Expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and prevalence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in chordoma

Chordomas are primary malignant tumors of the notochord that are resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), prevalence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and their clinical relevance in chordoma remain unknown. We evaluated PD-L1 expression in three chordoma cell lines and nine chordoma tissue samples by western blot. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on a chordoma tissue microarray (TMA) that contained 78 tissue specimens. We also correlated the expression of PD-L1 and TILs with clinical outcomes. PD-L1 protein expression was demonstrated to be induced by IFN-γ in both UCH1 and UCH2 cell lines. Across nine human chordoma tissue samples, PD-L1 protein was differentially expressed. 94.9% of chordoma samples showed positive PD-L1 expression in the TMA. The expression score of PD-L1 for metastatic chordoma tumors was significant higher as compared with non-metastatic chordoma tumors. Expression of PD-L1 protein significantly correlates with the presence of elevated TILs, which correlates with metastasis. In summary, our study showed high levels of PD-L1 are expressed in chordoma, which is correlated with the prevalence of TILs. The current study suggests targeting PD-L1 may be a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for chordoma clinical trials.     

三阴性乳腺癌中程序性死亡配体1的表达及其与PTEN基因的关系

目的探讨程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)在三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)中的表达情况及其与PTEN基因的关系。 方法通过癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)数据库查询PD-L1 mRNA在浸润性乳腺癌数据集(包括115例TNBC和702例非TNBC)中的表达情况。收集2012年1月至2016年12月解放军第180医院收治的182例浸润性乳腺癌术后石蜡包埋组织标本,包括62例TNBC和120例非TNBC,并用免疫组织化学方法检测PD-L1和PTEN的表达情况。用t检验比较TCGA数据库中2组的PD-L1 mRNA表达量,率的比较用χ²检验,Mann-Whitney U秩和检验比较石蜡标本中2组PD-L1表达强度,并用χ²检验和Spearman秩相关检验分析PD-L1与PTEN表达的相关性。 结果TCGA数据库分析显示,浸润性乳腺癌中3.8%(31/817)有PD-L1 mRNA上调,其中TNBC组的表达上调率为8.7%(10/115),高于非TNBC组的3.0%(21/702)(χ²＝7.314,P＝0.007),TNBC组的PD-L1 mRNA表达量为8.05±0.91,高于非TNBC组的7.38±0.73 (t＝7.510,P<0.001)。石蜡标本的免疫组织化学结果显示,TNBC组的PD-L1阳性表达率为14.5%(9/62),高于非TNBC组的5.0% (6/120)(χ²＝4.895,P＝0.027),而且PD-L1阳性表达强度也高于非TNBC组(Z＝－2.291,P＝0.022)。TNBC石蜡标本中PD-L1与PTEN蛋白表达呈负相关(χ²＝6.913,P＝0.009; r＝－0.382,P＝0.002)。 结论TNBC中PD-L1表达高于非TNBC,并与PTEN负相关,其可能成为TNBC患者的免疫治疗靶点。     

The evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer: recommendations by an International TILs Working Group 2014

Evidence is strengthening for the morphological evaluation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer. Herein, the concepts for TILs assessment are laid out by pathologists to facilitate their wider evaluation and consistent interpretation. The goal of this article is to promote the evaluation of TILs as a biomarker in research, clinical trial settings and day-to-day practice.BackgroundThe morphological evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer (BC) is gaining momentum as evidence strengthens for the clinical relevance of this immunological biomarker. Accumulating evidence suggests that the extent of lymphocytic infiltration in tumor tissue can be assessed as a major parameter by evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tumor sections. TILs have been shown to provide prognostic and potentially predictive value, particularly in triple-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing BC.DesignA standardized methodology for evaluating TILs is now needed as a prerequisite for integrating this parameter in standard histopathological practice, in a research setting as well as in clinical trials. This article reviews current data on the clinical validity and utility of TILs in BC in an effort to foster better knowledge and insight in this rapidly evolving field, and to develop a standardized methodology for visual assessment on H&E sections, acknowledging the future potential of molecular/multiplexed approaches.ConclusionsThe methodology provided is sufficiently detailed to offer a uniformly applied, pragmatic starting point and improve consistency and reproducibility in the measurement of TILs for future studies.     

Distribution and prognostic relevance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints in human brain metastases

The activation of immune cells by targeting checkpoint inhibitors showed promising results with increased patient survival in distinct primary cancers. Since only limited data exist for human brain metastases, we aimed at characterizing tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and expression of immune checkpoints in the respective tumors.Two brain metastases cohorts, a mixed entity cohort (n = 252) and a breast carcinoma validation cohort (n = 96) were analyzed for CD3+, CD8+, FOXP3+, PD-1+ lymphocytes and PD-L1+ tumor cells by immunohistochemistry. Analyses for association with clinico-epidemiological and neuroradiological parameters such as patient survival or tumor size were performed.TILs infiltrated brain metastases in three different patterns (stromal, peritumoral, diffuse). While carcinomas often show a strong stromal infiltration, TILs in melanomas often diffusely infiltrate the tumors. Highest levels of CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were seen in renal cell carcinomas (RCC) and strongest PD-1 levels on RCCs and melanomas. High amounts of TILs, high ratios of PD-1+/CD8+ cells and high levels of PD-L1 were negatively correlated with brain metastases size, indicating that in smaller brain metastases CD8+ immune response might get blocked. PD-L1 expression strongly correlated with TILs and FOXP3 expression. No significant association of patient survival with TILs was observed, while high levels of PD-L1 showed a strong trend towards better survival in melanoma brain metastases (Log-Rank p = 0.0537).In summary, melanomas and RCCs seem to be the most immunogenic entities. Differences in immunotherapeutic response between tumor entities regarding brain metastases might be attributable to this finding and need further investigation in larger patient cohorts.     

Expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is associated with poor prognosis in human breast cancer

Recent studies in multiple epithelial cancers have shown that the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is expressed on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and/or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed on tumor cells, suggesting that antitumor immunity may be modulated by the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. In addition, phase 1 clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 have shown promising results in several human cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of PD-L1 expression in human breast cancer specimens. We conducted an immunohistochemistry study using a tissue microarray encompassing 650 evaluable formalin-fixed breast cancer cases with detailed clinical annotation and outcomes data. PD-L1 was expressed in 152 (23.4 %) of the 650 breast cancer specimens. Expression was significantly associated with age, tumor size, AJCC primary tumor classification, tumor grade, lymph node status, absence of ER expression, and high Ki-67 expression. In univariate analysis, PD-L1 expression was associated with a significantly worse OS. In multivariate analysis, PD-L1 expression remained an independent negative prognostic factor for OS. In subset analyses, expression of PD-L1 was associated with significantly worse OS in the luminal B HER2^? subtype, the luminal B HER2⁺ subtype, the HER2 subtype, and the basal-like subtype. This is the first study to demonstrate that PD-L1 expression is an independent negative prognostic factor in human breast cancer. This finding has important implications for the application of antibody therapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway in this disease.     

多发性骨髓瘤的新免疫治疗:程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)/程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)检查点阻断

多发性骨髓瘤是一种B淋巴细胞克隆性恶性肿瘤,近十年来,骨髓瘤的治疗模式发生了重大的演变,对疾病发病机制的认识不断深入,研发了不仅靶向肿瘤细胞而且靶向其微环境的治疗剂,使得多发性骨髓瘤的疗效和患者生存显著改善,但复发或难治性骨髓瘤患者的预后仍然很差,需要开发新的治疗方法。PD-1/PD-L1阻断可恢复多发性骨髓瘤效应细胞介导的抗肿瘤免疫应答。靶向作用于PD-1/PD-L1轴的免疫检测点抑制剂已经成为能控制抗肿瘤免疫应答有希望的药物。本文对近年PD-1/PD-L1检查点阻断在多发性骨髓瘤治疗中的进展做一综述。     

The presence of programmed death 1 (PD-1)-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with poor prognosis in human breast cancer

Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is a co-inhibitory receptor in the CD28/CTL-4 family, and functions as a negative regulator of the immune system. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in many epithelial cancers express PD-1, suggesting that antitumor immunity may be modulated by the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, and promising results from two recent clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 confirm the clinical relevance of this pathway in human cancer. To explore the role of PD-1⁺ TIL in human breast cancer, we performed immunohistochemistry studies on a tissue microarray encompassing 660 breast cancer cases with detailed clinical annotation and outcomes data. PD-1⁺ TIL were present in 104 (15.8 %) of the 660 breast cancer cases. Their presence was associated with tumor size, grade, and lymph node status, and was differentially associated with the intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer. In univariate survival analyses, the presence of PD-1⁺ TIL was associated with a significantly worse overall survival (HR = 2.736, p < 0.001). In subset analyses, the presence of PD-1⁺ TIL was associated with significantly worse overall survival in the luminal B HER2^? subtype (HR = 2.678, p < 0.001), the luminal B HER2⁺ subtype (HR = 3.689, p < 0.001), and the basal-like subtype (HR = 3.140, p < 0.001). This is the first study to demonstrate that the presence of PD-1⁺ TIL is associated with poor prognosis in human breast cancer, with important implications for the potential application of antibody therapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway in this disease.     

The role of programmed death ligand-1 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer overexpressing HER2 gene

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to investigate the prognostic significance of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in HER2+ breast cancer (BC).

Methods

HER2+ BC cases (n  = 191) were collected between 1996 and 2013. Tissue microarray (TMA) slides were stained with two clones of PD-L1 antibodies (28-8 and 22C3) and the percentage of positive membranous staining was scored. TILs of the full sections were also scored using percentage scale.

Results

Clone 28-8 had expression in ≥ 1% of the tumor cells in 25.7% of the cases, while clone 22C3 in ≥ 1% of the tumor cells was expressed in 11.5% of the cases. In the multivariate analysis, higher expression of PD-L1 (clone 28-8) in tumor correlated with lower risk of tumor recurrence, with HR of 0.4 (p = 0.033). Higher level of TILs (> 15%) predicts better overall survival (OS) in all patients with HR of 0.35 (p  = 0.0046). In the group of patients who were treated with trastuzumab-based adjuvant chemotherapy, lower PD-L1 (clone 28-8) expression in TILs correlated with tumor recurrence (p  = 0.034). In the group of patients who were treated with non-trastuzumab-based adjuvant chemotherapy, lower TILs and lower PD-L1 (clone 28-8) expression in tumor had borderline statistical significance in association with tumor recurrence (p  = 0.064 and 0.083, respectively). In the group of patients who were treated with trastuzumab-based adjuvant chemotherapy, PD-L1 or TILs was not statistically significant to predict 5-year survival. In the group of patients who were treated with non-trastuzumab-based adjuvant chemotherapy, low TILs (p = 0.009) correlated with 5-year death due to disease.

Conclusion

We conclude that PD-L1 may have prognostic significance in HER2+ BCs.

     

Current situation of programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitors in advanced triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC) has the worst prognosis among all molecular types of breast cancer. Because of the strong immunogenicity of TNBC cells, programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1)inhibitors, two kinds of immune checkpoint blockade agents, might help improve the prognosis of TNBC.However, how to better use PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and select patients who may benefit from treatment options remains controversial. This article summarizes published clinical studies in wh...     

Treatment of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC): current options and future perspectives

Breast cancer is not considered anymore a unique disease. Microarray gene expression analysis led to the identification of 4 major breast cancer "intrinsic" subtypes, including hormone receptor (HR)-positive luminal A and B, human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2)-positive and basal-like breast cancer (BLBC). These subtypes have distinct phenotypes, molecular profiles, clinical behaviour and response to therapy, with the BLBC carrying the worst outcome. Microarray analysis is not feasible in routine practice and therefore oncologists rely on a simpler immunohistochemical (IHC) classification to identify relevant breast cancer subtypes. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined by the absence of oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 expression at IHC analysis. TNBC is strictly related to BLBC and, given the lack of common therapeutic targets, represent a major challenge for breast oncologist. In this review we will summarize the updated knowledge on TNBC, with emphasis on its current treatment and on the new therapeutic options under development.     

Intratumoral expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)

The immunological checkpoints of programmed death 1 and its ligand (PD-L1) are currently in focus as novel therapeutic targets in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic association of PD-L1 expression in clear cell (cc) RCC with clinical parameters, tumor aggressiveness and overall survival (OS). Patients who underwent renal surgery due to RCC between 1994 and 2003 were retrospectively evaluated. Tumor specimens were analyzed for PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry. One hundred and seventy-seven ccRCC patients were eligible for analysis, in which 140 (79.1 %) were negative and 37 (20.9 %) were positive for PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 positivity was associated with female gender (p = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.004), distant metastasis (p = 0.002), higher AJCC stage (p = 0.004), as well as advanced disease (pT3/4 and/or N+ and/or M1) (p < 0.001). Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed a significantly diminished 5- and 10-year overall survival of 46.7 and 28.3 % for PD-L1⁺ compared to PD-L1^? tumors with 66 and 53.4 % (p = 0.005), respectively. Univariate analysis showed a significant negative association of OS with PD-L1 positivity [p = 0.005; HR: 2 (95 % CI 1.2–3.3)], even though PD-L1 positivity only tends to predict independently the OS using multivariate analyses [p = 0.066; HR: 1.6 (95 % CI 0.98–2.7)]. PD-L1 expression in ccRCC is associated with parameters of aggressiveness, as well as with poor OS, even though PD-L1 status was not identified as a significant independent prognostic parameter. However, further studies in larger cohorts are warranted.     

PD-1在肝细胞癌肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞中的表达及与预后的相关性

背景与目的:程序性死亡[蛋白]-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)在调节外周免疫耐受中发挥重要作用,PD-1在肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞中的表达状态与效应细胞CD8+T淋巴细胞的关系尚不清楚,探讨HCC肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞中PD-1的表达及预后意义...     

The prevalence and clinical relevance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

BackgroundTumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a robust prognostic adjunct in invasive breast cancer, but their clinical role in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has not been ascertained.Patients and methodsWe evaluated the prevalence and clinical relevance of TILs in a well annotated series of 1488 consecutive DCIS women with a median follow-up of 8.2years. Detailed criteria for TILs evaluation were pre-defined involving the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group. TILs percentage was considered both as a continuous and categorical variable. Levels of TILs were examined for their associations with ipsilateral breast event (IBE), whether in situ or invasive.ResultsOf the 1488 patients with DCIS under study, 35.1% had <1%, 58.3% 1–49% and 6.5% ≥50% peri-ductal stromal lymphocytes. The interobserver agreement in TILs evaluation, measured by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.96 (95% CI 0.95–0.97). At univariable analysis, clinical factors significantly associated with TILs (P ≤0.001) were intrinsic subtype, grade, necrosis, type of surgery. Her-2 positive DCIS were more frequently associated with TILs (24% of patients with TILs ≥50%), followed by the triple negative (11%), Luminal B/Her-2 positive (9%) and Luminal A/B subtypes (1%) (P < 0.0001). We did not find any association between TILs as a continuous variable and the risk of IBEs. Likewise, when patients were stratified by TILs percentage (<1%, between 1% and 49.9%, and ≥50%), no statistically significant association was observed (10-year cumulative incidence of IBEs: 19%, 17.3%, and 18.7% respectively, P = 0.767).ConclusionTILs occur more frequently in the Her-2 positive DCIS. Although we did not find a significant association between TILs and the 10-year risk of IBE, our data suggest that immunotherapies might be considered in subsets of DCIS patients.     

三阴性乳腺癌中PD-1、PD-L1的表达与肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞及临床病理指标的相关性

目的:分析三阴性乳腺癌样本中PD-1、PD-L1的表达水平及其与肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞及临床病理指标的相关性,探讨其临床意义。方法:免疫组织化学法检测132例乳腺浸润性导管癌患者样本中PD-1、PD-L1、CD4及CD8的表达情况;苏木精-伊红染色后计数癌间质中肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞个数;回顾性分析病理报告中各项临床病理指标并随访患者预后。分析PD-1、PD-L1在三阴组和非三阴组中表达的差异,以及其与各指标之间的相关性。结果:相较于非三阴组,三阴性乳腺癌中PD-1（P=0.034）及PD-L1（P=0.037）高表达;三阴性乳腺癌中PD-1的表达与肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞个数（P=0.015）、CD4表达（P=0.001）、ki-67指数（P=0.012）、淋巴结转移（P=0.027）、脉管癌栓（P=0.009）呈正相关,与月经初潮时间（P=0.031）呈负相关;PD-L1的表达与肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞个数（P=0.022）、CD4表达（P=0.004）、 CD8表达（P=0.037）、ki-67指数（P=0.013）、体质量指数（P=0.004）、乳腺手术史或外伤史（P=0.029）呈正相关。结论:PD-1及PD-L1在三阴性乳腺癌中的表达水平显著高于非三阴组,其表达与肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞的数目及分型相关,并与多种临床病理指标具有明确的相关性,提示PD-1、PD-L1及肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞可以作为三阴性乳腺癌的诊断及预后评估的重要指标。     

Low intratumoral genetic neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is associated with favorable tumor immune microenvironment and with survival in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)

Patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) have a poor prognosis. A novel prognostic biomarker may guide management by appropriately selecting patients for particular treatments. Peripheral blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was reported to associate with cancer progression, thus we hypothesized that intratumor genetic NLR will reflect tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and breast cancer biology. The intratumoral genetic NLR previously defined as the ratio of CD66b (CEACAM8) and CD8 (CD8A) gene expressions was utilized to analyze total of 2,994 patients from METABRIC, TCGA, {"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE21094","term_id":"21094"}}GSE21094, {"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE22358","term_id":"22358"}}GSE22358, {"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE25088","term_id":"25088"}}GSE25088, {"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE32646","term_id":"32646"}}GSE32646, and {"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE2603","term_id":"2603"}}GSE2603 cohorts. Intratumoral genetic NLR did not correlate with cancer stage nor clinical parameters of cancer cell proliferation such as Nottingham histological grade or MKI67 expression levels in neither the METABRIC or TCGA cohorts. Intratumoral genetic NLR-high breast cancer was not associated with pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in 5 independent cohorts with different regimens. Despite these results, intratumoral genetic NLR-high TNBC demonstrated worse disease-free, disease-specific, and overall survival. Intratumoral genetic NLR-low TNBC enriched multiple immune-related gene sets, was associated with higher favorable immune-related scores and with a favorable TIME, whereas no gene sets enriched to NLR-high TNBC. In conclusion, intratumoral genetic NLR-low TNBC was associated with favorable TIME and with better survival.     

CNTN-1基因在三阴性乳腺癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨CNTN-1在三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）中的表达及与临床病理特征的相关性。方法:通过免疫组织化学的方法检测148例乳腺癌组织标本（62例为TNBC,86例为非三阴性乳腺癌）中CNTN-1蛋白的表达情况。探讨其在三阴性及非三阴性乳腺癌（NTNBC）中的表达差异,分析其与TNBC临床病理特征之间的关系。结果:在TNBC病例中,CNTN-1阳性表达率为61.29%（38/62）;在NTNBC病例中,CNTN-1阳性表达率为25.58%（22/86）,两者有统计学差异（P<0.01）。在以Ki-67表达为指标进行的分组中CNTN-1表达有一定的统计学差异（P<0.05）,以患者月经状况、肿瘤大小和淋巴结转移情况作为指标进行的分组中表达均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论:在TNBC中,CNTN-1的表达高于其在NTNBC中的表达,而且与反应肿瘤增殖、侵袭的指标Ki-67高表达密切相关。     

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) increases immune infiltration and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC)

BackgroundLymphocytic infiltration at diagnosis is prognostic in EOC, however, the impact of NACT on tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) or PD-L1 expression remains poorly described.Patients and methodsPatients with EOC and sequential samples (pre-NACT, post-NACT or relapse) were retrospectively identified. TILs were evaluated on whole sections; stromal TILs (sTILs) scored as percentage of stromal area with high sTILs defined as ≥50%; intra-epithelial TILs (ieTILs) scored semi-quantitatively (0–3) with high ieTILs ≥2. A smaller number were available for PD-L1 evaluation, cut-off for positivity was ≥5% staining.ResultssTILs were detected in all tumours at diagnosis (range 2–90%, median 20%), with 22% (25/113) showing high sTILs. Among evaluable paired pre/post-NACT samples (N=83), an overall increase in median sTILs from 20% to 30% was seen following NACT (P=0.0005); individually the impact of NACT varied with sTILs increasing in 51% (42/83), decreasing in 25%, and stable in 24%. Post-NACT sTILs were predictive of platinum-free interval (PFI), patients with PFI ≥6 months had significantly higher post-NACT sTILs (sTILs 28% versus 18% for PFI <6 months,P=0.026); pre-NACT sTILS were not predictive. At diagnosis, 23% showed high ieTILs, and following NACT 33% showed increasing ieTILs. Proportion of tumours with PD-L1-positive immune cells was 30% (15/50) pre-NACT and 53% (27/51) post-NACT (P=0.026). Among paired tumours, 63% of PD-L1-negative tumours became positive after NACT, furthermore cisplatin induced PD-L1 expression in PD-L1-negative EOC cell lines. On multivariate analysis, high sTILs both pre- and post-NACT were independent prognostic factors for progression-free survival (PFS) (HR 0.49,P=0.02 and HR 0.60,P=0.05, respectively). No prognostic impact of ieTILs or PD-L1 expression was detected.ConclusionsIn EOC, sTILs levels are prognostic at diagnosis and remain prognostic after NACT. TILs and PD-L1 expression increase following NACT. Evaluation of immune parameters in the post-NACT tumour may help select patients for immunotherapy trials.     

聚腺苷酸二磷酸核糖转移酶-1抑制剂在三阴性乳腺癌中的应用现状

目的 对国内外聚腺苷酸二磷酸核糖转移酶-1[Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1,PARP1]抑制剂在三阴性乳腺癌中的应用现状进行综述分析.方法 应用PubMed及CNKI期刊全文数据库检索系统,以“聚腺苷酸二磷酸核糖转移酶-1、PARP1抑制剂、三阴性乳腺癌”等为关键词,检索2009-01-2014-02相关文献,共检索到英文文献322条,中文文献201条.纳入标准:1)PARP1分子的生物学功能;2)PARP1抑制剂在BRCA突变相关乳腺癌以及三阴性乳腺癌方面的基础与临床研究;剔除标准:1)PARP1抑制剂的药理学特性;2)PARP1与乳腺癌发生相关性研究.最后纳入分析33篇文献.结果 “合成致死”原理是PARP1抑制剂在BRCA突变相关乳腺癌中发挥抗肿瘤活性的理论基础,PARP1抑制剂治疗BRCA突变相关的乳腺癌的Ⅰ、Ⅱ临床试验取得良好的成果,但是在三阴性乳腺癌的治疗方面,Ⅲ期临床试验并未得到预期的试验结果,在应用PARP1抑制剂之前重组修复通路的功能状态以及PARP1的活性应该得到合理评估.结论 三阴性乳腺癌与BRCA突变相关乳腺癌存在表型的相似性,但是三阴性乳腺癌患者是否可以受益于PARP1抑制剂的治疗,还需要进一步深入研究,同时寻找可靠生物标记分子预测PARP1抑制剂治疗的敏感性,是目前PARP1抑制剂应用于临床所面临的挑战.     

Expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD-L1) in adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction change significantly after neoadjuvant treatment

BackgroundThe effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy on the expression of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) in cancer cells and peritumoral cells are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction.MethodsPD-1 and PD-L1 expression in cancer cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in paired diagnostic biopsies and surgical specimens from patients with pretreated and curatively resected adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.ResultsPaired tumor samples were available from 40 patients. PD-1 expression in cancer cells (p < 0.001; Exact Symmetry Test) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (p < 0.001; Exact Symmetry Test) increased significantly after neoadjuvant therapy. Furthermore, we observed a significant decrease in PD-L1 expression in cancer cells (p = 0.003) after neoadjuvant therapy was observed.ConclusionIn this study we could show that tumor-cell expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was significantly altered in patients with adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction after receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Based on these observations, patients might profit from the combined use of cytotoxic chemotherapy and the blockade of the PD-1 axis.