Relationship between articles read and reprints requested.

Attempted to demonstrate a relationship between the number of reprints of psychology journal articles a reader requests and the number of articles read. Survey data from 283 members of the American Psychological Association revealed that an estimate of the number of readers of an article may be obtained by multiplying by 10.75 the number of requests for reprints for that article received by the author. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the death of behavior modification: Some comments from a mourner.

Eulogizes the demise of behavior modification (BMD) and uses irony to review the development and history of BMD. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavior modification and the public misconception.

Analyzed 27 newspaper articles published from 1973 to 1977 to determine the extent of negative media coverage of behavior modification (BMD). In about 48% of the articles, BMD was presented inaccurately. BMD was equated with psychosurgery, brainwashing, sensory deprivation, drugs, and even torture. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the dislocation-free zone and the modification of G by work hardening

On the basis that a crack may be represented by a dislocation continuum it is shown that a crack extension force (G) cannot occur in the absence of a dislocation-free zone (D.F.Z.). Given such a zone it is shown that G is apt to be sensitive to the variation of flow stress in the plastic zone and hence to work hardening.     

On the ambivalence-indifference problem in attitude theory and measurement: A suggested modification of the semantic differential technique.

Explores alternate meanings of attitudinal neutrality in the context of the bipolarity-reciprocal antagonism issue, and proposes a modification of the semantic differential technique wherein the liking and disliking components of attitude can be separately measured. A geometrical model is developed in which 3 nondirectional attitude variables (total affect, ambivalence, and polarization) are distinguished from the usual attitude variable. Reliability and validity data are presented, and an application of the model is discussed. (31 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Visual awareness and the on-line modification of action.

Notes that an influential theory of visually guided action proposes that (1) conscious perception of target displacement disrupts on-line action and (2) small target perturbations are inconsequential, provided the participant is unaware of them. This study examined these claims in a study of 13 Ss' rapid aiming movements to targets. Novel features included on-line verbal reports of target displacement, and the factorial combination of small vs large displacements occurring near peak saccadic velocity or 100 ms later. Results show that although awareness of target displacement had no effect on movement kinematics, even small target displacements near peak saccadic velocity affected kinematic measures. These results support both a strong view of visual stream separation in the on-line control of action and richer spatial coding by unconscious processes than has previously been acknowledged. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward the use of self-control in behavior modification.

Analyzes the concept of self-control in terms of a 2-stage process: general cognitive set and specific self-controlling responses. The incorporation of the cognitive set into a fuller understanding of behavior modification is emphasized. The set labeled commitment to change is viewed as an important motivational and mediating component in self-directed or therapist-guided therapy programs. A number of characteristics of this set are posited, and the problems of measuring such a commitment are discussed. Several programs describing techniques oriented to commitment are briefly reviewed. The cognitive set analysis seems especially important for discovering factors contributing to the frequent relapse following treatment for addictions. (20 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Group modification of affective verbalizations.

Data from 48 17-45 yr old college students demonstrate that complex "here-and-now" affective verbalizations, basic to most experiential or therapeutic groups, can be reliably induced in a group by techniques. reinforcement techniques, Further, reinforcement produced levels of performance equivalent to that induced by therapists. Post-hoc analysis of therapist behavior suggested that therapist effectiveness was enhanced by greater task orientation, more frequent modeling of desired behavior, and by fewer overall interventions by the therapist. The feedback/reinforcement procedures were generally viewed as slightly less positive than unled or therapist-only conditions. This may have been due to the novelty of the feedback apparatus and to greater pressure to perform under feedback conditions. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Experimental modification of attribution processes.

Attributional style is hypothesized to be a causative factor in depression vulnerability; however, no studies to date have examined whether manipulation of attributional style influences depressed mood. The purpose of this study was to determine whether computer-based cognitive bias modification (CBM) procedures could modify attributional style and influence stress vulnerability. Participants were provided with multiple training trials that were intended to promote the use of either a positive or a negative attributional style. Compared with individuals in the negative attributional style condition, individuals in the positive attributional style condition showed decreased tendency to make self-deficient causal attributions for poor performance on a difficult anagram test. Furthermore, individuals in the positive attributional style condition reported less depressed mood in response to this academic stressor. These results suggest that attributional style is not invariable and can potentially be modified with CBM approaches. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNiO2的制备及修饰

详细综述了锂离子电池正极材料锂镍氧的制备方法,探讨了不同离子对的掺杂改性作用和表面修饰对材料性能的影响.如果严格控制合成条件、优化合成工艺,可以合成近乎化学计量的LiNiO2.通过混合掺杂改性和表面修饰,可以制备出循环性能好、充放电容量大、热稳定性高的锂镍氧正极材料.     

Recollection is impaired by the modification of interpretation bias.

The interpretation paradigm of cognitive-bias modification (CBM-I) was modified with instructions used in process-dissociation procedures for the purpose of investigating processes contributing to performance on the transfer task. In Experiment 1, nonanxious students were trained to interpret ambiguous situations in either a negative or benign way (or they read nonambiguous scenarios). They were then asked to respond to new ambiguous situations, in the same way as contextually similar analogues during training, or to respond differently. Benign training proactively impaired memory for negative outcomes. This effect was replicated by anxious students in Experiment 2 and discussed with respect to the assumptions underlying process-dissociation procedures and directions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

An experimental procedure for the modification of psychotic behavior.

Subjected a 47-yr-old hospitalized female exhibiting hallucinatory behavior to a self-monitoring procedure with and without social reinforcement. After 16 days of treatment, hallucinations were extinguished with no remissions reported for approximately 6 mo. Other aspects of her behavior also showed improvement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-monitoring and reactivity in the modification of cigarette smoking.

The reactive effects of self-monitoring (SM) as a function of varying the specific nature of the target behavior and the perceived negative consequences of the behavior were investigated with 40 20–55 yr old chronic smokers (at least 15 cigarettes/day for 2 yrs). Ss were assigned to 1 of 4 conditions from stratified blocks based on initial smoking rates: (a) SM nicotine plus health hazard information; (b) SM nicotine with no health hazard information; (c) SM cigarettes plus health information; and (d) SM cigarettes with no health information. Ss self-monitored during a 4-wk nondemand phase and during a 4-wk treatment phase or until they quit smoking. The 2 nicotine SM groups showed greater reactivity. There were no differences among groups as a function of exposure to health hazard information. Results are discussed in relation to models of self-control and previous investigations of other parameters of reactive SM. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Task structure and the experimental modification of verbal behavior.

Numerous studies have investigated techniques assumed to modify verbal behavior. The present article focuses on 3 of the most important procedures: instructions, verbal models, and verbal conditioning. These procedures are reviewed and interpreted as sources of information available to the S in the experimental task. The effects of task structure and S uncertainty are discussed in terms of these sources of information and their effects upon the S's awareness and intention related to task performance. Studies that have compared the use of the 3 modification techniques with verbal behavior are evaluated within the context of this theoretical approach. Similarities and differences between experimental studies of verbal behavior and the psychotherapeutic setting are discussed in terms of applying modification procedures to problems outside of the laboratory. (78 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conditioning-specific modification of the rabbit's unconditioned nictitating membrane response.

Robust classical conditioning modifies responding to the unconditioned stimulus (US) in the absence of the conditioned stimulus (CS), a phenomenon the researchers called conditioning-specific reflex modification. Unconditioned responses (URs) to periorbital stimulation varying in intensity and duration were assessed before and after 1, 3, or 6 days of paired, explicitly unpaired, or no presentations of tone and electrical stimulation. After 3 days of pairings, conditioned responding (CRs) reached 94%, and there was an increase in latency to the peak of URs. The peak latency increase was replicated in a 2nd experiment where rabbits reached asymptotic conditioning during 6 days of pairings. There was also a conditioning-specific increase in the amplitude of URs. There were no UR changes as a function of low level of CRs following 1 day of pairings. Data suggest that there are learning-specific changes in pathways mediating the US/UR, as well as in those mediating the CS/CR. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Adaptive modification of saccadic eye movements.

Experiments are reported in which the target for a saccadic eye movement was displaced during the saccade. Ss adapted to the displacement by altering the amplitudes of subsequent saccades to compensate for it. Analysis of kinematic details of the saccade trajectories revealed that the adaptation did not arise from a simple remapping of perceived target locations. Instead, the adaptation appeared to be accomplished by a change in the gain of the saccadic system. The gain change arose primarily from a change in the magnitude of the force pulse for the saccade, not a change in the duration of the pulse. These results have implications for the mechanisms that underlie saccades in normal situations. In particular, people can separately adjust the magnitudes and durations of the force pulses used to produce saccades. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavioural modification in Canada in the 1970s.

Summarizes provincial developments under the following subtopics: universities and colleges; health, social service, and education settings; and organizations and interest groups. This paper is designed as a source document for those interested in an overview of the development and current status of behavior modification in Canada. (French abstract) (81 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Measurement and modification of delusional beliefs.

It has been proposed that delusional thinking may be on a continuum with normal behavior and can be assessed by taking account of factors such as the client's degree of belief conviction or the extent of preoccupation with the belief. In our research a number of measures were used to assess the delusional thinking of people diagnosed as schizophrenic. Two interventions were used: (a) a structured verbal challenge and (b) a reality test in which the belief was subject to an empirical test. We used a multiple baseline, across-subjects design. Of the 6 clients, 2 completely rejected their beliefs, and 3 others significantly reduced their belief conviction. Maintenance was good, and there was evidence that the intervention had enabled 5 of the 6 clients to effectively regulate their delusional thinking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavior therapy and behavior modification.

Behavior therapy and behavior modification are contrasted according to the psychological paradigm in which each belongs. Behavior therapy is located within the traditional S-O-R (stimulus-organism-response) paradigm which stresses "action" or "interaction" explanations of behavior, because its objective is to effect a cure of an individual's abnormal behavior by modifying the state of the individual alone. Behavior modification is located within a newly developed S-R-SR (stimulus-response-reinforcement) paradigm which stresses "transaction" explanations of behavior, because its objective is not to cure an individual but to arrange response-reinforcement contingencies which alter the individual's transactions with his environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-concept change in behavior modification.

Studied changes in self-concept as a function of behavioral treatment for test anxiety. 72 test-anxious (Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test) undergraduates were randomly assigned to systematic desensitization (SD) relaxation-training only, or no-treatment control conditions. Levels of test anxiety, self-esteem, and self-ideal-self discrepancy are assessed prior to and following treatment. The SD and relaxation treatments were both effective in reducing test anxiety. Ss' ratings of satisfaction with treatment were equivalent in the 2 treatment conditions. SD Ss showed improvement in self-esteem and significant reductions in self-ideal-self discrepancies; however, Ss who received relaxation training only, or no treatment, did not change significantly. This differential effectiveness of the SD and relaxation procedures is discussed in terms of the beneficial effects of imagined successful coping. Comparisons of Ss' changes in test anxiety and in self-concept suggest that an explanation of change based on simple generalization of treatment effects would be sufficient. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)