上海地区适应性热舒适研究

为研究上海地区人体热感觉和适应性热舒适现状,通过环境参数测量和问卷调查结合的方式来分析和探讨室内外气候条件、服装热阻、热感觉等关系。本文主要涉及自然通风建筑内人体热感觉和热中性温度随季节变化的关系。结果表明:在适应性热舒适研究中,人体中性温度与室外环境温度具有较强的相关性,得到的上海地区适应性热舒适模型可为适合我国自身特点的热舒适研究提供依据。     

均匀和不均匀热环境下热感觉、热可接受度和热舒适的关系

对30名受试者采用问卷调查的方式,研究了均匀热环境和不均匀热环境下人体全身热感觉、热可接受度和热舒适的关系。结果显示,在均匀热环境下,全身热感觉、热可接受度和热舒适具有较强的线性相关关系,可接受范围涵盖了(0,1.5)的热感觉投票和"舒适"与"稍有不适"标度范围内的热舒适投票;在不均匀热环境下,全身热可接受度与热舒适密切相关,而全身热感觉与热可接受度和热舒适出现分离,热感觉不均匀度是其原因。综合考虑全身热感觉和热感觉不均匀度的影响,提出了综合评价模型。经验证,该模型适用于全身热状态为中性偏热的均匀和不均匀热环境。     

关于"热舒适"的讨论

指出了人体热反应研究中关于热舒适的一些模糊概念及对热舒适与热感觉关系的含混认识。分析了热舒适与热感觉的不同含义、现有的不同解释及两者的稳态和动态条件下的差别。     

室内热舒适评价方法探讨

从世界各国热舒适现场研究的实际情况出发,对PMV模型和适应性模型（Adaptive Model）的优势和不足之处进行了比较。PMV模型适用于评价装有中央制冷、采暖、通风的室内热舒适,对于自然通风的室内环境,它预测的热感觉比人体实际热感觉高。而适应性模型更强调人的适应性,人体通过适应机制调节自身的热感觉。热适应的累计可以解释不同生活环境下的人们热感觉不同。将ISO7730和Adaptive Comfort Standard（ACS）相结合,编制具有指导意义的标准,是一种很好的选择。     

亚热带地区自然通风体育馆室内热舒适范围

以广州地区自然通风体育馆为研究对象,用问卷和实测的方式分别采集了建筑内运动人群及观众人群的热感觉投票值和室内外热环境参数,初步建立了这两类人群的适应性热舒适模型和对应的热舒适范围。并通过对比,分析了两类人群的适应性热舒适模型和热舒适范围的区别。研究结果表明：自然通风体育馆室内运动人群的热敏感度0.326 6要小于观众人群的热敏感度0.379 9;运动人群和观众人群的中性操作温度都随着室外温度的升高而升高,前者中性操作温度高于后者,差值在0.80~1.48℃之间;运动人群和观众人群热舒适范围的上下限都随着室外温度的升高而升高,前者热舒适范围的下限与后者相似,但是前者热舒适范围的上限比后者高,差值在1.86~2.48℃之间。     

北京地区冬季室内人体热舒适性及热适应性调查

测试了室内环境参数,同时调查了受试者的热感觉。结果显示,室外温度对人的热适应性有显著影响。在冬季,寒冷的气候条件使人们形成对偏冷环境的适应性,此时如果室内温度过高,人们对低温的适应性将被破坏,反而感觉不舒适。     

诺邓台梯式四合院夏季热环境实测研究

对诺邓台梯式四合院进行夏季热环境实测,算出室内预计平均热感觉指数(PMV)和预计不满意者的百分率(PPD),并以预计适应性平均热感觉指标(APMV)为依据对室内热舒适进行评价。利用预计平均热感觉指数(PMV)和操作温度(t_(op))进行线性回归得到线性方程,确定夏季热中性温度。结合夏季热环境实测和热舒适研究,分析影响室内热环境的因素,为改善诺邓台梯式四合院室内热舒适提供基础数据。     

基于热感觉指标确定热舒适判据的一项国际标准简介

介绍了国际标准ISO 7730-2005<热环境人类工效学--基于PMV-PPD计算确定的热舒适及局部热舒适判据的分析测定和解析>在1994年版本基础上增加的内容,包括热环境等级划分、整体热舒适长期评价、局部热不舒适、非稳态热环境与适应性等.与美国标准ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004相比,该标准增加了热环境等级划分、整体热舒适长期评价等规定,更便于操作.该标准对于我国热舒适研究和建筑室内热湿环境评价标准的编制具有参考价值.     

关于"热感觉"与"热舒适"的讨论

对哈尔滨市居民的热感觉与热舒适状况的调查结果表明：热感觉投票值分布频率与热舒适投票值分布频率是有差异的。对新加坡现场调查结果的分析数据也表明：热感觉与热舒适是不同的,热感觉和热舒适既仔在于稳态热环境中又存在于动态热环境中。     

长沙市办公建筑室内热湿环境状况研究

本文通过对长沙市夏季、过渡季和冬季4栋典型办公建筑室内空气温度、相对湿度和流速等物理参数的实测以及现场人员基本情况的问卷调查,分析研究了办公类建筑室内热湿环境现状和人体热舒适性情况。结果表明:1)被调查的办公建筑内夏季热湿环境良好,平均温、湿度都比较合适,而冬季室内空气温度偏低。2)各个季节办公建筑内人员平均热感觉投票TSV均比较接近0,说明人们整体热感觉趋于适中,热舒适投票也说明办公建筑内绝大多数人是感觉热舒适的。3)各个季节办公建筑内人员实际热感觉投票TSV与理论PMV存在较大差异,进一步的线性回归分析得到夏季实测热中性温度与理论值非常接近,而冬季实测热中性温度比理论值要低,说明人们对建筑环境具有了更强的适应性。4)夏季、过渡季和冬季人们的服装热阻平均值分别为0.35、0.77和1.42 clo,服装热阻与室内、外温度有一定的相关性。     

现场研究中热舒适指标的选取问题

对热舒适现场研究结果进行了总结，并对热舒适指标的选取、有效温度的计算、热感觉的表述方式等问题进行了讨论分析。认为当相对湿度在热舒适范围内时，采用有效温度作为热舒适指标并采用平均热感觉值，能更好地预测人体热感觉。     

Overall thermal sensation,acceptability and comfort

The relationships between overall thermal sensation, acceptability and comfort were studied experimentally under uniform and non-uniform conditions separately. Thirty subjects participated in the experiment and reported their local thermal sensation of each body part, overall thermal sensation, acceptability and comfort simultaneously. Sensation, acceptability and comfort were found to be correlated closely under uniform conditions and acceptable range ran from neutral to 1.5 (midpoint between ‘Slightly Warm’ and ‘Warm’) on thermal sensation scale and contained all comfortable and slightly uncomfortable votes on thermal comfort scale. Under non-uniform conditions overall thermal acceptability and comfort were correlated closely. However, overall thermal sensation was apart from the other two responses and non-uniformity of thermal sensation was found to be the reason for the breakage. Combining the effects of overall thermal sensation and non-uniformity of thermal sensation, a new thermal acceptability model was proposed and the model was testified to be applicable to uniform and non-uniform conditions over a wide range of whole body thermal state from neutral to warm.     

Extended predicted mean vote of thermal adaptations reinforced around thermal neutrality

Predicted mean vote (PMV) is a prevailing thermal comfort model adopted by thermal comfort standards. To extend its ability in explaining thermal adaptations, the PMV is multiplied by an extension factor. However, the original extended PMV (ePMV) cannot account for thermal adaptations around thermal neutrality, resulting in deviation around thermal neutrality, therefore, is unable to predict thermal sensation around thermal neutrality accurately. Given the unusual importance of thermal sensation around thermal neutrality for energy-efficient provision of indoor thermal comfort, this study modifies the ePMV to reinforce thermal adaptations around thermal neutrality by adding a thermal neutrality factor. The modified ePMV is quantified by explicitly expressing the extension factor and the thermal neutrality factor as functions of field datasets of the PMV, thermal sensation vote (TSV), and ambient temperature. The modified ePMV is validated to improve thermal sensation prediction effectively (by up to 73%), particularly for prediction around thermal neutrality with the TSV between −0.5 and 0.5, by mitigating deviation around thermal neutrality for different types of buildings under various climate conditions around the world. Moreover, the modified ePMV is explicitly formulated and, therefore, convenient for practical applications.     

热湿环境下人体热反应的实验研究

采用问卷方式，对热湿环境下人体热感觉、对空气湿度的感觉、吹风感觉及热舒适感觉进行了研究，分析了空气相对湿度对热舒适的影响，给出了高温高湿条件下人体热反应的规律。并在分析人体散热的基础上，提出了一个可以对热湿环境中人体热舒适进行预测的数学模型。     

厦门高校教室冬季热环境测试及热舒适预测

为考察冬季非空调环境下人体热感觉,对厦门某高校教室的热舒适度进行了现场测试.在测量室内外热舒适参数的同时,通过问卷调查得到了人体热反应样本.分析样本得出厦门高校教室冬季非空调工况下人体热中性温度和热期望温度分别为19.3和19.4℃.综合考虑温度、相对湿度、平均辐射温度、风速及服装热阻对坐姿轻度活动状态人体的热舒适影响,使用MATLAB软件进行非线性回归,得到非空调工况下热舒适预测方程.该预测方程与实测得到的人体热舒适投票两者结果有较高相关度,同时较大程度上反映了冬季非空调环境下人体热感觉的变异.     

冬季室内热环境与被褥微气候的匹配

冬季睡眠状态下,室内热环境与被褥微气候分别对人体头部和被覆躯体的热感觉造成直接影响。为了分析两个热环境的匹配关系以满足睡眠人体的热舒适水平,实验在不同的室内温度下,调节被褥微气候温度,测试了受试者的皮肤温度,并记录了热感觉和热可接受水平。研究结果表明:睡眠状态下,相比于室内热环境,人体热感觉对被褥微气候更敏感;此外,通过分析室内热环境和被褥微气候分别与整体热感觉和整体不满意率的关系,得到了睡眠热环境舒适区间。     

Field study of human thermal comfort and thermal adaptability during the summer and winter in Beijing

This study was conducted during the summer and winter in Beijing. Classrooms and offices in a university were used to conduct the survey. The respondents’ thermal sensation and thermal adaptability in both seasons were analyzed. During the study, indoor environmental parameters including air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity were measured. The respondents’ thermal sensation was determined by questionnaire.A relationship between indoor temperature and thermal sensation was found. In the summer study, the “scissors difference” between TSV and PMV was observed in the air-conditioned environments if the temperature was out of the neutral zone. People had higher tolerance in the hot environment than PMV predicted. During winter, the outdoor temperature had a prominent influence on thermal adaptability. The low outdoor temperature made people adapt to the cold environment. When the indoor temperature was heated to a high temperature by space heating facilities, respondents felt uncomfortable since their adaptability to the cold environment was nullified.Furthermore, the differences in thermal responses between respondents from North and South China showed that the different climates of people's native regions also affected their thermal comfort and adaptability.