12例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症诊治体会

目的 探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突症的诊断与治疗。方法 对12例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床表现,影像学特征及手术方法进行分析。结果 12例中L3-4例、L4-58例,L5-S13例,极外侧突出的腰椎间盘累及上一节段腰神经根。12例均手术证实,其中7例经峡部外缘手术途径摘除。术后11例症状显著改善,1例部分改善。结论 极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症累及上一节段腰神经根。峡部外缘入路途径具有显露清楚、出血少、不影响脊柱稳定性的优点。     

从手术证实的腰椎间盘突出症的分型谈治疗问题：附110例分析

方法：手术治疗１１０例腰椎间盘突出症，根据术中所见髓核突出情况分为膨出型２１例、突出型８２例、脱出型７例。结果：术后随访半年～６年，疗效优良率达８９０９％．结论：作者认为，膨出型及大部分突出型腰椎间盘突出症神经根的机械压迫及继发病变轻，椎管的有效容量存在，保守治疗效果较好。部分突出型、脱出型腰椎间盘突出症神经根的机械压迫及继发病变较重，椎管的有效容积较小，保守治疗只能缓解症状，或症状不解除需手术治疗。术中彻底解除赖以解释神经根受损的病变，术后充分引流，手术往往取得满意的效果。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与治疗

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与治疗翁文杰陈亮朱丽华椎间孔与椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症，亦称为极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症，是指椎间盘突出或脱出位于椎弓根内、外缘之间或椎弓根外缘以外，压迫相应的神经根而引起的一系列症状和体征。１９４４年Ｌｉｎｄｂｌｏｍ及１９５４...     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊治特点

目的：探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊治特点。方法：回顾性分析16例病人的症状,体征,影像学表现和手术。结果：坐骨神经痛11例,腰痛3例,股神经牵拉试验阳性9例,直腿抬高试验阳性4例,椎间盘突出L4／5间隙9例,结论：极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症腿痛多较腰痛严重,直腿抬高试验阳性率低,好发于L4／5且压迫同节段的神经根,影像学表现是主要诊断依据。手术入路依突出位置和病理类型而定。     

破裂型腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的：探讨破裂型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断及手术治疗效果。方法：对57例破裂型腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床症状、体征、影像学检查及手术治疗效果进行了回顾性研究。结果：所有患者术前均明确诊断并进行了手术治疗，术后随访2个月-11年，平均2年3个月，根据中华医学会骨科学分会脊柱学组腰背痛于术评定标准，本组优良率98％。结论：破裂型腰椎间盘突出症术前即可明确诊断，宜尽早手术治疗。     

腰椎间盘突出症手术后马尾神经损伤综合征

目的：探讨腰椎间盘突出症手术引起马尾神经损伤的机理及预防；方法：对10例患者进行综合分析，根据症状体征影像学资料诊断，并进行手术探查进一步确诊，同时进行椎管及神经根管减压；结果：术后对患者进行随访，术后患者有不同程度的恢复。结论：腰椎间盘突出症手术引起马尾神经损伤综合征的病理基础是腰椎管及或神经根管狭窄，以及治疗的错误加重了发病的机率。     

经椎间孔穿刺射频臭氧联合应用治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

腰椎间盘突出在椎弓根内外缘之间或外缘以外,压迫相应节段神经根而引起相应的症状和体征,称为极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症。2007年6月～2008年12月,我科采用经椎间孔穿刺射频臭氧联合应用的方法治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症27例,取得了良好的临床治疗效果,现总结如下。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症再手术原因的分析及治疗

目的：探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症再手术的原因及再手术方式。方法：对本院1986～2001年间13例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症再次手术治疗及对其原因进行分析。结果：再手术原因：误漏诊4例，术中定位错误2例，同一间隙椎间盘再突出2例，手术方法不当及不彻底5例。13例再次手术治疗。平均随访25个月。疗效优10例，良2例，可1例。结论：极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症应根据临床表现结合影像学，做出术前诊断及准确定位，根据其不同类型采用与其相应的术式，可避免再手术。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊治

目的了解极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断方法及治疗效果。方法 手术治疗经ＣＴ诊断的４例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症。结果 ４例患者经６个月－４年随访效果优良。结论极外侧腰椎间盘突出症以ＣＴ扫描确诊率较高，一经确诊，手术治疗为首选。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症3例报告

目的：探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的治疗。方法：介绍本院１９９５ 年６ 月～１９９８ 年１２ 月间手术治疗的３例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的治疗过程,手术方式为患侧关节突切除术式,以日本整形外科学会１９８４ 年制定的腰痛患者疗效评定标准进行术前术后比较。结果：３ 例病人术后症状体征全部解除,平均随访１５ 年,效果优良,无腰椎失稳之表现。结论：患侧关节突切除术式暴露清楚,易于减压,近期观察,是治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症较理想的术式。     

Extreme lateral lumbar disc herniation: Clinical presentation in 178 patients

Summary A retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics of 178 consecutive patients with extreme lateral lumbar disk herniation, amongst 3047 patients operated on for herniated lumbar disc, is presented. The level specific incidence of extreme lateral disc herniation (ELLDH) ranged from a low of 4.5% at L 4–5 to peak of 17.4% at L 3–4 although the largest number of ELLDH occurred at L 4–5 and L5-S1 for a total number of 139 cases (78.1%). 43.6% of all L3 radiculopathies were caused by an L 3–4 ELLDH, whereas only 4.4% of all L 5 radiculopathies were caused by an L 5-S 1 ELLDH.Leg pain, either of the sciatic or the femoral type, was the first and dominant clinical symptom of radiculopathy, but pain radiation occurred not always in the appropriate dermatomal segment. ELLDH at upper levels (L 2–3 and L 3–4) caused usually none or only minor low back signs (76.2%), whereas ELLDH at lower levels more often caused moderate or major lumbar symptoms and signs (59.6%). Positive femoral nerve traction test with upper ELLDH showed a high frequency (84.4%) and reliability and is therefore an important clinical parameter in this situation. Motor deficits occurred more often (78.8%) than sensory deficits (46.6%), were usually of the monoradicular type and were therefore a more reliable clinical sign than sensory disturbances.     

应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的总结应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法1999年2月至2002年12月,采用METRx椎间盘镜行髓核摘除术,治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症14例,均为单间隙突出,其中男性10例、女性4例,年龄41-55岁,平均49岁。突出间隙：L4,5 6例、L5-S1 8例。突出类型：椎间孔突出型6例,椎间孔外侧突出型8例。结果14例随访12—46个月,平均26．5个月。疗效：优10例、良3例、可1例。术后4例遗留感觉障碍,无神经根损伤、椎问盘炎、硬膜囊撕裂、椎间盘突出复发等并发症。结论应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,手术创伤小、神经根减压彻底和术后恢复快,适用于极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的治疗,选择正确的手术入路和术中仔细的操作是手术成功的关键．     

Microsurgical anatomy and operative technique for extreme lateral lumbar disc herniations

Summary The anatomy of the lateral aspect of the lumbar spine and our lateral microsurgical technique for extreme lateral lumbar disc herniations (ELLDH) is described. This study was based on the microdissection of 4 cadavers, on the morphometric evaluation of these as well as 6 dried cadaver spines and 8 lumbar CT scans, and on the use of this technique on over 200 cases.Level dependent changes in the posterior arch cause a shift of the disc space distally relative to the facet joint, an increasing amount of bone to overlie the intervertebral foramen, and a decreasing amount of working space within the exposure in the caudal direction. Therefore, more bone removal from the lateral aspect of the pars interarticularis and supero-lateral aspect of the facet joint is required in the lower lumbar spine. When the exposed ligamentum flavum is resected, the dorsal root ganglion is seen and access to the herniation and disc space is achieved. Level dependent changes in the pedicles and transverse processes lead to an alteration in the course and relationships of the nerves, thereby influencing the pathophysiology of and surgical technique for the ELLDH. The operative target is the lateral aspect of the pars interarticularis and not the intertransverse space as has been previously described.Our techniques allows for the early identification of the nerve with minimal risks of injury to it, to the adjacent vessels and to the structural integrity of the facet joint and pars interarticularis.Abbreviations DRG dorsal root ganglion - ELLDH extreme lateral lumbar disc herniation - ESA erector spinae aponeurosis - ITL intertransverse ligament - L lumbar - LA lumbar artery - LF ligamentum flavum - LIPC lateral interpedicular compartment - m. muscle - S sacral - TP(s) TP(s) transverse process(es)     

极外型腰椎间盘突出症7例

目的　探讨极外型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断及手术治疗方法。方法　对 7例根据临床表现及CT检查诊断为极外型腰椎间盘突出症的患者行椎板间开窗、神经根管探查、髓核摘除术治疗。结果　 7例随访 6个月～ 4年 ,基本恢复正常 ,能从事原体力工作 ,效果满意。结论　CT扫描是诊断极外型腰椎间盘突出症的较好方法。一旦确诊宜尽早手术     

极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的临床分型及手术方式选择

目的 提出极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的新的临床分型,为手术方式的选择提供依据.方法 按照椎间盘突出的位置及其临床症状将极外侧腰椎间盘突出症分为椎管内椎间孔内型(Ⅰ型)、椎间孔内型(Ⅱ型)和椎间孔外型(Ⅲ型).据此对2002年1月至2007年1月收治的38例极外侧椎间盘突出症患者进行临床分型,并结合临床分型选择(1)经横突间椎间盘切除;(2)经椎管部分关节突切除、潜行椎间盘切除;(3)经椎管椎间盘切除+经后路椎体间融合(PLIF)等手术方式.38例患者中男性25例,女性13例;平均58.4岁.其中L_(3～4) 17例、L_ (4～5) 13例、L_5S_1 8例.单纯椎间盘突出23例,合并椎管狭窄15例.所有病例均表现为突出节段出口根受压的症状和体征,其中Ⅰ型中的7例同时伴有下位神经根受压的表现,15例合并椎管狭窄者存在间歇性跛行,21例有明确的腰痛症状.手术前后行根性疼痛VAS评分,术后采用MacNab方法进行临床疗效评定.结果 按照新的临床分型,38例患者中Ⅰ型10例、Ⅱ型19例、Ⅲ型9例.经横突间行椎间盘切除5例,经椎管部分关节突切除、潜行椎间盘切除7例,经椎管椎间盘切除+PLIF 26例.随访时间6个月～4年10个月,平均2年11个月.VAS评分术前平均为7.4分,术后2周为2.7分,末次随访为3.1分.末次随访MacNab评定结果:优20例、良12例、可5例、差1例,优良率为84.2%.并发症:伤口表浅感染1例、减压不满意者1例、脑脊液漏1例.未见内固定断裂、松动等.结论 新的临床分型,对认识极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的病理变化及选择手术方式等具有重要的意义.     

Diagnosis and operative treatment of intraforaminal and extraforaminal nerve root compression.

The clinical, radiologic, and operative findings, and clinical results in 26 cases of foraminal nerve root involvement, each treated by variable operative procedures for an existing pathologic condition, were studied. These 26 cases consisted of 8 intraforaminal or extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations and 18 foraminal nerve root entrapments. The cases with an extreme lateral lumbar disc herniation underwent lateral fenestration or osteoplastic hemilaminectomy without concomitant spinal fusion, and showed excellent operative results. A sufficient selective decompression was achieved with a good clinical result in the cases of lumbar spondylosis without preoperative spinal instability, by lateral fenestration or osteoplastic hemilaminectomy. This result suggests that the selective decompression procedure is recommended for cases with reliable preoperative diagnoses. When an intraspinal lesion makes it difficult to diagnose coexisting foraminal nerve root involvement, decompression of the nerve root canal, approaching from medial to lateral, is recommended. The fusion operation should be performed in cases undergoing even a unilateral total facetectomy, regardless of the patient's old age. A correct preoperative diagnosis is crucial in order to obtain satisfactory operative results.     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症15例报告

目的 探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床和CT特征,提高该病的诊断率。方法 对15例经手术证实的患者临床和CT影像进行回顾性分析。结果 腰4／5间隙多发,椎间孔和椎间孔外联合突出多见,临床上常可见单侧两节神经根受损的表现。结论 临床与CT相结合是诊断极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的关键。     

显微内窥镜下微创治疗椎间孔外型腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨显微内窥镜下微创治疗椎间孔外型腰椎间盘突出症的可行性。方法对15例椎间孔外型腰椎间盘突出症手术患者进行回顾性分析。突出间隙:L3~46例,L4~59例。手术选择后侧旁正中入路,采用MED系统完成神经根探查、减压和椎间盘髓核摘除。结果15例术后随访6~12个月,平均8·3个月。采用改良Macnab标准评价:优8例,良5例,可2例,优良率86·7%。结论显微内窥镜下微创经后侧旁正中入路治疗椎间孔外型腰椎间盘突出症具有创伤小、手术时间短、恢复快等特点,是一种安全有效的手术方法。     

经椎问孔选择性神经根阻滞在复杂腰椎间盘突出症责任节段确定的应用

目的探讨经椎间孔选择性神经根阻滞技术应用于腰椎间盘突出症,以明确诊断及责任节段,为进一步手术治疗提供依据。方法42例复杂的腰椎间盘突出症患者进行47次选择性神经根阻滞,对可疑责任节段进行经椎间孔选择性神经根阻滞,根据患者症状改善情况明确腰腿痛的责任节段,并以此为依据进行手术治疗。结果93％（39／42）的患者结果为阳性,1例假阳性为隐匿性股骨颈骨折。神经根阻滞前下肢放射痛VAS评分为8．12＋1．43,选择性阻滞后下肢放射痛VAS评分改善为2．31±1．63。而后36例进行手术治疗。结论对于诊断复杂的腰椎间盘突出症,在常规诊断依据的基础上进行经椎问孔选择性神经根阻滞,能够明确诊断,为进一步手术治疗方案的确定提供了明确可靠的依据。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症诊治

目的对极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊治进行分析,进一步提高对该病的认识。方法采用不同手术入路治疗12例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症。结果3例出现延误诊断。12例均获得随访,优11例,良1例。结论极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症常累及同序数神经根,CT扫描是较好的检查手段;手术可选取不同的术式,单纯极外侧者以椎旁肌间隙为佳。缺乏系统认识是其延误诊断的主要原因。