一种高效用项集并行挖掘算法

由于能反映用户的偏好,可以弥补传统频繁项集挖掘仅由支持度来衡量项集重要性的不足,高效用项集正在成为当前数据挖掘研究的热点。为使高效用项集挖掘更好地适应数据规模不断增大的实际需求,提出了一种高效用项集的并行挖掘算法PHUI-Mine。提出了记录挖掘高效用项集信息的DHUI-树结构,描述了DHUI-树的构造方法,论证了DHUI-树的动态剪枝策略。在此基础上,给出了高效用项集挖掘的并行算法描述。实验结果表明,PHUI-Mine算法具有较高的挖掘效率及较低的存储开销。     

HUC-Prune: an efficient candidate pruning technique to mine high utility patterns

Traditional frequent pattern mining methods consider an equal profit/weight for all items and only binary occurrences (0/1) of the items in transactions. High utility pattern mining becomes a very important research issue in data mining by considering the non-binary frequency values of items in transactions and different profit values for each item. However, most of the existing high utility pattern mining algorithms suffer in the level-wise candidate generation-and-test problem and generate too many candidate patterns. Moreover, they need several database scans which are directly dependent on the maximum candidate length. In this paper, we present a novel tree-based candidate pruning technique, called HUC-Prune (High Utility Candidates Prune), to solve these problems. Our technique uses a novel tree structure, called HUC-tree (High Utility Candidates tree), to capture important utility information of the candidate patterns. HUC-Prune avoids the level-wise candidate generation process by adopting a pattern growth approach. In contrast to the existing algorithms, its number of database scans is completely independent of the maximum candidate length. Extensive experimental results show that our algorithm is very efficient for high utility pattern mining and it outperforms the existing algorithms.     

一种基于FP-tree的最大频繁项目集挖掘算法

挖掘关联规则是数据挖掘领域中的重要研究内容,其中挖掘最大频繁项目集是挖掘关联规则中的关键问题之一,以前的许多挖掘最大频繁项目集算法是先生成候选,再进行检验,然而候选项目集产生的代价是很高的,尤其是存在大量长模式的时候。文中改进了FP 树结构,提出了一种基于FP tree的快速挖掘最大频繁项目集的算法DMFIA 1,该算法不需要生成最大频繁候选项目集,比DMFIA算法挖掘最大频繁项目集的效率更高。改进的FP 树是单向的,每个结点只保留指向父结点的指针,这大约节省了三分之一的树空间。     

A fast high average-utility itemset mining with efficient tighter upper bounds and novel list structure

High-utility itemset mining is a prominent data-mining technique where the profit or weight of itemsets plays a crucial role in defining meaningful patterns. High average-utility itemset (HAUI) mining is an advancement over high-utility itemset mining, which introduces an unbiased measure called average utility to associate the utility of itemsets with their length. Several existing HAUI mining algorithms use various upper bounds such as average-utility upper bound, revised tighter upper bound, and looser upper bound to preserve pruning methods. However, these upper bounds overestimate the average-utility of itemsets and slow down the mining process. This paper presents a fast high average-utility itemset miner (FHAIM) algorithm, which uses two improved upper bounds and several efficient pruning strategies to avoid the processing of unpromising candidate itemsets. Moreover, a novel list structure named recommended average-utility list (RAUL) is presented to store the average-utility and the required information for pruning. The RAUL for an itemset can be constructed by joining the RAULs of its subsets to avoid excessive database scans. We have performed substantial experiments on various benchmark datasets to evaluate the performance of the FHAIM in comparison with two existing HAUI mining algorithms. Experimental results show that FHAIM outperforms the existing HAUI mining algorithms in terms of runtime, memory usage, join counts, and scalability.

     

一种高效的最大频繁项集挖掘算法DFMFI-Miner

分析最大频繁项集和完全频繁项集的关系，提出了一个挖掘最大频繁项集的高效算法DFMFI—Miner（The Miner Basedon Depth—First Searching for Mining Maximal Frequent Itemsets），采用深度优先方法搜索项集空间，采用垂直位图及一定的压缩方法对表示事务数据库并进行约简，并采用多种有效剪枝策略和优化策略，提高了算法的效率。在多个数据集上进行了实验，实验结果表明该算法特别适于挖掘具有长频繁项集的数据集。     

多层扩展挖掘最大频繁项集

本文提出一种新的搜索最大频繁项集的算法。该算法使用多层扩展深度优先搜索方法，结合有效的前瞻剪枝策略，明显加速了最大频繁项集的生成，从而显著地降低了CPU时间。     

最大频繁项目集的快速更新

挖掘最大频繁项目集是多种数据挖掘应用中的关键问题．为克服基于Apriori的最大频繁项目集挖掘算法存在的不足,DMFIA采用FP-tree存储结构及自顶向下的搜索策略,有效地提高了最大频繁项目集的挖掘效率．但对于频繁项目多而最大频繁项目集维数相对较小的情况,DMFIA要经过多层搜索且在每一层产生大量的候选项目集,因而影响算法的执行效率．为此,该文提出了DMFIA的改进算法IDMFIA(the Improved algorithm of DMFIA)．IDMFIA采用自顶向下和自底向上双向搜索策略,可尽早修剪掉较短最大频繁项目集的超集和较长最大频繁项目集的子集．另外,该文还提出最大频繁项目集更新算法FUMFIA(Fast Updating Maximum Frequent Itemsets Algorithm),该算法充分利用已建立的FP-tree和已挖掘的最大频繁项目集,可对已挖掘的最大频繁项目集进行高效维护．实验结果表明,IDMFIA和FUMFIA可有效提高最大频繁项目集的挖掘和更新效率．     

基于模式增长的高效用序列模式挖掘算法

高效用序列模式挖掘是数据挖掘领域的一项重要内容, 在生物信息学、消费行为分析等方面具有重要的应用.与传统基于频繁项模式挖掘方法不同, 高效用序列模式挖掘不仅考虑项集的内外效用, 更突出项集的时间序列含义, 计算复杂度较高.尽管已经有一定数量的算法被提出应用于解决该类问题, 挖掘算法的时空效率依然成为该领域的主要研究热点问题.鉴于此, 本文提出一个基于模式增长的高效用序列模式挖掘算法HUSP-FP.依据高效用序列项集必须满足事务效用闭包属性要求, 算法首先在去除无用项后建立全局树, 进而采用模式增长方法从全局树上获取全部高效用序列模式, 避免产生候选项集. 在实验环节与目前效率较好的HUSP-Miner、USPAN、HUS-Span三类算法进行了时空计算对比, 实验结果表明本文给出算法在较小阈值下仍能有效挖掘到相关序列模式, 并且在计算时间和空间使用效率两方面取得了较大的提高.     

Mining Top‐Rank‐k Erasable Itemsets by PID_lists

Mining erasable itemsets are one of new emerging data mining tasks. In this paper, we present a new data representation called a PID_list, which keeps track of the id_nums (identification number) of products that include an itemset. On the basis of the PID_list, we propose a new algorithm called VM for mining top‐rank‐k erasable itemsets efficiently. The VM algorithm can avoid the time‐consuming process of calculating the gain of the candidate itemsets and lots of scans of the databases. Therefore, it can accelerate the task of mining greatly. For evaluating the VM algorithm, we have conducted experiments on six synthetic product databases. Our performance study shows that the VM algorithm is efficient and much faster than the MIKE algorithm, which is the first algorithm for dealing with the problem of mining top‐rank‐k erasable itemsets.     

基于激励的关联规则的挖掘

基于支持度的关联规则挖掘算法无法找到那些非频繁但效用很高的项集,基于效用的关联规则会漏掉那些效用不高但发生比较频繁、支持度和效用值的积（激励）很大的项集。提出了基于激励的关联规则挖掘问题及一种自下而上的挖掘算法HM-miner。激励综合了支持度与效用的优点,能同时度量项集的统计重要性和语义重要性。HM-miner利用激励的上界特性进行减枝,能有效挖掘高激励项集。     

减少候选项集的数据流高效用项集挖掘算法

大数据环境下高效用项集挖掘算法中过多的候选项集极大地降低了算法的时空效率,提出了一种减少候选项集的数据流高效用项集挖掘算法。首先,通过数据流中当前窗口的一次扫描建立一个全局树,并降低全局树中头表入口与节点的冗余效用值;然后,基于全局树生成候选模式,基于增长算法降低局部树的候选项集效用;最终,从候选模式中选出高效用模式。基于真实数据流的实验结果表明,本算法的时空效率与内存占用比均优于其他数据流的高效用模式挖掘算法。     

基于FC—tree的频繁闭项目集挖掘算法

目前提出的频繁项目集挖掘算法大多基于Apriori算法思想,但这类算法会产生巨大的候选集并且重复扫描数据库.本文针对这一问题,给出了一种基于FC-tree的频繁闭项目集挖掘算法Max-FCIA,该算法将频繁项目集存储在哈希表中,节省了程序的搜索时间.此外,利用广度优先搜索和有效的剪枝策略,大大限制了候选项目集的生成,缩小了搜索空间从而提高了程序的性能.实验结果表明该算法是快速有效的.     

High utility itemset mining with techniques for reducing overestimated utilities and pruning candidates

High utility itemset mining considers the importance of items such as profit and item quantities in transactions. Recently, mining high utility itemsets has emerged as one of the most significant research issues due to a huge range of real world applications such as retail market data analysis and stock market prediction. Although many relevant algorithms have been proposed in recent years, they incur the problem of generating a large number of candidate itemsets, which degrade mining performance. In this paper, we propose an algorithm named MU-Growth (Maximum Utility Growth) with two techniques for pruning candidates effectively in mining process. Moreover, we suggest a tree structure, named MIQ-Tree (Maximum Item Quantity Tree), which captures database information with a single-pass. The proposed data structure is restructured for reducing overestimated utilities. Performance evaluation shows that MU-Growth not only decreases the number of candidates but also outperforms state-of-the-art tree-based algorithms with overestimated methods in terms of runtime with a similar memory usage.     

基于优化上界的高平均效用项集垂直挖掘算法

高平均效用项集挖掘是当前研究的热点之一。针对高平均效用项集挖掘算法产生大量无意义的候选项集,而导致高内存消耗和运行时间长的问题,提出了dMHAUI算法。首先定义了集成矩阵Q,并提出了4种基于垂直数据库表示的紧凑平均效用上界及3种有效的修剪策略;将高平均效用项集挖掘所需的信息存储于IDUL结构树,利用改进的diffset技术快速计算项集的平均效用和上界;最后通过递归调用搜索函数得到高平均效用项集。与EHAUPM算法和MHAI算法进行仿真比较,结果表明,dMHAUI算法在运行时间、连接比较次数和可扩展性等方面都有较优的性能。     

An efficient algorithm for mining temporal high utility itemsets from data streams

Utility of an itemset is considered as the value of this itemset, and utility mining aims at identifying the itemsets with high utilities. The temporal high utility itemsets are the itemsets whose support is larger than a pre-specified threshold in current time window of the data stream. Discovery of temporal high utility itemsets is an important process for mining interesting patterns like association rules from data streams. In this paper, we propose a novel method, namely THUI (Temporal High Utility Itemsets)-Mine, for mining temporal high utility itemsets from data streams efficiently and effectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on mining temporal high utility itemsets from data streams. The novel contribution of THUI-Mine is that it can effectively identify the temporal high utility itemsets by generating fewer candidate itemsets such that the execution time can be reduced substantially in mining all high utility itemsets in data streams. In this way, the process of discovering all temporal high utility itemsets under all time windows of data streams can be achieved effectively with less memory space and execution time. This meets the critical requirements on time and space efficiency for mining data streams. Through experimental evaluation, THUI-Mine is shown to significantly outperform other existing methods like Two-Phase algorithm under various experimental conditions.     

An efficient fast algorithm for discovering closed+ high utility itemsets

In recent years, high utility itemsets (HUIs) mining from the transactional databases becomes one of the most emerging research topic in the field of data mining due to its wide range of applications in online e-commerce data analysis, identifying interesting patterns in biomedical data and for cross marketing solutions in retail business. It aims to discover the itemsets with high utilities efficiently by considering item quantities in a transaction and profit values of each item. However, it produces a tremendous number of HUIs, which imposes further burden in analysis of the extracted patterns and also degrades the performance of mining methods. Mining the set of closed ⁺ high utility itemsets (CHUIs) solves this issue as it is a loss-less and condensed representation of all HUIs. In this paper, we aim to present a new algorithm for finding CHUIs from a transactional database, called the CHUM (Closed ⁺ High Utility itemset Miner), which is scalable and efficient. The proposed mining algorithm adopts a tricky aimed vertical representation of the database in order to speed up the execution time in generating itemset closures and compute their utility information without accessing the database. The proposed method makes use of the item co-occurrences strategy in order to further reduce the number of intersections needed to be performed. Several experiments are conducted on various sparse and dense datasets and the simulation results clearly show the scalability and superior performance of our algorithm as compared to those for the existing state-of-the-art CHUD (Closed ⁺ High Utility itemset Discovery) algorithm.     

一种挖掘频繁闭项集的深度优先算法

频繁闭项集挖掘是许多数据挖掘应用中的重要问题。为减少候选项集数量和降低支持度计算的开销,提出一种新的深度优先搜索频繁闭项集(DFFCI)的算法。将改进的压缩频繁模式树(CFP-Tree)表示的数据集信息投影到划分矩阵,使用二进制向量逻辑运算计算支持度,简化了计算过程,减少了时间开销;采用基于支持度预计算技术的全局2-项剪枝和局部扩展剪枝,有效削减了搜索空间。实验结果表明该算法的性能优于其他主流深度优先算法。     

An efficient projection-based indexing approach for mining high utility itemsets

Recently, utility mining has widely been discussed in the field of data mining. It finds high utility itemsets by considering both profits and quantities of items in transactional data sets. However, most of the existing approaches are based on the principle of levelwise processing, as in the traditional two-phase utility mining algorithm to find a high utility itemsets. In this paper, we propose an efficient utility mining approach that adopts an indexing mechanism to speed up the execution and reduce the memory requirement in the mining process. The indexing mechanism can imitate the traditional projection algorithms to achieve the aim of projecting sub-databases for mining. In addition, a pruning strategy is also applied to reduce the number of unpromising itemsets in mining. Finally, the experimental results on synthetic data sets and on a real data set show the superior performance of the proposed approach.     

An efficient algorithm for mining top-<Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis> on-shelf high utility itemsets

High on-shelf utility itemset (HOU) mining is an emerging data mining task which consists of discovering sets of items generating a high profit in transaction databases. The task of HOU mining is more difficult than traditional high utility itemset (HUI) mining, because it also considers the shelf time of items, and items having negative unit profits. HOU mining can be used to discover more useful and interesting patterns in real-life applications than traditional HUI mining. Several algorithms have been proposed for this task. However, a major drawback of these algorithms is that it is difficult for users to find a suitable value for the minimum utility threshold parameter. If the threshold is set too high, not enough patterns are found. And if the threshold is set too low, too many patterns will be found and the algorithm may use an excessive amount of time and memory. To address this issue, we propose to address the problem of top-k on-shelf high utility itemset mining, where the user directly specifies k, the desired number of patterns to be output instead of specifying a minimum utility threshold value. An efficient algorithm named KOSHU (fast top-K on-shelf high utility itemset miner) is proposed to mine the top-k HOUs efficiently, while considering on-shelf time periods of items, and items having positive and/or negative unit profits. KOSHU introduces three novel strategies, named efficient estimated co-occurrence maximum period rate pruning, period utility pruning and concurrence existing of a pair 2-itemset pruning to reduce the search space. KOSHU also incorporates several novel optimizations and a faster method for constructing utility-lists. An extensive performance study on real-life and synthetic datasets shows that the proposed algorithm is efficient both in terms of runtime and memory consumption and has excellent scalability.     

Mining itemset utilities from transaction databases

The rationale behind mining frequent itemsets is that only itemsets with high frequency are of interest to users. However, the practical usefulness of frequent itemsets is limited by the significance of the discovered itemsets. A frequent itemset only reflects the statistical correlation between items, and it does not reflect the semantic significance of the items. In this paper, we propose a utility based itemset mining approach to overcome this limitation. The proposed approach permits users to quantify their preferences concerning the usefulness of itemsets using utility values. The usefulness of an itemset is characterized as a utility constraint. That is, an itemset is interesting to the user only if it satisfies a given utility constraint. We show that the pruning strategies used in previous itemset mining approaches cannot be applied to utility constraints. In response, we identify several mathematical properties of utility constraints. Then, two novel pruning strategies are designed. Two algorithms for utility based itemset mining are developed by incorporating these pruning strategies. The algorithms are evaluated by applying them to synthetic and real world databases. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms are effective on the databases tested.