氧气-空气混合助燃超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层性能研究

采用液体燃料氧气-空气混合助燃超音速火焰喷涂(HVO/AF)工艺在45钢表面制备WC-Co涂层,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)表征了涂层的微观结构及相组成,并对涂层的孔隙率、显微硬度和结合强度进行了分析.研究结果表明,采用液体燃料氧气-空气混合助燃超音速火焰喷涂制备的涂层均具有较好的性能,超音速火焰喷涂氧气与空气混合比例对涂层的性能影响较大,采用HVO/AF喷涂技术能有效地抑制WC的氧化和分解,降低了涂层的孔隙率,提高了WC-Co涂层的硬度和结合强度等性能.涂层质量要好于传统的氧气助燃超音速火焰喷涂.     

超音速等离子与超音速火焰喷涂WC-10Co4Cr涂层的性能及磨损机理

采用超音速等离子喷涂和超音速火焰喷涂分别制备了WC-10Co4Cr金属陶瓷涂层,表征和分析了WC-10Co4Cr涂层的物相组成、微观组织结构,进行了硬度、孔隙率、结合强度及560和1120 r/min下的磨损对比试验。结果表明,超音速等离子喷涂制备的涂层的综合性能与超音速火焰喷涂制备的涂层性能相当。在560 r/min下磨损10 h,超音速等离子喷涂制备的涂层与基体的磨损量比为1∶122.15,超音速火焰喷涂制备的涂层与基体的磨损量比为1∶138.36,涂层的磨损机制主要表现为磨粒磨损。在1120 r/min下磨损10 h,超音速等离子喷涂制备的涂层与基体的磨损量比为1∶109.53,超音速火焰喷涂制备的涂层与基体的磨损量比为1∶127.44,涂层的磨损机制主要表现为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。     

等离子喷涂与超音速火焰喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层组织与摩擦磨损性能研究

目的 研究等离子喷涂与超音速火焰喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层的组织、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能。方法 采用等离子喷涂与超音速火焰喷涂工艺制备NiCr-Cr3C2涂层,并采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、万能试验机、显微硬度计和高速往复摩擦磨损试验机,系统地分析了两种工艺所得涂层的物相、组织、结合强度、硬度及摩擦磨损性能。结果 两种工艺制备的NiCr-Cr3C2涂层与基体界面结合效果良好。等离子喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层为层片状组织,层间可见微裂纹,孔隙率较高;超音速火焰喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层组织均匀,无明显微裂纹,可见少量微小孔隙。物相分析表明,等离子喷涂涂层由NiCr、Cr3C2和Cr7C3相组成,而超音速火焰喷涂涂层由NiCr和Cr3C2相组成。超音速火焰喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层的耐磨性优于等离子喷涂涂层,等离子喷涂涂层和超音速火焰喷涂涂层的稳态摩擦系数分别为0.4和0.6。随载荷升高,两种工艺制备的NiCr-Cr3C2涂层摩擦系数均显著下降。磨损后,等离子喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层表面具有明显的凹痕和剥落,而超音速火焰喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层磨痕表面较光滑,未见明显剥落。两种工艺制备的涂层磨损机制均为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。结论 超音速火焰喷涂NiCr-Cr3C2涂层较等离子喷涂涂层组织更为致密,具有更为优良的综合力学性能和耐磨性,等离子喷涂制备的NiCr-Cr3C2涂层的减摩性较好。     

超音速火焰喷涂枪的冲蚀磨损研究进展

超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术是热喷涂技术中的重要组成部分,也是表面强化的重要方法之一。超音速火焰喷涂因其所制备的涂层质量优良,可以说是最具发展前途的热喷涂技术。作为超音速火焰喷涂系统的子系统,喷枪是获得优良喷涂涂层的必要保证;然而,超音速火焰喷涂枪中的冲蚀磨损不仅会对喷枪自身造成严重磨损,而且还会影响喷涂涂层的性能质量,从而导致材料的损耗和浪费。介绍了冲蚀磨损分类及其理论模型,对超音速火焰喷涂进行了介绍。总结了超音速火焰喷涂枪内表面的冲蚀磨损以及冲蚀磨损的影响因素,最后归纳了目前控制超音速火焰喷涂枪冲蚀磨损的有效措施,可为以后进行这方面的研究提供参考。     

微束等离子喷涂制备羟基磷灰石涂层微观结构的特征研究

目的 通过与大气等离子喷涂和超音速火焰啧涂的对比,研究微束等离子喷涂制备的羟基磷灰石涂层的微观组织特点.方法 以高结晶度的羟基磷灰石粉末为原料,采用三种不同的喷涂方法(微束等离子喷涂、大气等离子喷涂和超音速火焰喷涂),在Ti-6Al-4V基体上制备羟基磷灰石(HA)涂层.利用冷场发射扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪,对三种涂层的形貌、相组成和择优取向进行分析.结果 与大气等离子喷涂及超音速火焰喷涂制备的涂层相比,应用该设备制备的羟基磷灰石涂层表面平整致密,无大量的气孔存在;涂层截面呈典型的层状结构,在近三分之一表面处观察到柱状晶;涂层中仅有少量的非晶相及分解相,结晶度高达90％以上.这些特征均有利于羟基磷灰石涂层在体液环境中的稳定性.结论 比较三种喷涂方法,采用微束等离子喷涂制备的羟基磷灰石涂层致密,结晶度高,杂相少,且存在择优取向的柱状晶.     

汽轮机动叶片水蚀防护技术研究及应用

采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)、超音速电弧喷涂(SWAS)制备两种抗水蚀涂层,对比分析了两种NiCr金属陶瓷涂层的组织结构、力学性能、热震性能、磨粒磨损及冲蚀磨损性能.结果表明,超音速火焰喷涂制备的NiCr金属陶瓷涂层结合强度为70 MPa,孔隙率为0.5％,涂层致密,抗热疲劳性能良好,耐磨粒磨损性能以及抗冲蚀性能优异,与2Cr13基体材料相比其抗磨损和冲蚀性能均得到显著提高.     

超音速喷涂技术及其应用

回顾了超音速喷涂技术的发展过程;总结了超音速火焰喷涂、超音速等离子喷涂、超音速电弧喷涂及冷喷涂等设备的结构和技术特点;介绍了超音速喷涂工艺及涂层特性;展望了该技术在制备纳米涂层方面的应用及发展前景。     

表面喷涂对不锈钢零件耐磨性能的影响

在不锈钢表面采用超音速火焰喷涂了WC-10Co-4Cr涂层,并对喷涂粉末和涂层的显微形貌、物相组成进行了表征,研究了基体与涂层的耐磨性能。结果表明,不锈钢表面涂层与基体以机械结合为主、冶金结合为辅,基体与涂层间过渡良好,未发现气孔或者微裂纹缺陷;原始喷涂粉末的物相组成为WC、Co和少量Co3W3C相,经过超音速火焰喷涂处理后,涂层的物相组成为WC、Co6W6C和W2C相;经过超音速火焰喷涂处理后,涂层的摩擦磨损性能明显优于不锈钢基体,这主要与致密的涂层硬度较高、抗摩擦磨损能力更强有关。     

超音速火焰喷涂碳化钨与磁控溅射掺钨类金刚石膜复合涂层结构及性能

目的 改善唇形油封与对磨旋转轴的密封效果,提高旋转轴的耐磨减摩性能,并延长唇形油封的使用寿命。方法 采用超音速火焰喷涂方法在TC4钛合金试样上制备碳化钨涂层并进行磨削及抛光加工以获得光滑的表面,再利用离子源辅助磁控溅射方法制备掺钨类金刚石膜。采用扫描电子显微镜、摩擦磨损试验机和油封模拟试验台等手段对复合涂层的显微结构、摩擦磨损和密封性能进行系统表征。结果 复合涂层中的超音速火焰喷涂碳化钨涂层显微结构均匀,碳化钨含量梯度变化的掺钨类金刚石膜厚度约为2.1～2.3μm。与超音速火焰喷涂碳化钨涂层相比,复合涂层与F223–15橡胶和石墨的摩擦因数及磨损量均有一定程度的降低,油封模拟试验中润滑油泄漏量显著减少,唇形油封唇口的磨损量更低,但密封试验后旋转轴表面磨痕中部DLC出现局部脱落迹象。结论 超音速火焰喷涂碳化钨与磁控溅射掺钨类金刚石膜复合涂层具有优异的耐磨减摩作用,唇形油封的密封效果得到显著加强,具有作为唇形油封对磨转动部件表面强化涂层的潜力。     

表面工程应用实例 [例12]超音速火焰喷涂用于冷轧张力辊的复合制造与再制造

超音速火焰喷涂(简称HVOF)是利用可燃气体在氧气助燃下释放的化学能为热源,燃气在特殊结构的喷涂枪中形成超音速焰流使喷涂粉末以熔融状态高速撞击到工件表面制备出喷涂层.超音速火焰喷涂的特点:具有高的喷涂粒子速度和相对较低的温度,特别适合于喷涂WC等金属陶瓷材料;喷涂层的压应力结构有利于制备较厚的涂层;喷涂效率高,燃气价格较低,经济性好.     

Development and application of DZ9000E portable HVOF system

A new type of DZ9OOOE Oxygen Gaseous HVOF system (GHVOF) is developed which can reduce the cost of coatings and increase the in-situ removability to adapt various working conditions. The whole system is economical, which enables the system to meet the requirement of spraying medium or low cost High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) coatings for medium and small job shops. The deposited cermets coatings by the DZ9OOOE system have good performance with average microhardness Hvo.2 of more than 1 000 and the bond strength between coating and substrate of greater than 50 Mpa.     

Towards novel ceramic base coatings for corrosive wear applications

Abstract

The present paper addresses the durability of thermally sprayed cermet coatings for application in aqueous environments with or without the influence of erosion. By reference to recent research on a wide range of thermal spray coatings, applied by oxyacetylene spraying and the high velocity oxyfuel process, it is argued that the corrosion behaviour in aqueous environments requires careful consideration when selecting a coating material. The key issues relating to the corrosion behaviour of thermal spray cermet coatings are summarised and potential methods for alleviating what are complex, and often rapidly propagating, corrosion mechanisms are discussed.     

Hard chromium substitution using HVOF coatings

Abstract

Electroplated hard chromium coatings have long been used to improve the wear and/or corrosion resistance of components. However, concerns over the health problems associated with hexavalent chromium solutions have led to increasing regulation of this process route. One promising substitute for hard chromium is 'cermet' layers (e.g. Cr₃C₂–NiCr and WC–CoCr) which may be deposited by the high velocity oxyfuel process. High velocity oxyfuel coatings were characterised by microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, density and a microabrasive wear test. The WC–CoCr coating provided the best overall performance and is an excellent candidate for hard chromium substitution.     

Comparative study of WC-cermet coatings sprayed via the HVOF and the HVAF Process

The high velocity air fuel (HVAF) system is a high-velocity combustion process that uses compressed air and kerosene for combustion. Two WC-cermet powders were sprayed by the HVAF and the high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) processes, using an AeroSpray gun (Browning Thermal Systems Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire) and a CDS-100 gun (Sulzer Plasma Technik, Wohlen, Switzerland) respectively. Several techniques, including x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy, were used to characterize the microstructures and phase distribution of the powders and coatings. In addition, mechanical properties such as hardness and wear resistance (pin-on-disk) were investigated. A substantial amount of W₂C was found in the HVOF coatings, as well as a high concentration of tungsten in the binder phase, indicating that oxidation and dissolution processes change the composition and microstructure from powder to coating during spraying. This was in contrast to the HVAF coatings in which composition and microstructure were unchanged from that of the powder. Additionally, the wear resistance of the HVAF coatings was superior to that of the HVOF coatings.     

Microstructural examination of HVOF chromium carbide coatings for high-temperature applications

Chromium carbide/nickel chromium coatings obtained by the high- velocity oxyfuel thermal spray proc-ess were characterized using conventional and high- resolution microscopy to identify the complex micro-structure that results from this thermal spraying technique. Thermal cycling and long isothermal treatment were studied, as were the adhesion properties of as- coated and thermally treated samples.     

Study of microstructure and thermal shock behavior of two types of thermal barrier coatings

Gas turbines provide one of the most severe environments challenging material systems nowadays. Only an appropriate coating system can supply protection particularly for turbine blades. This study was made by comparison of properties of two different types of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) in order to improve the surface characteristics of high temperature components. These TBCs consisted of a duplex TBC and a five layered functionally graded TBC. In duplex TBCs, 0.35 mm thick yittria partially stabilized zirconia top coat (YSZ) was deposited by air plasma spraying and ～0.15 mm thick NiCrAlY bond coat was deposited by high velocity oxyfuel spraying. ～0.5 mm thick functionally graded TBC was sprayed by varying the feeding ratio of YSZ/NiCrAlY powders. Both coatings were deposited on IN 738LC alloy as a substrate. Microstructural characterization was performed by SEM and optical microscopy whereas phase analysis and chemical composition changes of the coatings and oxides formed during the tests were studied by XRD and EDX. The performance of the coatings fabricated with the optimum processing conditions was evaluated as a function of intense thermal cycling test at 1100 °C. During thermal shock test, FGM coating failed after 150 and duplex coating failed after 85 cycles. The adhesion strength of the coatings to the substrate was also measured. Finally, it is found that FGM coating has a larger lifetime than the duplex TBC, especially with regard to the adhesion strength of the coatings.     

Improvement of wear resistance of wire drawing rolls with Cr-Ni-B-Si + WC thermal spraying powders

In wire drawing process, wear of rolls must be considered because of wear that influences the economics of the forming process. In this study, a nickel based matrix reinforced with WC was deposited by low cost powder welding method on low carbon steel substrates in order to determine the wear resistance of wire drawing rolls. Powder welding method includes, contrary to plasma and high velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) spraying methods, the advantages such as the single operation of powder application-fusion, simplicity, cheapness, and the ease of application. Blends of NiCrBSi and WC powders were prepared in weight proportions of WC of 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, and 60%, respectively. Wear performance of these coatings was investigated by the dry sliding wear experiments. The wear resistance of the metal matrix composite coatings is dependent on the amount of WC. From 40% to 60%, the increase of WC is very effective on the wear resistance. The coatings with 55% and 60% of WC were worn less than the other coatings. From 55% to 60%, further increase of WC was found not to be effective for the best wear resistance. The microscopic studies of WC particles and Ni-based matrix were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM analysis on the worn surface of coated samples shows that the matrix is considerably worn while WC particles are not considerably worn at the beginning of the wear testing. Additionally, WC particles effectively provide protection for achievement of the wear resistance at advanced periods of the wear testing.     

超音速电弧喷涂粒子速度的测定

在电弧喷涂中,喷涂粒子的速度是影响涂层质量的重要因素,超音速电弧喷涂系统利用超音速气体雾化,加速喷涂粒子,增加喷涂粒子的速度,从而改善了涂层质量,采用Ｋｏｄａｋ１０１２型高速运动分析仪对喷涂粒子的速度进行了测定,结果表明,喷涂φ２．２ｍｍＴ８钢丝时,喷涂粒子的平均速度可达到２９１ｍ／ｓ。     

High-velocity oxyfuel thermal spray coatings for biomedical applications

Plasma spraying is used to produce most commercially available bioceramic coatings for dental implants; however, these coatings still contain some inadequacies. Two types of coatings produced by the high- velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) combustion spray process using commercially available hydroxyapatite (HA) and fluorapatite (FA) powders sprayed onto titanium were characterized to determine whether this relatively new coating process can be applied to bioceramic coatings. Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x- ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the composition, microstructure, and morphology of the coatings. The XRD and FTIR techniques revealed an apatitic structure for both HA and FA coatings. However, XRD patterns indicated some loss in crystallinity of the coatings due to the spraying process. Results from FTIR showed a loss in the intensity of the OH^∼ and F^∼ groups due to HVOF spraying; the phosphate groups, however, were still present. Analysis by SEM showed a coating morphology similar to that obtained with plasma spraying, with complete coverage of the titanium substrate. Interfacial SEM studies revealed an excellent coating-to-substrate apposition. These results indicate that with further optimization the HVOF thermal spray process may offer another method for producing bioceramic coatings.     

The Influence of Spraying Angle on Properties of HVOF Sprayed Hardmetal Coatings

The spraying angle is one of the deposition parameters that influence the quality of thermally sprayed coatings. In theory, decreasing the spraying angle results in lower process deposition efficiency, whereas the porosity of coatings increases, becoming a cause of poorer microstructure and mechanical properties. In this study, the dependence of microstructure together with the basic mechanical properties and wear of WC-Co and Cr₃C₂-NiCr high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) sprayed coatings on the spraying angle was investigated. For each coating, the maximum spraying angle was determined that can be used without significantly decreasing coating quality. Based on the changes in properties of coatings and requirements for the process deposition efficiency, a maximum 30° diversion from the normal spray direction is recommended for WC-Co and 15° diversion for Cr₃C₂-NiCr coatings.