HTI煤层方位AVO响应与裂隙识别

煤层在顶板压实作用下水平裂隙近乎闭合,多垂向裂隙发育,因此将该类煤层等效为HTI介质,研究裂隙密度和填充物类型对方位AVO的影响,可以为预测裂隙提供理论依据,对煤田勘探有重要意义.本文基于Thomsen各向异性理论和模型等效理论建立上层为各向同性介质而下层为垂向裂隙发育的HTI煤层的正演模型,推导出适用于所建模型的更高精度反射系数近似公式对不同裂隙密度、不同填充物类型的模型进行方位AVO数值模拟,并利用反射系数进行地震记录合成;从反射系数空间曲面和地震记录两方面分析不同模型随着入射角、方位角、裂隙密度、裂隙填充物的改变而产生的不同地震响应.结果表明:裂隙密度的增大导致反射系数空间曲面波幅增大,地震记录波振幅增大;裂隙密度相同时,饱和水裂隙模型和干裂隙模型的反射系数空间曲面和合成地震记录存在显著差异;方位角为0°时,饱和水裂隙模型和干裂隙模型的反射系数差值达到0.2,分辨性较强;在方位角为0.时,入射角大于45.时地震记录差异最显著.测试数据中,含饱和水裂隙煤层的反射系数绝对值低于干裂隙煤层,地震记录的振幅也低于干裂隙煤层.     

利用地震P波方位/角度信息预测煤层裂隙发育——以阳泉矿区为例

查明煤层瓦斯富集区域,对可能的瓦斯突出点进行预报,是当前煤矿生产中亟待解决的重要课题.利用地震P波对裂缝性地层所表现出的方位各向异性特征和AV0特征,应用地震P波方位/角度信息评价煤层裂隙发育带.通过对阳泉新景煤矿三维地震资料的处理,获得4个方位的偏移数据体和8个方位/角度的偏移数据体,从中提取了3种对煤层裂隙响应灵敏的地震属性,综合利用3种地震属性计算出裂隙的发育密度.预测结果表明,利用P波方位/角度信息比仅利用P波方位信息评价煤层裂隙发育带更具有优势,它能同时利用煤层反射波的各向异性特征和AVO特征,更有利于进行煤层的岩性解释.     

利用地震P波方位属性评价瓦斯富集区

以往研究表明煤层具有弱各向异性,为正交各向异性介质,因此利用P波的方位各向异性属性来进行煤层裂隙裂缝检测、预测煤层瓦斯富集带是行之有效的方法.本文对山西阳泉新景佛洼区的三维地震资料进行处理,得到4个方位的偏移数据体,并提取与煤层裂隙裂缝相关的多种地震属性.通过计算得到裂隙裂缝的相对密度,进而对煤层瓦斯的富集带进行预测.     

利用方位波阻抗信息预测煤层裂隙发育

由于煤层为弱各向异性介质,当煤体结构遭到一定程度的破坏时,煤层内生裂隙较为发育,此时地震波在煤层中传播时会表现出比较明显的各向异性特征.本文针对山西某矿宽方位采集的三维地震数据进行方位角道集抽取,处理得到六个不同方位的偏移数据体.针对不同方位的数据体,分别提取15煤层的振幅属性.同时,利用测井曲线约束分别进行波阻抗反演.利用不同方位的振幅属性和波阻抗信息,通过阻尼最小二乘法计算得到裂隙发育的相对密度值B/A及裂隙发育方向Φf.研究结果表明波阻抗的方位各向异性特征相对振幅属性更加明显,对裂隙的探测结果分辨率更高.且预测结果与钻孔资料吻合度较高,裂隙发育具有一定的构造倾向性.     

裂隙性储层孔隙度与饱和度计算方法

裂隙性储层孔隙度与饱和度是油气藏评价的两个重要参数.本文提出利用裂隙介质AVO属性计算裂隙性储层孔隙度与饱和度的新方法.运用等效理论将裂隙介质等效为各向异性介质,得到裂隙介质的AVO响应即得到裂隙介质各向异性截距与梯度,根据各向异性截距梯度与孔隙度饱和度的关系得到裂隙介质的孔隙度和饱和度.本文建立裂隙介质(TTI介质)梯度截距和孔隙度饱和度的关系,可以根据地震数据直接求取裂隙介质的孔隙度和饱和度.模型试算表明,该方法能得到裂隙介质准确的孔隙度和饱和度,且稳定性较好.     

基于全方位地震数据的方位AVO(AVAZ)反演

利用地震数据较为准确地预测地下介质的裂缝发育信息,是裂缝型储层预测的关键手段,也是非常规页岩油气储层压裂改造的关键参数.方位AVO(AVAZ)在描述HTI介质的裂缝分布及发育方向等方面有重要应用,本文提供一种基于全方位地震数据的方位AVO(AVAZ)反演方法,为裂缝预测提供参考资料.首先利用Ruger近似方程正演计算不同方位角及入射角下的反射系数,继而与方位角度道集中地震反射振幅建立目标函数,然后基于正演方程及目标函数采用最小二乘法进行AVAZ反演.实现了从全方位地震资料中同步反演纵波反射系数、各向同性梯度、各向异性梯度及裂缝发育方向.模型数据和实际地震资料应用表明该方法能够有效的预测HTI介质的裂缝分布及方向.     

裂缝型储层流体识别方法

裂缝型储层的描述包括预测裂缝分布特征和识别裂隙充填物.依据等效介质理论计算的纵波速度随裂缝密度的增大而减小.正演地震记录显示,裂缝介质含气时反射振幅最大,且变化程度比含油或含水时大.叠前方位AVO反演所得的各向异性梯度Bani与裂缝密度成正比,可用于描述有效裂缝发育强度.对于不同的裂缝密度,各向异性梯度Bani与各向同性梯度Biso的比值I(1)fluid近似为常数,且对流体敏感.经裂缝纵横比和背景介质拉梅常数修正后,流体因子Ifluid既不随纵横比变化,又不受背景介质的影响,是裂缝型储层敏感的流体识别因子.在塔里木盆地塔北哈拉哈塘地区热瓦普区块碳酸盐岩储层裂缝发育区域,运用该参数在井点处的流体识别效果与钻井结果一致.     

黄陵矿区2号煤层构造应力场分析

煤层构造应力场与煤与瓦斯突出和煤层裂隙分布带范围密切相关.黄陵矿区煤层中瓦斯含量较高,分布不均是矿井安全生产的重要隐患.基于该区地震、地质和测井数据,本文对三维地震数据体进行精细的构造解释,用反演法建立了地质力学模型,并确定岩石力学参数,运用有限元理论和弹性计算力学对矿区三维构造应力场进行了数值模拟,得到黄陵矿区2号煤层地质构造带应力场分布特征,模拟结果与井田宏观及微观构造信息一致.这对预测该区裂隙分布带,煤与瓦斯突出等具有重要的指导意义.     

序贯指示模拟方法在煤层顶板岩性预测中的应用

渭北石炭二叠纪煤田煤层顶板横向非均质性强,依靠钻探所得煤层顶板岩性误差较大.地震资料具有较高的纵向、横向分辨率,利用地震资料可以提高煤层顶板岩性预测精度.本文采用序贯指示模拟方法进行煤层顶板岩性预测.通过分析煤层顶板岩性资料,利用数据空间变异性特征和相应的地震属性求取变差函数,将井点资料作为硬数据,地震数据作为软约束进行煤层顶板岩性预测.综合运用地质资料、地震资料,为煤层顶板岩性预测提供了一种有效的方法.     

鄂尔多斯盆地定北地区致密砂岩储层AVO研究及应用

AVO技术是利用振幅随炮检距(或入射角)变化的规律,求取地下地层的岩性信息.鄂尔多斯盆地是典型克拉通盆地,构造平缓(倾角不到1°),断层不发育,非常适用AVO理论假设反射层为水平层这一基本条件.根据工区的地震地质特征,在AVO分析的基础上,对用钻井地质、测井资料设计的模型进行AVO正演研究,总结了一套在现有地震分辨率条件下的鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界致密砂岩储层AVO响应特征,即:无论砂岩储层是否含气,其底部反射振幅随入射角增加,均会出现从强到弱一极性反转一从弱到强的现象,只是反转的角度有所差异;在梯度剖面上,含气砂岩与不含气砂岩的亮点特征差异小于较大,据此响应特征预测了有利的储集区.     

煤层气储层含气量与其弹性参数之间的关系——思考与初探

首先研究了天然气AVO技术的岩石物理基础--Gassmann方程和Biot理论(以下统称为"Gassmann-Biot理论")--对煤层气AVO技术的适用性.根据该理论创始人在建立其理论时的假设条件、煤层气储层的双相孔隙特征、煤层气的双相赋存特征,本文推理认为,由于煤层气储层的基质型孔隙体系的连通性差,裂隙性孔隙在宏观上是非均质的,并且是各向异性的,因此,总体上来说,Gassmann-Biot理论不完全适用于煤层气储层.特别地,当煤层的水饱和状态保持不变而煤层的含气量变化时,因为煤层中孔(裂)隙中流体的体积压缩模量不变或基本不变,即使煤层的弹性参数发生变化,Gassmann-Biot理论也不可能预测其变化趋势.因此,天然气AVO技术的岩石物理基础完全地不适用于水饱和煤层气储层.研究发现,煤层气储层含气量与其密度、纵波速度、横波速度之间存在负相关关系,即含气量高,密度小、纵波速度小、横波速度小;含气量低,密度大、纵波速度大、横波速度大.但是,这些负相关关系不是现有岩石物理理论能够预测或能够解释的.依据煤层气地质学理论以及负相关关系与现有岩石物理理论的一致性,本文提供了对某勘探区A号煤层含气量与其密度、纵波速度、横波速度之间负相关关系的解释,并认为煤层气储层的含气量与其弹性参数之间的负相关关系可能是这类储层内在的固有的规律性的关系.本文证明含气量与其密度、纵波速度、横波速度之间负相关关系可以作为煤层气AVO技术的岩石物理基础,建立了AVO异常与煤层气储层"甜点(即富集高渗部位)"之间的关系,从而能够使用AVO异常探测煤层气富集高渗部位.     

Key preprocessing technology and its application for CBM AVO analysis

The hazards of amplitude versus offset (AVO) technique mostly applied in seismic explorations for predicting coalbed methane (CBM) content mainly derive from multi-stage amplitude modifications during seismic signal preprocessing. The modifications are undoubtedly necessitated by improving high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high resolution, and achieve high fidelity to some extent; and nevertheless lead to an unfavorable possibility to implement CBM AVO analysis. Similar to sandstone reservoir with gas, AVO analysis preprocessing for CBM reservoir strictly abides by a relative amplitude preserved (RAP) principle and particularly emphasizes on preserving the evanescent class IV AVO anomaly. As for those indispensable dealings with linear noise attenuations, near-surface variety compensations and time/depth spatial imaging, the key technologies adapted to CBM AVO preprocessing should use radial trace (RT) filter, refined surface-consistent amplitude compensation (SCAC), and RAP Kirchhoff prestack time migration (PSTM). The theoretical analysis and one real 3D example in this paper demonstrate that three key technologies compliant to RAP principle in CBM AVO preprocessing can preserve the class IV AVO anomaly and benefit an operation of CBM AVO analysis and an improvement of CBM evaluation.     

AVO analysis with partial stacking to detect gas anomalies in the GÜEPAJÉ-3D project

We applied analysis AVO with partial stacking to an onshore gas field in order to detect gas at the top of the Ciénaga de Oro formation (FCO), by using seismic gathers of the Güepajé-3D project. The technique was supported by petrophysical analysis of the Ayombe-1 well.The sensitivity of seismic response to changes in the saturating fluid was evaluated by fluid substitution technique in an interval of the Ayombe-1 well. As a result, a class I AVO anomaly at the top of the FCO was observed, even though the gas and water responses were similar. After applying AVO with partial stack technique at the top of FCO, AVO class I anomalies were observed in the Ayombe-1 and Güepajé-1 gas wells and none in the dry Güepajé-3 well. In spite of being reported with gas, the results in the Güepajé-2 well indicated any to an incipient class I anomaly related to a weak seismic response associated to gas.When the technique was applied to the seismic volume of the Güepajé-3D Project, a map of the direct gas indicator was obtained. The map shows a high correlation with the structural surface at top of FCO. Lithic factors such as compaction, cementation and carbonate overlaying the FCO and variable thickness of partial and full saturated layers, may cause anomalies in zones unlikely to contain gas.     

海底天然气水合物层界面反射AVO数值模拟

本文采用AVO数值模拟方法,共选取水合物系统分层结构6个模型,对水合物、游离气和饱水沉积物接触界面的反射特征进行了数值模拟,研究了BSR及双BSR的存在条件与水合物体系垂向分布的关系,对一些现象从理论上进行了阐明.主要结论是：（1）强的似海底反射界面BSR与游离气体的存在密不可分,实际地震剖面中的“BSR”可能不对应水合物而只对应气体,无明显BSR的地方可能有水合物.（2）水合物顶部有可能存在游离气体,它可以在正常BSR（BSR1）之上形成另一个具有正极性的似海底反射界面BSR2.（3）正常BSR之下的双BSR（BSR0）其弹性机理有两种可能,一是水合物之下游离气上升迁移遇到某种阻隔层或不同气体组分的自然分层所造成的气体垂向分布的梯度性差异;二是当水合物之下的游离气体中存在残存的水合物时,同样会形成一定强度的似海底反射,在这种情形下BSR0的极性比较难以判断,取决于残存水合物上下游离气的饱和度和残存水合物的厚度.     

Distribution and fractionation mechanism of stable carbon isotope of coalbed methane

The stable carbon isotope values of coalbed methane range widely, and also are gener- ally lighter than that of gases in normal coal-formed gas fields with similar coal rank. There exists strong carbon isotope fractionation in coalbed methane and it makes the carbon isotope value lighter. The correlation between the carbon isotope value and Ro in coalbed methane is less obvious. The coaly source rock maturity cannot be judged by coalbed methane carbon isotope value. The carbon isotopes of coalbed methane become lighter in much different degree due to the hydrodynamics. The stronger the hydrodynamics is, the lighter the CBM carbon isotopic value becomes. Many previous investigations indicated that the desorption-diffusion effects make the carbon isotope value of coalbed methane lighter. However, the explanation has encountered many problems. The authors of this arti- cle suggest that the flowing groundwater dissolution to free methane in coal seams and the free methane exchange with absorbed one is the carbon isotope fractionation mechanism in coalbed methane. The flowing groundwater in coal can easily take more 13CH4 away from free gas and com- paratively leave more 12CH4. This will make 12CH4 density in free gas comparatively higher than that in absorbed gas. The remaining 12CH4 in free gas then exchanges with the adsorbed methane in coal matrix. Some absorbed 13CH4 can be replaced and become free gas. Some free 12CH4 can be ab- sorbed again into coal matrix and become absorbed gas. Part of the newly replaced 13CH4 in free gas will also be taken away by water, leaving preferentially more 12CH4. The remaining 12CH4 in free gas will exchange again with adsorbed methane in the coal matrix. These processes occur all the time. Through accumulative effect, the 12CH4 will be greatly concentrated in coal. Thus, the stable carbon isotope of coalbed methane becomes dramatically lighter. Through simulation experiment on wa- ter-dissolved methane, it had been proved that the flowing water could fractionate the carbon isotope of methane, and easily take heavy carbon isotope away through dissolution.     

频变AVO含气性识别技术研究与应用

在常规AVO理论的基础上,频变AVO属性计算方法利用多尺度裂缝介质模型中物性参数具有频变特征的优势,基于Zoeppritz方程建立反射系数与频率之间的数学关系,推导出截距、梯度、碳氢检测因子、流体检测因子、拟泊松比等AVO属性与频率之间的数学关系.应用地震反演方法,综合地质、地震、测井等数据,反演出高精度的频变AVO属性,在天然气敏感属性分析的基础上建立起频变AVO含气性识别技术.将该技术应用到川西新场陆相深层须家河组碎屑岩储层的含气性识别中,在孔隙度通常在1%~4%,渗透率普遍低于0.06×10^-3µm²的致密背景下,较准确地预测了孔隙度大于4％、渗透性偏高的富气优质储层分布带,为该区含气性识别难题的解决和钻井成功率的提高,提供了重要的技术支撑.     

HTI介质中的反射纵波方位属性

利用横波响应进行裂缝性各向异性介质的检测在实际应用中取得了很好的效果,但技术复杂、成本较高使该方法的广泛使用受到限制,而纵波资料采集和处理技术的精细有效保持了纵波的各种属性,这为直接利用纵波资料进行裂缝检测创造了条件.地下垂直定向裂缝通常用HTI介质模型来描述,为此,本文利用射线追踪和反射率法计算了层状各向同性介质背景下的HTI介质顶、底界面的反射纵波旅行时和反射系数,并分析了这些属性随观测方位的变化规律.研究表明,HTI介质底界面反射纵波旅行时和HTI介质顶界面反射系数表现出了明显的方位各向异性;旅行时、振幅和AVO梯度属性均在0°观测方位和90°观测方位上存在最大差异,可以用多种属性联合来精确判定裂缝的发育方向.     

Seismic characterization of reservoirs containing multiple fracture sets

Natural fractures in reservoirs play an important role in determining fluid flow during production and knowledge of the orientation and density of fractures is required to optimize production. Variations in reflection amplitude versus offset (AVO) are sensitive to the presence of fractures but current models used to invert the seismic response often make simplified assumptions that prevent fractured reservoirs from being characterized correctly. For example, many models assume a single set of perfectly aligned fractures, whereas most reservoirs contain several fracture sets with variable orientation within a given fracture set. In addition, many authors only consider the azimuthal variation in the small offset amplitude versus offset and azimuth response (the variation in AVO gradient with azimuth), while the effect of fractures on amplitude versus offset and azimuth increases with increasing offset. In this paper, the variation in the reflection coefficient of seismic P -waves as a function of azimuth and offset due to the presence of multiple sets of fractures with variable orientation within any fracture set is used to determine the components of a second-rank fracture compliance tensor  α _ij   . The variation in the trace of this tensor as a function of position in the reservoir can be used to estimate the variation in fracture density with position in the reservoir and may be used to choose the location of infill wells in the field. The principal axes of  α _ij   reveal the most compliant direction within the reservoir and may be used to optimize the trajectory of deviated wells. The determination of the principal axes of  α _ij   requires wide azimuth acquisition and the use of the small-offset amplitude versus offset and azimuth (the azimuthal variation of the AVO gradient) may give misleading results.     

海洋天然气水合物发育顶界的模拟计算

天然气水合物顶界的确定对于其资源评价十分重要,但目前还没有很好的方法来确定.本文利用在甲烷-硫酸根（SMI）界面硫酸根与甲烷所消耗的量相等和水-天然气水合物二相体系甲烷溶解度模型,建立了水合物顶界埋深计算的数学模型,并考虑硫酸根氧化有机质和微生物原位甲烷生成的影响.计算的ODP1245和IODP1327站位水合物顶界埋深分别为53 mbsf和83 mbsf,与钻探获得的水合物顶界埋深相吻合.     

依据密度测井资料评估煤层的含气量

煤层甲烷长期以来认为是对采煤工作的危害，只是近十多年来才被认为是一种潜在的能源。煤层不仅是甲烷的储层，而且是甲烷的源岩。煤的物理结构是一种双重孔隙结构，即煤层中含有由基质孔隙和裂缝孔隙组成的孔隙系统。煤层中的气（甲烷）主要吸附在基质孔隙的内表面，是吸附气，而不是存在于骨架粒间的孔隙空间内，因而传统的评价天然气储层含气量的方法虽然不能适合于评估煤层的气含量。本文利用密度测井资料和煤样煤质化验资料确定