潮控与河控下三角洲平原成煤的岩石学和地球化学特征

从显微煤岩组成特征、不同显微组分中有机硫的含量、伴生元素组成、硫同位素的分布特征等方面对内蒙古乌达矿区潮控下三角洲平原形成的高硫煤 9煤层和河控下三角洲平原形成的低硫煤 13煤层进行了研究。结果表明 ,潮控下三角洲平原形成的煤层较之河控下三角洲平原形成的煤层具有较高的镜质组含量 ;伴生元素中 Na、K、V、Mg等含量偏高 ,而稀土元素含量较低 ,稀土元素的含量与煤中的粘土矿物含量成正比 ;黄铁矿和有机硫同位素都比较轻 ,表明高硫煤中硫的来源主要是海水中细菌还原的硫酸盐。     

基于煤岩煤质特征的成煤环境分析——以鲁西汶宁煤田新驿煤矿为例

煤岩煤质是分析含煤岩系沉积环境的重要参数。以鲁西汶宁煤田新驿煤矿为例,采用煤岩学、地球化学和沉积学相结合的方法,通过采样、测试及相关分析手段,发现受到海水影响较弱的山西组煤层的宏观煤岩类型以半亮型-半暗型煤为主,微观煤岩类型以微三合煤为主;而受到海水影响较强的太原组煤层的宏观煤岩类型以半亮煤为主,微观煤岩类型以微镜煤占绝对优势。山西组煤层显微组分中的镜质体以基质镜质体为主,惰质组以火焚丝质体为主,壳质组分以小孢子体和树皮体为主;太原组煤层显微组分均以基质镜质体、均质镜质体为主,惰性组氧化丝质体为主,壳质组以小孢子体为主。煤质特征与成煤环境也表现很大差异性,受海水影响较小的山西组煤层具灰分产率高、挥发分低、全硫含量低等特点;而受海水影响较强的太原组煤层具灰分产率低、挥发分高、全硫含量高等特点。最后发现,全硫含量分布能够反映出海侵特征,即全硫含量分布高的部位代表着区内最初接受海侵地区。     

新疆卡姆斯特煤田西山窑组煤层发育特征与煤质分析

准噶尔盆地东北缘卡姆斯特地区中侏罗统西山窑组为一套辫状河三角洲相沉积,主要可采煤层发育于三角洲平原,其中B1煤层最厚可达11.6m,平均厚度6.1 m,厚度稳定、横向连续性好。煤岩显微组分以镜质组为主(73.3%),次为惰质组(13.3%),另含少量壳质组(6.2%);无机组分则以碳酸盐矿物为主,另含少量黏土矿物。煤岩镜质体反射率(Ro)范围为0.419%~0.522%,煤质总体以中灰、低硫、特低氯、特低磷、特低发热量的长焰煤为特征。     

大同煤田王坪井田太原组8号煤层煤相特征

以大同煤田王坪井田太原组8号煤层为研究对象,采用光学显微镜、煤质分析、电感耦合等离子质谱(ICPMS)和X射线荧光光谱(XRF)等方法探讨了其煤岩学、煤质和煤地球化学特征,并在此基础上分析了其煤相特征。结果表明:(1)王坪井田太原组8号煤层宏观煤岩类型为半亮煤和半暗煤,显微组分以镜质组和惰质组为主,显微煤岩类型为微暗亮煤和微亮暗煤;(2)8号煤为低水、中低灰、中低硫和中高挥发分气煤;(3)煤层顶部和底部属于陆相-过渡相,其余分层为海相-过渡相;(4)成煤环境为三角洲平原的泛滥盆地,煤相基本为开阔水域沼泽相,部分为湿地草本沼泽相;煤层自下而上经历了水位升降两个过程,并由于水位过深发生一次煤层聚集间断,反映了沼泽环境及成煤植物的演化规律。     

蒋家坪矿区高硫煤中有机硫的特性研究

运用煤岩学、煤化学、地球化学等学科的理论与方法,对湖南蒋家坪矿区煤质、煤岩特征和形态硫进行分析,结果显示：所测样品全硫含量为8％～10．1％,其中有机硫含量高达6％,属高有机硫煤;煤样的显微组分以镜质组为主,含量接近80％,惰质组中以丝质体、半丝质体和碎屑惰质体为主,矿物则多以黄铁矿和黏土矿物为主。通过对煤中成煤植物类型、凝胶化程度、镜惰比和氧化指数的研究,认为矿区高硫煤形成于比较潮湿的弱氧化条件下。     

神府大柳塔2~(-2)煤层煤岩学特征

对神府大柳塔矿区 2 - 2煤层系统的煤岩学研究表明 ,该煤层以镜质体和丝质体为主 ,其它组分较少 ,矿物质中以粘土类和石英为主 ,显微煤岩类型以两组分微类型为主 ,宏观煤岩类型以半暗煤和半亮煤为主 ,壳质组具有较强的荧光 ,其荧光光谱为单峰形 ,不同的壳质组分其荧光特征不同     

神府大柳塔2^—2煤层煤岩学特征

对神府大柳塔矿区２＾－２煤层系统的煤岩学研究表明,该煤层以镜质体和丝质为主,其它组分较少,矿物质中以粘土类和石英为主,显微煤岩类型以两组分微类型为主,宏观煤岩类型以半暗煤和半亮煤为主,壳质组具有较强的荧光,其荧光光谱为单峰形,不同的壳质组分其荧光特征不同。     

准东煤田五彩湾矿区西山窑组巨厚煤层煤相研究

新疆准东煤田五彩湾矿区西山窑组煤层厚度稳定,分布广泛,煤质优良.笔者从成因角度运用煤田地质学、煤岩学、煤地球化学及沉积学等,进一步探讨西山窑组巨厚煤层煤岩组分特征、煤相类型.结果表明,煤层微观煤岩以镜质组为主,惰性组次之,含少量壳质组.相学分析表明,该区聚煤沼泽类型以湿地森林沼泽相为主,干燥森林沼泽相次之.少数样品指示成煤过程中短时期、周期性深覆水或开阔水域沼泽相存在.煤相分析显示威煤环境具网状河三角洲沼泽相沉积特征.煤岩和煤相分析为聚煤环境分析、煤质评价和预测、煤的可选性评价等提供科学依据.     

黄陵矿区2^#煤层煤岩及煤相特征分析

应用煤岩学与地球化学相结合的研究方法,探讨了黄陵矿区2#煤层的煤岩学特征及煤相类型。研究表明：2#煤层显微煤岩组分以镜质组为主,煤层从底部到顶部煤相由潮湿森林沼泽向开放沼泽过渡,包含五个次级演化层序,潮湿森林泥炭沼泽相是煤层煤相类型的主体,水动力条件较弱,成煤植物以木本植物为主,形成环境整体上为潮湿—覆水环境。     

云南砚山干河煤矿超高有机硫煤的煤岩煤质特征

云南省砚山县干河煤矿晚二叠世吴家坪组超高有机硫煤形成于浅海碳酸盐局限台地—潮坪沉积环境。运用煤岩学、煤化学等学科理论方法,系统研究了干河煤矿1号煤层的煤岩煤质及煤相特征等。结果显示:1所测煤样全硫含量均在10%左右,有机硫含量在9%左右,属超高有机硫煤;2宏观煤岩类型以半暗型及暗淡型煤为主,显微组分则以镜质组占优势,其中主要为碎屑镜质亚组,惰质组以有细胞结构惰质组为主,煤中矿物质以黏土矿物和黄铁矿为主;3煤层形成于潮湿的还原环境,为低位泥炭沼泽,成煤植物以草本植物为主,组织结构保存差,遭受破坏程度强。     

Coal petrology of coal seams from the Leão-Butiá Coalfield, Lower Permian of the Paraná Basin, Brazil — Implications for coal facies interpretations

In the Leão-Butiá Coalfield, Rio Grande do Sul the coal seams occur in the Rio Bonito Formation, Guatá Group, Tubarão Supergroup of the Paraná Basin, Brazil and are of Permian (Artinskian–Kungurian) age.This study is the first detailed investigation on the coal petrographic characterization of the coal-bearing sequence in relation to the depositional settings of the precursor mires, both in terms of whole seam characterization and in-seam variations. The study is based on the analyses of nine coal seams (I2, CI, L4, L3, L2, L1, S3, S2, S1), which were selected from core of borehole D-193, Leão-Butiá and represent the entire coal-bearing sequence.The interpretation of coal facies and depositional environment is based on lithotype, maceral and microlithotype analyses using different facies-critical petrographic indices, which were displayed in coal facies diagrams. The seams are characterized by the predominance of dull lithotypes (dull, banded dull). The dullness of the coal is attributed to relatively high mineral matter, inertinite and liptinite contents. The petrographic composition is dominated by vitrinite (28–70 vol.% mmf) and inertinite (> 30 vol.% mmf) groups. Liptinite contents range from 7 to 30 vol.% (mmf) and mineral matter from 4–30 vol.%. Microlithotypes associations are dominated by vitrite, duroclarite, carbominerite and inertite. It is suggested that the observed vertical variations in petrographic characteristics (lithotypes, microlithotypes, macerals, vitrinite reflectance) were controlled by groundwater level fluctuations in the ancient mires due to different accommodation/peat accumulation rates.Correlation of the borehole strata with the general sequence-stratigraphical setting suggests that the alluvial fan system and the coal-bearing mudstone succession are linked to a late transgressive systems tract of sequence 2. Based on average compositional values obtained from coal facies diagrams, a deposition in a limno-telmatic to limnic coal facies is suggested.     

滇东田坝黔西土城晚二叠世煤系上段煤岩特征及煤相分析

本文通过滇东田坝黔西土城晚二叠世煤系上段沉积相、煤层特征和煤岩煤质的综合研究,系统分析了区内煤层形成时的沉积环境.按成煤的古地理位置分为上三角洲煤相和上、下三角洲过渡带-下三角洲煤相两大类型.根据成煤的原始质料、结构构造、煤岩特征和成煤前后环境,详细划分出八种泥炭沼泽相.着重探讨3号煤层形成时的泥炭沼泽相特征及其变化.     

Organic facies and depositional palaeoenvironment of lignites from Rio Maior Basin (Portugal)

The Rio Maior Basin (Portugal) is a tectonic depression, filled by a Pliocene sequence that comprises, from floor to roof: (i) kaoliniferous fine sands, (ii) diatomites and lignites, (iii) recent deposits of sandstone and clay. The diatomites and lignites form a small dissimetric syncline with alternating seams. Ten lignite seams were identified and named from floor to roof as F, E, D, C.2, C.1, C, B, A, a and a′. Seams A, D, E and F are considered to be the main seams.The organic fraction consists mainly of macerals of the huminite group, with small percentages of inertinite and liptinite groups. However, the petrographic composition of each seam is distinct, particularly with regards to macerals of the huminite and liptinite groups.Calculation of petrographic indices permitted to plot the coals in facies and palaeoenvironment diagrams. Five facies have been defined: (i) aquatic, (ii) herbaceous swamp, (iii) mixed swamp with forest and herbaceous vegetation, (vi) forest swamp (wetter) and (v) forest swamp (drier).These lignites are humic coals formed from organic matter of terrestrial origin. The peat biomass at the origin of these coals formed from a very diverse vegetation comprising gymnosperms and angiosperms. In seams F, and occasionally in seams E and D, Botryococcus algae have also contributed to the biomass. Peat deposition corresponded to a rheotrophic hydrological regime: the water level always remained above the topographic surface of the basin. Nevertheless, during the deposition of seam A in the northern part of the basin, the water level was slightly below the topographic surface. The organic matter was preserved in anaeorobic conditions.     

神木煤田延安组1~(-1)、1~(-2)及2~(-2)煤层的煤岩学特征及煤相划分

根据鄂尔多斯盆地神木煤田延安组1~(-1)、1~(-2)及2~(-2)煤层的平均光泽和结构特征,划分出了12种宏观煤岩类型。显微研究表明,该区煤中均质镜质体的含量较高,且多为草本植物和灌木类所组成,因此认为根皮镜质体的大量存在是该区煤的主要煤岩特征之一。此外,一些过渡型显微组分,如半镜质体和半丝质体的含量也相对高。依据因子分析和聚类分析结果并结合凝胶化指数和结构保存指数,划分出4种沼泽相:开阔水域水生植物淤泥相、深覆水草甸沼泽相、浅覆水草本灌木混生沼泽相和陆地森林沼泽相。     

用显微组分的双重属性研究沉积有机相

沉积有机相是近年来国内、外广泛运用于油、气勘探的一种有效的研究方法。沉积有机相的区分主要依据源岩有机质的地球化学性质和光性特征。实际上,源岩显微组分的特征、类型、数量和产状是源岩有机质的岩石学和地球化学特征的双重反映,并和沉积环境密切相关。因此,利用源岩显微组分的属性可以简便快速地确定沉积有机相,并可更好地反映盆地内油气资源的分布状况。根据该方法对准噶尔盆地和吐鲁番-哈密盆地侏罗纪煤系的沉积有机相进行研究,圈定了有利的煤成油相带。     

华北晚古生代成煤环境与成煤模式多样性研究

华北晚古生代聚煤盆地存在活动体系成煤环境和废弃体系成煤环境。前者的海相成煤环境主要为泻湖泥炭坪,陆相成煤环境以三角洲平原沼泽意义最大。晚石炭世至晚二叠世,海相为主的成煤环境逐渐被陆相为主的成煤环境所取代,由盆缘到盆内成煤环境总体呈环带状展布。成煤环境差异性影响了成煤特点,这些成煤特点成为识别海、陆相煤层的显著相标志。华北晚古生代聚煤盆地在时间上和空间上存在成煤模式的多样性,以陆表海滨岸成煤模式、废弃碎屑体系成煤模式和浅水三角洲成煤模式为主。     

二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷煤层气储层特征及勘探潜力

通过分析二连盆地吉尔嘎朗图凹陷煤层的煤厚分布、煤岩煤质、孔隙、等温吸附等特征,并从生气条件和保存条件方面分析其勘探潜力。结果表明,吉尔嘎朗图凹陷煤层厚度10~394 m,显微煤岩组分以腐植组为主（体积分数为80.5%~96.7%）,为低煤级褐煤;煤层Langmuir体积为3.55~10.88 m3/t,平均7.29 m3/t;煤孔隙结构以微孔和小孔为主,孔隙形态多为开放型的圆筒孔或平板孔,这类孔隙结构对煤层气的吸附能力强,煤层气含量为0.97~3.83 m3/t,平均2.08 m3/t。综合以上分析认为,研究区东南部为下一步煤层气勘探目标区,其优势特征为:煤层离正断层较远,煤层气不易散失;煤层顶板岩性以泥岩和粉砂质泥岩为主,有利于煤层气的保存、次生生物气的补给。      

Facies analysis of coal seams from the Cracow Sandstone Series of the Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland

The main purpose of this study was to recognise the variability of petrographical structure of two coal seams occurring in the Cracow Sandstone Series (Upper Carboniferous/Pennsylvanian, Upper Westphalian), being exploited in the Siersza mine. This mine is located in the eastern part of the Upper Silesia Coal Basin (USCB). The chemical analyses and petrographical features allow the inclusion of these coals to the group of hard brown coals belonging to subbituminous class.Two coal seams (207 and 209/210) of a considerable thickness (7.44 and 6.54 m, respectively), representative of the Cracow Sandstone Series (CSS), were chosen for the petrographic studies. Dominant macroscopic constituents of both seams are banded bright coal and banded coal.The coal seams were sampled in 284 intervals using a channel profile sampling strategy. The microscopical examinations revealed the majority of macerals from the vitrinite group (55%), followed by inertinite (21%), liptinite (11%), and mineral matter (13%). Low values of the vitrinite reflectance (R_o=0.46%) confirm very low coalification of the coal in both seams. Facies analysis indicates that in the course of a mire development, in which the studied coal seams originated, wet forest swamp conditions dominated characterized by a high degree of flooding and gelification as well as by a prevalence of arborescent plants. In such conditions, lithotypes with a large content of bright coal were mainly formed. Petrographic and facies data point to the rheotrophic character of these peatbogs. Frequent changes of the conditions in the peatbog, as it is shown by the variability of petrographic structure of the studied profiles, as well as by lateral changes of the phytogenic sedimentary environment within the coal seams, indicate a strong influence of a river channel on the adjoining peatbogs. An accretion of clastic sediments within the wide river channel belts was balanced mainly by the peatbog growth on the areas outside channels. Frequency and rate of avulsion of the river channels influenced the size, continuity and variability of the peatbogs.     

白布勘探区龙潭组沉积环境及成煤条件分析

贵州大方县白布勘探区煤系地层龙潭组为海陆交互相沉积,厚度177～211m,含煤21～36层,煤层总厚18.04～30.29m,可采煤层6层。根据岩性、岩相特征自下而上分为3段,下段为潟湖—潮坪相沉积,并在大部分地区形成泥炭沼泽,形成了可采的33、28号煤层;中段为三角洲相,泥岩沼泽相多在三角洲分流河道间的湖沼区及湖波浪带基础上发育而成,煤层层位稳定,厚度不大;上段为潮坪三角洲相,该期构造活动趋于平稳,形成的煤层层位稳定,厚度大,6中煤0.39～6.88m,7号煤0～3.09m。三段厚度比较接近,反映该区晚二叠世期间地壳沉降均衡。沉积环境差异是本区成煤条件的主要控制因素。     

低可容空间浅水三角洲沉积层序及聚煤模式:以渤海湾地区下二叠统山西组为例*

为研究低可容空间浅水三角洲体系沉积层序及聚煤模式,以渤海湾地区下二叠统山西组为主要研究对象,开展层序地层研究,在层序地层格架内揭示低可容空间浅水三角洲体系聚煤模式。根据沉积相转换面以及下切谷冲刷面两类不整合面(SU)可将山西组划分为3个三级层序Sq1、Sq2及Sq3,每个三级层序代表 1期三角洲。通过最大洪泛面(MFS)与最大水退面(MRS)将每个三级层序划分为LST、TST及HST 3个体系域,代表 9个四级层序。根据岩性参数等值线绘制一系列特定于层序的沉积相图,在可容空间增长速率及泥炭堆积速率的控制下,三角洲平原泛滥平原及三角洲前缘泥炭沼泽为聚煤中心,位于冀中坳陷东部、黄骅坳陷中北部以及济阳坳陷部分地区。泛滥平原中形成的煤层厚度大,且聚煤中心具有随三角洲推进逐渐南移的趋势,三角洲前缘聚煤环境相对较差,形成的煤层厚度较薄,且易被分流河道砂体冲刷。渤海湾地区下二叠统浅水三角洲层序地层学及沉积学分析为聚煤模式提供了基础,该模式包括LST、TST早期、TST中期、TST晚期以及HST 5个时期的演化。煤层主要聚集在Sq1与Sq2的TST以及HST时期。这些成果对渤海湾地区煤炭资源勘探及提高钻探工程地质效果具有现实意义。