ３薄膜，薄膜表面均匀、致密，室温时呈立方相晶格结构．研究表明，选择物理性质相似、晶格常数相匹配的材料作基片，适当控制工艺参数，尤其是前驱体溶液的浓度、升降温速度及烧结温度是获得优质薄膜的关键．     

尿素低温燃烧法合成Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(1.9)电解质粉末及烧结性能

采用以尿素为燃料的低温燃烧法一步合成了电解质粉末Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9(GDC),通过XRD、TGDSC、BET、FESEM等手段对合成粉体进行了物相测定、热分析、比表面积测定和形貌观察,并考察了粉体的烧结性能。结果表明,尿素-硝酸盐干凝胶自蔓延燃烧点火温度约为279.0℃。通过工艺参数的有效设计,经过低温燃烧过程即可直接得到立方萤石结构的纯相GDC粉体,该粉体为粒径在20~60nm的类球形颗粒,粒子间虽有微弱的软团聚,却具有较高的烧结活性,在1 300℃仅需烧结2h即可达到95.2%的相对密度。该温度比固相法制备该粉体的烧结温度至少降低300℃。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.