稀土硫铵废水零排放工艺应用

采用软化过滤+膜浓缩+MVR蒸发结晶工艺对稀土硫铵废水进行零排放处理,软化部分通过添加碳酸氢铵和氨水进行,不引入新离子,吨水碳铵加药0.3%,吨水氨水加药0.4%时,钙去除可达75%以上,过滤段和浓缩段,采用多级过滤+高压反渗透方式,可将原液浓缩3倍至TDS达到120 g/l,最后通过二级强制循环MVR蒸发结晶系统产出硫酸铵。反渗透回用产水氨氮指标可低于20 mg/l,MVR回用产水氨氮指标低于50mg/l。     

电渗析在白酒生产中的应用

白酒加浆水需经软化处理 ,否则会造成固形物超标。常用设备有离子交换器、反渗透、电渗析等 ,与离子交换器、反渗透比较 ,电渗析具有运行成本低、得水率高的特点 ,适合中小酒厂使用 ,处理水的电导率控制在2.5μs/cm以下为宜。操作上稍嫌麻烦 ,需每隔0.5h测一次电导率 ,每2h换一次电极 ,每月酸洗一次。(一平)     

电渗析在白酒生产中的应用

白酒加浆水需经软化处理 ,否则会造成固形物超标。常用设备有离子交换器、反渗透、电渗析等 ,与离子交换器、反渗透比较 ,电渗析具有运行成本低、得水率高的特点 ,适合中小酒厂使用 ,处理水的电导率控制在2.5μs/cm以下为宜。操作上稍嫌麻烦 ,需每隔0.5h测一次电导率 ,每2h换一次电极 ,每月酸洗一次。(一平)     

超导磁吸附卤水提锂研究

以某盐湖提钾后老卤为研究对象,其中锂含量仅有0.15g/L,镁锂比达到800∶1。磁性铝系吸附剂的饱和吸附容量为4.3mg/g,提锂后吸附剂利用超导磁选机实现与卤水的固液分离,同步实现洗盐和解吸,最终得到含锂解吸液产品。研究表明,超导磁选机采用钢网片聚磁介质,背景磁场强度2 400kA/m,吸附剂浓度10%,下料速度10cm/s的情况下,吸附剂的截留率达到99%以上。在500mL淡水洗盐,1.5L淡水解吸,解吸液中Li^+0.28g/L,Mg^2+0.57g/L,全流程卤水中锂的回收率在80%以上;吸附剂在磁选机进行100次吸附解吸循环,吸附剂累计丢失8.9%。该工艺有一定的工业利用价值。     

纳滤浓缩稀土母液沉淀上清液的实验研究

以赣州某稀土公司浸矿所得稀土母液经NH₄HCO₃除杂沉淀后的上清液为处理对象,主要研究纳滤技术对原液中稀土离子的浓缩效率,以及对NH₃-N分离回收情况,以期能够为工业化分离应用提供借鉴.实验表明,当原液中稀土离子浓度为142.9 mg/L,氨氮浓度为346.1 mg/L时,在操作压力为0.8 MPa,进水pH值为6.49,运行温度为25 ℃的条件下,浓缩液侧稀土离子截留率达到95 %以上,Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Zn2+等杂质离子截留率能够达到75 %~90 %,透过液侧氨氮浓度为原浓度的60 %左右,有一定的浓缩效果;6.0 L的稀土母液沉淀上清液浓缩至0.6 L时,RE3+浓度升高至1 242.0 mg/L,浓缩了近8.69倍.      

热法海淡浓盐水用于膜法工艺的中试研究

采用多介质过滤器、中空纤维超滤膜及反渗透膜组件,使用热法海淡浓盐水作为水源进行中试研究分析。结果表明,多介质进水浊度约20 NTU,产水浊度初始平均值为3 NTU,当进水浊度超过30 NTU时,投加1～2 mg/L的铝系混凝剂,出水浊度可以维持在5 NTU左右;使用国产超滤膜,超滤单元产水通量在57.5 LMH运行时,7 d左右实践跨膜压差升高至42 k Pa左右,EFM清洗后跨膜压差可降至初始值;使用高脱盐反渗透膜,水温在35℃及以下时,产水电导率小于800μs/cm,氯离子浓度低于220 mg/L。     

电渗析器烧膜的原因和改进意见

一、试验中出现的情况我们做废水电渗析除盐、脱氟试验时,采用浓水循环式,控制排液量浓水:淡化水=1:20,当原水含盐≈700毫克升,淡化水含盐量≈200毫克/升,浓水含盐量在10000～12000毫克/升,用无锡塑料三厂产400×1600×0.8毫米无回路隔板400对膜二级二段之电渗析器试生产时发现: (1) 靠近电极的若干对膜和隔板,     

溶剂萃取法制备电池级高纯硫酸锰

以Versatic10为萃取剂从含钙、镁、钾、钠的模拟硫酸锰浸出液中选择性萃取锰。在萃取剂浓度30%、皂化率50%、相比O/A=4/1、35℃两级逆流萃取10min后,得到平均锰含量为13.5g/L的负载有机相,锰萃取率达85.34%。负载有机相和2mol/L硫酸反萃液在相比O/A=8/1、反萃温度35℃、两级逆流反萃的条件下,得到平均锰含量为107.89g/L的反萃后液,锰反萃率达99.94%,其中钙、镁、钾、钠的浓度均小于15mg/L。反萃后液经活性炭吸附、浓缩结晶并干燥后,获得了满足电池级高纯硫酸锰要求的一水硫酸锰产品。     

赤峰金剑铜业技改项目生产原水处理工艺初探

赤峰金剑铜业技改项目生产原水采用城市中水。该中水水质平均硬度为381.09 mg/L、碱度217.72 mg/L、COD 32.25 mg/L,进水水质相对较好。为保证生产用水的安全性,需对中水进行处理。设计采用"预处理+超滤+二级膜处理+EDI深度处理"的流程,经处理后的一级反渗透出水用作循环水补充水,另一部分一级反渗透出水经二级反渗透及EDI深度处理后出水用作锅炉补给水。采用工艺处理后,产水水质、排水水质均可达到国家标准。     

用N235从高浓度盐酸溶液中萃取铼

研究了用N235从高浓度盐酸溶液中萃取铼及用NaOH溶液反萃取铼,考察了萃取剂组成、相比、两相接触时间对萃取和反萃取的影响。结果表明:对于铼质量浓度38.4 mg/L、HCl浓度5.5 mol/L的溶液,用5%N235+1.5%仲辛醇+93.5%磺化煤油进行萃取,在V_o/V_a=1/10、两相接触时间1 min条件下经3级逆流萃取,铼萃取率达97%;对于负载铼质量浓度540 mg/L的有机相,用清水洗涤后,在V_o/V_a=15/1、接触时间30 s条件下,用浓度为1.5 mol/L的NaOH溶液进行反萃取,铼的单级反萃取率为99.5%。铼的分离效果较好。     

高炉循环冷却水的超声波处理

 为探究超声波对高炉循环冷却水的阻垢效应,采用正交试验方法研究超声频率、功率和循环水流速对高炉循环冷却水Ca2+浓度的影响。结果表明：影响主次顺序为超声频率＞循环水流速＞超声功率;阻垢效果最佳组合参数为超声频率30kHz,循环水流速0.6m/s,超声功率为400W（100W/cm2换能器与循环水管接触面积）,此条件下作用8h Ca2+浓度为84.2mg/L,阻垢效果明显;对超声波作用下模拟水样的电导率与时间的关系进行了曲线拟合;当超声功率为400W时,运行8h后的实际能耗为3.571kW·h,效率最高,达到89.6%。     

磁处理对循环冷却水缔合程度的影响

基于L16(45)的正交试验，通过TDS、电导率以及表面张力的极差分析结果和最佳值出现差异的原因，综合研究了磁处理过程中各个因素对循环冷却水缔合程度的影响，发现在离子质量浓度为900 mg/L、温度为35 ℃、流速为0.4 m/s、磁场强度为0.5 T的情况下，TDS和电导率均达到最佳值，水分子的缔合程度和离子质量浓度也相应达到了最大值，此时磁处理的除垢效果最好。但表面张力达到最佳值时，水分子的缔合程度却出现了差异，主要表现为当其最佳值的条件不同于TDS和电导率的最佳条件时，水分子的缔合程度减弱了，结果导致磁处理的除垢效率减弱。当表面张力、TDS、电导率达到最佳值的条件一致时，磁处理是加强水分子缔合程度的，同样也增强了磁处理的阻垢效果。     

双膜法在安钢污水深度处理中的应用

工业废水水处理达到国家二级排放标准的外排水,采用双膜法进行深度处理,经过预处理、超滤、反渗透、混床产出合格的脱盐水,出水水质电导率小于10μS/cm,二氧化硅含量小于0.1 mg/L,该工艺环保又节能。     

Treatment of Reused Comprehensive Wastewater in Iron and Steel Industry With Electrosorption Technology

 Electrosorption technology was used to treat the reused comprehensive wastewater from iron and steel industry. A problem of relatively high conductivity of wastewater which greatly affects the reuse was examined, and industrial test was conducted for the reused water advanced deionization and purification in a comprehensive wastewater treatment plant of WISCO [Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Corporation]. The results of the on site industrial test showed a satisfactory treatment performance for the reused water even at a flow rate of 1000 L/h in a standard 500 L/h unit. The average conductivity decreased by about 70%, from 580-780 μS/cm to 100-350 μS/cm. The average removal efficiency of Cl- and Ca2+ was about 75% and 68%, respectively, and CODCr of the treated water was also reduced in some degree while the pH value was almost unchanged. The energy consumption was as low as 06 kWh/t, which was remarkably superior to the conventional technologies. Therefore, it is entirely feasible that the novel electrosorption technology can be used in enhanced desalination and purification treatment of reused comprehensive wastewater in iron and steel industry.     

大同盆地地下水中铀的成因机制及其健康风险评价

查明地下水中铀(U)的分布特征、富集机制及对不同人群的暴露风险,为干旱-半干旱地区地下水资源保护和可持续利用提供数据支持。综合利用Shukarev分类法、热力学计算、水文地球化学数值模拟和人类健康风险评估(HRA)等方法,分析了大同盆地地下水和地表水中U污染分布特征和形态分布,解释了地下水中U的形成机制,评估了U污染对不同人群的暴露风险。结果表明,地下水TDS分布范围较大,为27.60～4 034.00 mg/L,其中浅层地下水(Ⅰ区)整体上TDS较高,为338.00～4 034.00 mg/L(平均1 371.80 mg/L),U含量为0～2.44 mg/L(平均0.26 mg/L),超标率为71.74%,与TOC、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-浓度垂向分布一致,随着埋深深度增加,整体浓度呈现变小趋势。氧化还原条件、络合、吸附和蒸发浓缩作用是控制研究区地下水中U浓度和形态分布的机制,其中微生物参与下的还原作用是制约地下水中U浓度的关键。此外,铀酰离子(UO₂²⁺)...     

Groundwater Classification Using Multivariate Statistical Methods: Birimian Basin, Ghana

Groundwater from the aquifers of Birimian system in the northern and southern sections of the country was sampled for the concentrations of the major ions in the area. The objective was to determine the spatial groundwater associations which will in turn be used to infer the position of each groundwater group in the flow system. In addition, this study intended to determine the major sources of variation in the hydrochemistry and the suitability of groundwater from aquifers of the Birimian system for irrigation activities. R-mode factor and Q-mode hierarchical cluster analyses were used together with conventional graphical techniques. This study revealed four groundwater associations (clusters) representing three major groundwater types in the Birimian System: the Ca–HCO3 water types which make up Clusters (groups) 1 and 2 members; the Na-K-Cl water types comprising cluster 3 members, and Mg–HCO3 water types comprising Cluster 4 members. Cluster 2 has the lowest average electrical conductivity of 194 mS/m with total dissolved solids (TDS) ranging between 50 and 250 mg/L. This is the freshest groundwater type in the area and is typical of groundwater in recharge areas of the groundwater flow system. Cluster 1 members range in salinity between 50 and 500 mg/L. The highest average salinity is contained in Cluster 3, with TDS in the range of 300 to 1,000 mg/L, which is characteristic of groundwaters in discharge areas of the groundwater flow system. Members of this group are also characterized by high fluoride concentrations; average fluoride concentration in this group is 4.60 mg/L. Cluster 3 is the least desirable of the four clusters, for domestic water supply. Cluster 4 has TDS in the range of 300 and 1,000 mg/L, with low fluoride content. This study finds that the hydrochemistry of groundwater in the terrain is controlled by three major factors: silicate mineral weathering and cation exchange, carbonate mineral weathering, and chemical fertilizers from farms in the area. All the groundwater clusters have low sodium content and will not pose the sodium hazard when used for irrigation. However, as a result of high permeability indices, all but one of the Cluster 2 members plot within the class III region of the Doneen’s chart and are therefore unsuitable for irrigation on these grounds. Clusters 3 and 4 members are the best water types, while Cluster 1 members are equally distributed between Classes II and III categories.     

Simulation of Construction and Demolition Waste Leachate

Solid waste produced from construction and demolition (C&D) activities is typically disposed of in unlined landfills. Knowledge of C&D debris landfill leachate is limited in comparison to other types of wastes. A laboratory study was performed to examine leachate resulting from simulated rainfall infiltrating a mixed C&D waste stream consisting of common construction materials (e.g., concrete, wood, drywall). Lysimeters (leaching columns) filled with the mixed C&D waste were operated under flooded and unsaturated conditions. Leachate constituent concentrations in the leachate from specific waste components were also examined. Leachate samples were collected and analyzed for a number of conventional water quality parameters including pH, alkalinity, total organic carbon, total dissolved solids, and sulfate. In experiments with the mixed C&D waste, high concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) and sulfate were detected in the leachate. C&D leachates produced as a result of unsaturated conditions exhibited TDS concentrations in the range of 570–2,200 mg∕L. The major contributor to the TDS was sulfate, which ranged in concentration between 280 and 930 mg∕L. The concentrations of sulfate in the leachate exceeded the sulfate secondary drinking water standard of 250 mg∕L. The leachate produced from lysimeters exposed to conditions of constant flooding possessed a greater concentration of dissolved constituents than leachate from the unsaturated lysimeters. The sulfate concentration ranged from 950 to 1100 mg∕L. In both scenarios, the primary ions contributing to the dissolved solids were sulfate and calcium, both a result of gypsum drywall. The flooded lysimeters remained at a constant pH of 11 throughout the experiment, whereas the pH dropped to neutral conditions (pH 6–7) in the unsaturated columns after 1 month of the leaching experiment. The high pH of leachate from the flooded columns was attributed to concrete. Based on leaching tests on individual waste components, wood and cardboard were the primary materials contributing to dissolved organic carbon. The organic carbon concentrations in the leachate were generally lower than typical municipal waste leachate. The biological conversion of sulfate to sulfide was evident in many columns, and was most pronounced in the unsaturated, mixed-waste columns.     

Removal of TDS from Cooling Tower Water by Using EDTA-Modified Bagasse Fibers

Modified by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) salts and unmodified bagasse fibers were tested for the removal of total dissolved solids (TDSs) from cooling tower water. Parameters such as hydrogen ion concentration (pH), particle size of bagasse fibers, and the concentrations of adsorbent and adsorbate were studied to optimize the conditions to be applied on a commercial scale for the decontamination of effluents of cooling tower water. The optimum pH for TDS removal was between 6 and 6.5. The efficiency of TDS removal increased when the size of fiber particles decreased (100?μm) and when the concentration of EDTA salt increased to reach 78 mg/g of modified bagasse fibers. The adsorption parameters were determined using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The preferential mechanisms for the retention of TDSs are a complexation process between the TDSs and chemical functions present on the surface of fibers, and the chelation process with the EDTA attached to the fibers. The results obtained could be valuable for application to cooling tower water treatment and for the softening of hard drinking water.     

电催化氧化法去除黄金冶炼废水中氰化物和氨氮试验研究

对黄金冶炼废水进行了电催化氧化处理研究,考察了氯离子质量浓度、极板间距、电流密度等因素对氰化物和氨氮去除效果的影响。最佳工艺参数为:废水初始pH值9.28、氯离子初始质量浓度25 g/L、极板间距20 mm、电流密度16.3 mA/cm2、废水循环流速64 mL/min。在最佳工艺条件下,电解150 min,氰化物质量浓度从28.84 mg/L降至0.20 mg/L,氨氮质量浓度从700 mg/L降至7 mg/L,去除率分别为99.3%、99.0%,处理后废水中的总氰、氨氮均可达到《GB 8978—1996污水综合排放标准》一级标准。