聚砜纳米纤维增韧CFRP的制备及性能

介绍了一种聚砜纳米纤维增韧碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的新方法。无规取向的纳米纤维通过静电纺丝直接将纳米纤维接收于碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸布上,实现增韧复合材料的目的。探讨了混合溶剂(丙酮、DMAC)配比和聚砜纺丝溶液浓度对纳米纤维直径及分布的影响,测试了不同含量的聚砜纳米纤维增韧复合材料的型层间断裂韧性（G_ⅡC）,并同相等含量的聚砜溶剂法膜增韧复合材料性能进行了比较。在聚砜质量分数分别为1%、3%、5%的情况下,纳米纤维增韧复合材料的G_ⅡC分别增加54%、130%、177%,高于溶剂法膜增韧的复合材料。微观结构照片表明,纳米纤维增韧复合材料中,相分离后的聚砜小球贯穿于整个复合材料层间,而且呈现无规取向分布的海岛结构。增韧后复合材料的层间剪切强度（ILSS）都有略微的减小,溶剂法膜增韧后ILSS减小更明显。DMTA试验表明,与溶剂法膜相比较,纳米纤维与环氧树脂基体的相容性更好。      

含碳纳米管的PEI纤维膜对环氧树脂力学性能的影响

采用高压静电纺丝法制备了含多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)的聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)纳米纤维取向薄膜, 用SEM和TEM观察其微观形貌。将PEI纳米纤维薄膜铺放于环氧树脂中, 通过实验测试其冲击和拉伸性能。结果表明, 含MWCNTs的PEI纳米纤维膜对环氧树脂具有良好的增韧效果。Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性(G_IC)测试表明, 用含质量分数3%活性碳纳米管(a-MWCNTs)的PEI纤维膜对T700碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料进行层间增韧能够明显改善其层间断裂韧性。     

含碳纳米管的PEI纤维膜对环氧树脂力学性能的影响

采用高压静电纺丝法制备了含多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)的聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)纳米纤维取向薄膜,用SEM和TEM观察其微观形貌.将PEI纳米纤维薄膜铺放于环氧树脂中,通过实验测试其冲击和拉伸性能.结果表明,含MWCNTs的PEI纳米纤维膜对环氧树脂具有良好的增韧效果.Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性(GIC)测试表明,用含质量分数3％活性碳纳米管(a-MWCNTs)的PEI纤维膜对T700碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料进行层间增韧能够明显改善其层间断裂韧性.     

芳纶纤维增韧碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料-铝蜂窝夹芯结构界面性能和增韧机制

研究了低密度芳纶短纤维(AF)对碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料(CF/EP)-铝蜂窝夹芯结构的界面增韧效果和增韧机制.制备了复合材料夹芯梁,将6 mm长度的AF制成絮状纤维薄层用于夹芯梁界面层的增韧,并采用非对称双悬臂梁实验对增韧和未增韧夹芯梁进行了界面断裂韧性的测量.相比于未增韧夹芯梁试件,增韧试件的平均临界能量释放率提...     

碳纤维增强树脂复合材料-热成型钢超混杂层合板层间力学性能

通过双悬臂梁试验(DCB)研究了金属表面处理和界面插层协同作用对碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)-热成型钢超混杂层合板层间力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,采用金属表面处理与界面插层协同增韧方案,可以极大地提升层合板的I型层间断裂韧性。其中,喷砂/界面胶膜插层试件(GB36#/AF)的I型层间断裂韧性相比于脱脂试件提高了343%;喷砂/界面纯树脂插层试件(GB36#/EP)相比于脱脂试件,其Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性提高了129%。并基于内聚区模型对CFRP-热成型钢超混杂层合板分层失效进行了有限元模拟。最后借助激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(LSM)、接触角测量仪(CAG)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对热成型钢表面形貌和试件的断裂面进行了表征并揭示了层间增韧的机制。      

碳纳米管膜层间改性碳纤维/双马来酰亚胺复合材料的结构调控及性能

对比研究了热塑性层间增韧和碳纳米管(CNT)膜层间混杂碳纤维(CF)/双马来酰亚胺复合材料不同层间结构调控方法,分析了其复合材料的压缩、动态力学、导电和电磁屏蔽等性能的变化。结果表明,热密实可显著降低层间CNT膜的厚度,抑制其局部富树脂程度,CNT膜-CF混杂复合材料的压缩强度得以提升,其压缩断口形貌明显不同于初始的CF复合材料。对比而言,热塑性树脂层间增韧CF复合材料的压缩强度明显低于CNT膜/CF混杂复合材料。CNT膜的加入贯通了混杂复合材料的层间导电通路,其厚度方向电导率提高了3个数量级,然而不同复合材料的体积电导率则表现出明显的“木桶效应”。值得关注的是,CNT膜层间混杂对提高CF复合材料的电磁屏蔽特性作用显著,其中致密CNT膜混杂复合材料的电磁屏蔽效能可达到90 dB。      

HA/HDPE 多尺度生物复合材料微观强韧化机制

通过电镜分析及理论推导对羟基磷灰石( Hydroxyapatite, HA) /高密度聚乙烯( High density polyethylene, HDPE) 复合材料界面粘结状态、HA 颗粒对裂纹扩展的钝化、钉扎作用、复合纤维对体系分子热激活能的影响及复合纤维的能量吸收机制与增强增韧等进行了深入研究。结果表明: HA/HDPE 复合材料通过纳米HA 颗粒与 HA/HDPE 复合纤维在不同尺度上协同作用达到增强增韧的效果。即在纳米尺度, 纳米HA 颗粒的均匀分散和高的HA/HDPE 界面结合强度显著提高了HDPE 的结晶度, 细化了HDPE 晶粒尺寸, 并在HA 颗粒表面形成取向结晶层, 从而使材料在断裂过程中通过HDPE 取向结晶层的基体形变和HA 脱粘过程对微裂纹起钝化和钉扎作用, 并扩大能量耗散的区域, 以阻滞微孔隙和银纹的长大和破断, 抑制大裂纹的早期形成。在微米尺度, 由于HA/HDPE 复合纤维的定向排列, 使体系的活化体积显著降低, 大大增加了材料的断裂热激活能, 从而显著提高材料的强度。另一方面, 复合纤维在应力作用过程中通过纤维断裂、纤维拔出、裂纹偏转机制使材料在形变与破坏过程中耗散更多的能量, 从而显著提高材料的强度和韧性。      

PNF增韧层对CFRP复合材料分层影响的数值分析

尼龙无纺布增韧层能在保证良好工艺性能的前提下,显著提高纤维复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)的断裂韧度,但其机制还不明晰。引入一种反映尼龙无纺布增韧层(polyamide non-woven fabric,PNF)厚度和力学特性的内聚力模型,建立PNF/CFRP复合材料分层损伤产生与扩展的力学模型,通过双悬臂梁弯曲实验和验证,得到如下结论:增韧层的厚度对复合材料Ⅰ型分层的峰值载荷几乎没有影响,增韧层厚度为20μm时,复合材料分层扩展阻力最大;界面最大法向应力分布可有效反映裂纹扩展前沿形貌,分层扩展开始后,其前沿形貌保持一致;在相同的外力载荷下,随着PNF/CFRP复合材料铺层从[012/012]变化到[012/9012],其Ⅰ型分层的峰值载荷和扩展距离不断减小。     

界面层对碳/环氧复合材料力学性能的影响*

本工作研究了碳纤维表面经冷等离子体连续处理以及等离子体聚合形成的增韧层与防水层对碳/环氧复合材料界面性质及力学性能的影响。在宏观状态及在扫描电镜内小尺度进行了层间剪切和断裂的对比试验,结果表明:经等离子体处理和具有等离子体聚合形成的聚合层三种试件,其层间剪切强度和断裂韧度比碳纤维未经处理的碳/环氧试件,平均分别提高了30%和40%。以经等离子体聚合形成增韧层BS-1试件的增强效果最好,其层剪强度由71MPa提高到103MPa,增加了455,断裂韧度由985MPa√m提高到1548MPa√m,增大了57%。同时在SEM动态观测破坏过程中,分析了四种微观界面状态与力学性能的关系及其增强机理。     

可反应性纳米SiO2/尼龙1010复合材料的制备和力学性能

以可反应性纳米SiO2(RNS)为填料,用熔融共混法制备SiO2/尼龙1010纳米复合材料,表征其力学性能并研究了增强和增韧机理.结果表明,在熔融共混过程中RNS与尼龙1010发生了强烈的界面相互作用,提高了材料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和弹性模量;而纳米SiO2的表面有机修饰层使材料的韧性有所提高.纳米SiO2质量分数为1.0%的复合材料拉伸强度最大,比纯尼龙1010的高4%;而0.7%纳米SiO2的复合材料断裂伸长率和弹性模量最大,分别比纯尼龙的高16.6%和13.4%.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.