CO2对CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂前体老化及催化性能的影响

采用并流共沉淀法制备CuO/ZnO/Al2O3甲醇合成催化剂前体,在通入CO2条件下老化,采用XRD、FT-IR、DTG、H2-TPR、XPS等表征手段对制备的前体及焙烧后的催化剂进行表征,研究不同CO2通入量对前体晶相转变、微观结构及其焙烧后催化性能的影响。研究结果表明,老化阶段通入CO2后,沉淀母液的pH值趋于7,产生CO32?离子,进而影响Zn2+的沉淀,促进Cu2+进入Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6晶格中取代Zn2+形成绿铜锌矿(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6物相,有助于增强焙烧后催化剂的Cu-Zn之间协同作用,增加活性组分Cu分散度。CO2通入量为40 mL/min时,制备的催化剂在浆态床合成甲醇过程中表现出良好的催化活性和稳定性,甲醇时空收率（STY）达到301.78 g/(kg?h),失活率仅为0.15%/d,与未通入CO2辅助老化制备的催化剂相比,时空收率提高了9.72%,平均失活率降低了33.33%。     

CO+H_2合成低碳混合醇 Cu/ZnO/MgO(K)催化剂的研制及其催化性能考察

研制了以 Mg 为第三调变组分的 Cu/ZnO/MgO(K)合成低碳混合醇催化剂。实验表明,该催化剂的催化性能优于 Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3(K)催化剂,经200h 稳定性考察证明,其催化性能稳定、可靠。考察了反应条件(温度、压力、空速)对反应的影响及其规律,实验结果表明,反应条件对催化剂的催化性能影响显著。本文对实验结果进行了讨论。     

Cu/Zn比对CuO/ZnO/ZrO_2催化CO_2加氢合成甲醇性能的影响

研究了不同Cu/Zn摩尔比对CO2加氢合成甲醇催化性能的影响。采用草酸凝胶共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Cu/Zn摩尔比的Cu O/Zn O/Zr O2催化剂,考察不同温度及Cu/Zn摩尔比对催化性能的影响,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和程序升温脱附(H2/CO2-TPD)技术对催化剂的结构和性质进行表征。结果表明:适宜的Cu/Zn摩尔比可以提高催化剂的反应性能。在513 K,2.0 MPa,n(H2)/n(CO2)=3/1和GHSV=4 800 h-1反应条件下,当R(Cu/Zn)=4时,Cu O/Zn O/Zr O2催化剂反应性能最好,CO2转化率高达17.8%,甲醇选择性高达67.8%。     

含CO2合成气低温合成甲醇的研究

以含CO₂的合成气为原料,Cu-Zn基催化剂,醇溶剂,低温、低压（443 K、3.0 MPa）下合成甲醇。考察了时间、溶剂和催化剂对反应的影响。结果表明,随着反应时间的增加,碳的总转化率、甲醇选择性及收率均逐渐增加;醇溶剂参与反应,但并不被消耗,起到助催化作用,且2-丁醇溶剂表现出较高的反应活性;ZnO、Y₂O₃、La₂O₃、MgO和Al₂O₃作为载体制得的Cu/M_xO_y催化剂,Cu/ZnO呈现出较高的反应活性;稀土元素La作为助剂,能提高Cu-Zn基催化剂的活性,当使用n(Cu)∶n(Zn+La)=1∶1,且n(Zn)∶n(La)=3∶2的Cu/ZnO/La2O3催化剂进行甲醇合成反应时,碳总转化率、甲醇的选择性和收率均高于Cu/ZnO催化剂。     

Cu/ZnO/Zn-Al水滑石催化剂的制备及在富CO_2合成气制甲醇反应中的催化性能

传统Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3(CZA)甲醇合成催化剂在富CO_2合成气制甲醇反应中的性能不高。为了提高CZA催化剂的性能,采用并流沉淀-水热老化法制备Zn-Al水滑石(Zn-Al-HT)载体,与Cu-Zn母体复合得到Cu-ZnO/Zn-Al-HT(HCZA)催化剂。对载体以及催化剂进行表征,考察不同水滑石含量的HCZAx(x=1~4)催化剂在富CO_2合成气制甲醇反应中的催化性能,并在HCZA3催化剂上进行120h稳定性试验。结果表明,还原态催化剂上Cu比表面积越大,催化剂上总碳转化率越高;催化剂中Zn-Al-HT相含量越高,液相有机相中甲醇含量越高;HCZA3催化剂具有良好的催化稳定性。     

焙烧温度对MgO修饰Cu/ZnO催化剂结构及催化草酸二甲酯加氢反应研究

采用共沉淀法制备了系列掺杂Mg2+离子的Cu-Mg/ZnO[n(Cu)∶n(Zn)=5∶4]催化剂,并用N2吸附-脱附、XRD和H2-TPR等对催化剂进行表征,考察焙烧温度对催化剂结构及其催化草酸二甲酯加氢反应性能的影响。结果表明,经350℃焙烧所得Cu-Mg/ZnO-c350催化剂具有较大的比表面积,发达的介孔结构,较高的Cu物种分散性和较多的表面Cu0活性位;而较高的焙烧温度导致催化剂中纳米粒子聚集烧结,降低催化剂比表面积、孔径尺度和表面Cu0活性物种数量。适宜反应条件,Cu-Mg/ZnO-c350催化剂催化草酸二甲酯气相加氢反应转化率为100%,乙二醇收率为95%。此外,较强的金属-载体作用力抑制铜活性物种的抗烧结能力,赋予其优异的稳定性。     

稀土助剂Pr改性Cu/Zn/ZrO2合成甲醇催化剂的催化性能

采用共沉淀法制备了Cu/Zn/ZrO2催化剂,并以稀土元素镨(Pr)为助剂添加不同含量对其进行改性。通过XRD、H2-TPR、CO2-TPD等表征手段考察了稀土助剂Pr2O3的含量对Cu/Zn/ZrO2催化剂结构的影响。在固定床连续流动反应装置上考察了5种助剂含量改性的Cu/Zn/ZrO2催化剂对CO2加氢合成甲醇反应的催化性能。结果表明:加入稀土助剂后,催化剂的表面碱性明显增强,有效地促进了活性组分的分散,稳定了催化剂的活性中心。当Pr2O3的含量为3%时,Cu/Zn/ZrO2催化剂催化活性最佳。     

甲醇水蒸汽转化制氢Cu1Zn1Al3.2催化剂研究

采用浸渍法制备了一系列CuxZnyAlz催化剂,考察了催化剂焙烧温度和组成对甲醇水蒸汽转化制氢反应性能的影响, 用TG-DTA、XRD和SEM等方法对催化剂性能进行了表征.结果表明:400℃焙烧、Cu/Zn/Al配比(摩尔)为1:1:3.2时,制备的Cu1Zn1Al3.2催化剂具有良好催化性能;Cu1Zn1Al3.2催化剂较为适宜的反应工艺条件为:反应温度240～250℃,水/醇比1.1～1.3,液体质量空速1～2 h-1;甲醇转化率达到100%,二氧化碳选择性大于97%.本研究制备的Cu1Zn1Al3.2催化剂中CuO 含量仅为24.53%(质量),约为通常共沉淀法制备的Cu/Zn/Al催化剂的CuO 含量的50%,但Cu1Zn1Al3.2催化剂对甲醇水蒸汽转化制氢反应性能与共沉淀法相当.为甲醇水蒸汽转化制氢技术用于燃料电池用氢和中小规模制氢过程提供依据.     

原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂上CO_2加氢合成甲醇反应研究

采用室温固相研磨法制备原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂,并将其用于CO_2加氢合成甲醇反应。利用XRD、BET、TG-DTG等手段对催化剂性能进行了表征,利用高压固定床反应装置对催化剂活性进行了评价,考察了甲酸用量、焙烧温度及升温速率等条件对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,室温固相研磨得到的前驱体在N_2中焙烧,前驱体氧化分解和还原活化一步完成,无需外加H_2还原,直接制得了原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂。随甲酸用量、焙烧温度、升温速率增加,催化活性呈现先增加后减小趋势。Cu/Zn摩尔比为1∶1和HCOOH/(Cu+Zn)摩尔比11∶1,前驱体于N_2中焙烧温度573 K和升温速率3 K/min时,制得的原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂在CO_2加氢合成甲醇反应中呈现最佳活性,CO_2转化率和甲醇产率分别达到了33.44%和28.17%。与空气中焙烧再外加5%H_2还原的Cu/ZnO催化剂相比,原位还原Cu/ZnO催化剂比表面积较高,Cu~0粒径较小,催化活性较高。     

MgO、CaO助剂对CO2加氢制备甲醇CuO-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了MgO、CaO改性CuO-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂,通过XRD、N2物理吸附-脱附、TG-DTG、H2-TPR、CO2-TPD等表征手段,探讨助剂MgO、CaO添加对催化剂前体物相组成及催化剂微观结构的影响,考察了CO2加氢制备甲醇反应中MgO、CaO改性CuO-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂的性能。结果表明,CaO改性催化剂前体中形成的锌孔雀石相(Cu,Zn)2CO3(OH)2、绿铜锌矿相(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6,促进了催化剂中Cu-Zn协同活性位数量增加,同时助剂CaO的添加降低了催化剂中CuO和ZnO的晶粒度,增大了催化剂比表面积,改善了铜组分的表面分散度,有利于催化剂活性提高;MgO改性催化剂前体生成了绿铜锌矿相(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6,但没有锌孔雀石相(Cu,Zn)2CO3(OH)2生成,焙烧后催化剂中Cu-Zn协同作用较弱,此外MgO改性后催化剂比表面积减小,催化反应活性降低。MgO、CaO作为碱性助剂,调变了催化剂表面的碱强度和碱中心浓度,CaO改性催化剂的表面碱强度大于MgO改性催化剂,与CaO、MgO的碱性强度顺序一致,即CaO>MgO。     

Preparation of Cu/ZnO catalyst using a polyol method for alcohol-assisted low temperature methanol synthesis from syngas

A polyol method was used to prepare Cu/ZnO catalysts for alcohol-assisted low temperature methanol synthesis from syngas. Unlike conventional low temperature methanol synthesis, ethanol was employed both as a solvent and a reaction intermediate. Catalyst characterization revealed that Cu/ZnO catalysts were successfully and efficiently prepared using the polyol method. Various preparation conditions such as PVP concentration and identity of ZnO precursor strongly influenced the catalytic activity of Cu/ZnO catalysts. Copper dispersion and catalyst morphology played key roles in determining the catalytic performance of the Cu/ZnO catalyst in alcohol-assisted low temperature methanol synthesis. A high copper dispersion and platelike Cu/ZnO structure led to high catalytic activity. Among the catalysts tested, 5_Cu/ZnO_Zn(Ac)₂ had the best catalytic performance due to its high copper dispersion.     

Active sites in Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO/H2

Among various Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts with the Cu/Zn ratio of 3/7, the one with 15 wt.% of ZrO₂ obtains the best activity for methanol synthesis by hydrogenation of CO. The TPR, TPO and XPS analyses reveal that a new copper oxide phase is formed in the calcined Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts by the dissolution of zirconium ions in copper oxide. In addition, the Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalyst with 15 wt.% of ZrO₂ turns out to contain the largest amount of the new copper oxide phase. When the Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts is reduced, the Cu²⁺ species present in the ZrO₂ lattice is transformed to Cu⁺ species. This leads to the speculation that the addition of ZrO₂ to Cu/ZnO catalysts gives rise to the formation of Cu⁺ species, which is related to the methanol synthesis activity of Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalyst in addition to Cu metal particles. Consequently, the ratio of Cu⁺/Cu⁰ is an important factor for the specific activity of Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalyst for methanol synthesis.     

Ce掺杂的蛋壳型CuO/ZnO/SiO2颗粒催化剂的制备和表征

用添加表面活性剂的两步沉淀法制备了以蛋壳型纳米空心SiO2为载体的CuO/ZnO催化剂和掺杂Ce的CuO/ZnO催化剂,初步考察了两组催化剂用于一氧化碳加氢合成甲醇的催化性能,并采用TEM, BET, XRD, XPS等方法对催化剂的结构进行了表征. 结果表明,以纳米空心SiO2为载体的CuO/ZnO催化剂具有较大的比表面积,活性成分在载体表面分散均匀,粒径在13 nm左右. 加入掺杂剂Ce能有效提高催化剂的活性和选择性：一方面,Ce可以降低Cu 2p3/2和Zn 2p3/2的表面结合能, 使氧化铜更容易被氢气还原成铜;另一方面,Ce也能增强铜锌之间的相互作用,抑制铜粒子的烧结,改善活性成分的分散.     

The effect of ZnO in methanol synthesis catalysts on Cu dispersion and the specific activity

The effect of ZnO in Cu/ZnO catalysts prepared by the coprecipitation method has been studied using measurements of the surface area of Cu, the specific activity for the methanol synthesis by hydrogenation of CO₂, and XRD. Although the Cu surface area increases with increasing ZnO content (0–50 wt%) as is generally known, the specific activity of the Cu/ZnO catalysts with various weight ratios of Cu:ZnO is greater than that of a ZnO-free Cu catalyst. These facts clearly indicate that the role of ZnO in Cu/ZnO catalysts can be ascribed to both increases in the Cu dispersion and the specific activity. The XRD results indicate the formation of a Cu–Zn alloy in the Cu particles of the Cu/ZnO catalysts, leading to the increase in specific activity. It is thus considered that the Cu–Zn surface alloy or a Cu–Zn site is the active site for methanol synthesis in addition to metallic copper atoms that catalyze several hydrogenation steps during the methanol synthesis. Furthermore, the advantage of the coprecipitation method through a precursor of aurichalcite is ascribed to both improvements in the Cu surface area and the specific activity. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A new method of low-temperature methanol synthesis on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts from CO/CO2/H2

A new synthesis method of low-temperature methanol proceeded on Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts from CO/CO₂/H₂ using 2-butanol as promoters. The Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by co-impregnation of r-Al₂O₃ with an aqueous solution of copper nitrate and zinc nitrate. The total carbon turnover frequency (TOF), the yield and selectivity of methanol were the highest by using the Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst with copper loading of 5% and the Zn/Cu molar ratio of 1/1, which precursor were not calcined, and reduced at 493 K. The activity of the catalysts increased due to the presence of the CuO/ZnO phase in the oxidized form of impregnation Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The active sites of the Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst for methanol synthesis are not only metallic Cu but also special sites such as the Cu–Zn site, i.e. metallic Cu and the Cu–Zn site work cooperatively to catalyze the methanol synthesis reaction.     

基于生物模板制备二氧化碳加氢反应的Cu/ZnO催化剂

采用油菜花粉作为生物模板制备了具有多层次孔结构的ZnO,再通过浸渍还原法将Cu负载于ZnO上制备了具有不同结构的Cu/ZnO负载型催化剂（bio-CZ-500）,研究发现在500℃条件下焙烧制备的bio-CZ-500催化剂在CO₂加氢反应中经过100 h测试活性几乎不变,同时甲醇选择性高达81%。相比之下,无生物模板制备的Cu/ZnO催化剂显示出较低甲醇选择性（50%）,且催化剂在12 h内快速失活。通过透射电镜、扫描电镜、氮气吸脱附、红外光谱、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、接触角测试、程序升温等表征技术揭示了bio-CZ-500催化剂具有多级孔碳结构、丰富的Cu-ZnO活性界面和较高的水接触角。催化剂的弱亲水性加快了副产物水的扩散,促进了中间体分解制甲醇,同时抑制了铜颗粒的烧结失活,从而提高甲醇的选择性与催化剂的稳定性。该工作为制备高效稳定的Cu基工业催化剂提供了新方法。     

Methanol synthesis over Cu/ZnO catalysts prepared by ball milling

Cu/ZnO catalysts (with a Cu/Zn atomic ratio of 30/70) have been prepared by high intensity mechanical mixing of copper and zinc oxide powder in air and under vacuum. During milling in vacuum gradual amorphisation of the constituents occurs, as evidenced by broadening of the Cu⁰ and ZnO diffraction peaks in XRD, but the two original phases remain. The result of such treatment is a catalyst with low BET area and low Cu metal surface area. Consequently, the activity of the vacuum milled samples in batch methanol production from synthesis gas (CO/CO₂/H₂=20/5/75) at 50 bar and 250°C is low. Milling in air leads to oxidation of the copper metal phase and much higher BET surface area and, after reduction, Cu metal surface area. Prolonged milling times in air result in more than 90% Cu²⁺ formation as evidenced by TPR. Activity in methanol synthesis for the air milled samples is comparable to a conventional Cu/ZnO catalyst prepared by coprecipitation. It is concluded that high intensity ball milling at ambient conditions is a promising method to prepare mixed oxide catalysts or catalyst precursors. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effective MgO surface doping of Cu/Zn/Al oxides as water–gas shift catalysts

Trace amounts of MgO were doped on Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts with the Cu/Zn/Al molar ratio of 45/45/10 and tested for the water–gas shift (WGS) reaction. A mixture of Zn(Cu)–Al hydrotalcite (HT) and Cu/Zn aurichalcite was prepared by co-precipitation (cp) of the metal nitrates and calcined at 300 °C to form the catalyst precursor. When the precursor was dispersed in an aqueous solution of Mg(II) nitrate, HT was reconstituted by the “memory effect.” During this procedure, the catalyst particle surface was modified by MgO-doping, leading to a high sustainability. Contrarily, cp-Mg/Cu/Zn/Al prepared by Mg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Al³⁺ co-precipitation as a control exhibited high activity but low sustainability. Mg²⁺ ions were enriched in the surface layer of m-Mg–Cu/Zn/Al, whereas Mg²⁺ ions were homogeneously distributed throughout the particles of cp-Mg/Cu/Zn/Al. CuO particles were significantly sintered on the m-catalyst during the dispersion, whereas CuO particles were highly dispersed on the cp-catalyst. However, the m-catalyst was more sustainable against sintering than the cp-catalyst. Judging from TOF, the surface doping of MgO more efficiently enhanced an intrinsic activity of the m-catalyst than the cp-catalyst. Trace amounts of MgO on the catalyst surface were enough to enhance both activity and sustainability of the m-catalyst by accelerating the reduction–oxidation between Cu⁰ and Cu⁺ and by suppressing Cu⁰ (or Cu⁺) oxidation to Cu²⁺.