STUDY ON STEADY SURGE PRESSURE FOR YIELD-PSEUDOPLASTIC FLUID IN A CONCENTRIC

ＷａｎｇＨａｉｇｅ（汪海阁）；ＬｉｕＸｉｓｈｅｎｇ（刘希圣）（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＪｕｌｙ８，１９９４；ＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｅｄｂｙＣｈｉｅｎＷｅｉｚａｎｇ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｓｕｒｇｅｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｐｉｐｅｍｏｖｉｎｇｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔ...     

Fluid-solid coupling model for studying wellbore instability in drilling of gas hydrate bearing sediments

As the oil or gas exploration and development activities in deep and ultra- deep waters become more and more, encountering gas hydrate bearing sediments （HBS） is almost inevitable. The variation in temperature and pressure can destabilize gas hydrate in nearby formation around the borehole, which may reduce the strength of the formation and result in wellbore instability. A non-isothermal, transient, two-phase, and fluid-solid coupling mathematical model is proposed to simulate the complex stability performance of a wellbore drilled in HBS. In the model, the phase transition of hydrate dissociation, the heat exchange between drilling fluid and formation, the change of mechanical and petrophysical properties, the gas-water two-phase seepage, and its interaction with rock deformation are considered. A finite element simulator is developed, and the impact of drilling mud on wellbore instability in HBS is simulated. Results indicate that the re- duction in pressure and the increase in temperature of the drilling fluid can accelerate hydrate decomposition and lead to mechanical properties getting worse tremendously. The cohesion decreases by 25% when the hydrate totally dissociates in HBS. This easily causes the wellbore instability accordingly. In the first two hours after the formation is drilled, the regions of hydrate dissociation and wellbore instability extend quickly. Then, with the soaking time of drilling fluid increasing, the regions enlarge little. Choosing the low temperature drilling fluid and increasing the drilling mud pressure appropriately can benefit the wellbore stability of HBS. The established model turns out to be an efficient tool in numerical studies of the hydrate dissociation behavior and wellbore stability of HBS.     

ANALYSIS OF THE WELLBORE STABILITY BASED ON PLASTIC DAMAGE THEORY IN SOFT SHALE FORMATION

软泥页岩在地层高压、流体环境下独有的力学变形特性一直是井壁稳定性控制工程领域的研究热点。针对软泥页岩低强度、高塑性的特点,考虑孔隙渗流、塑性损伤引起的渗透率变化等因素,建立了渗流-- 应力耦合形式的井壁稳定性评价数值模型,研究了流体渗流、泥浆压力、水平应力差的影响。结果表明,对过平衡钻井,当泥浆压力超过地层孔隙压力10% 时,渗流-- 应力耦合效应导致井壁塑性损伤区扩大至少65%,需予以考虑。水平应力差的增大会促进井壁塑性损伤区向最小水平主应力方向集中,且损伤区深度增大。     

Self-Similarity in Contamination Transport to a Formation Fluid Tester During Cleanup Production

Sampling hydrocarbon fluids from a reservoir during an early phase of formation testing (typically during interruptions in drilling) represent an important step in formation evaluation targeting the characterization of composition and pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) properties of petroleum reserves required for their efficient development. A sampling job is usually accomplished with a tool, the formation tester, which can be conveyed downhole on a wireline cable, drill-pipe, or tubing. This tool has a probe and a pump allowing for the production of reservoir fluid from a small spot of a borehole wall covered by filtercake or mudcake deposited during drilling. The filtercake is built by the invasion of mud filtrate into the formation under pressure overbalance created by the mud column inside the wellbore. For this reason, after drilling, each wellbore is surrounded by a cylindrical zone saturated with mud filtrate and, prior to obtaining a sample of virgin formation fluid, cleanup production must be initiated to overcome the consequences of invasion. A 3D model of flow and contamination transport during cleanup production is considered in this article. The model assumes a piston-like displacement and no filtrate leakage through mudcake. This model leads to a multiscale problem of flow and transport in porous media with geometrical and hydrodynamic singularities. A full sensitivity analysis of its solutions has been carried out versus the initial depth of filtrate invasion and the viscosity contrast between the formation fluid and invaded mud filtrate. The numerical modeling has revealed two phases of cleanup production. During the early phase, the contamination of produced fluid is predominantly affected by a circumferential contamination transport. During the later phase, the evolution of contamination is controlled mainly by mud-filtrate displacement vertically. In the absence of viscosity contrast, both phases of cleanup can be described by exponential laws for the contamination versus the produced volume with exponents matching the empirical correlation (−5/12) and the far-field pseudospherical flow pattern (−2/3) for the early and late phases of cleanup, respectively. In the presence of viscosity contrast, the far-field asymptote holds whereas the circumferential regime of cleanup is strongly affected by the viscosity ratio. The application of solutions found to the cleanup production monitoring is briefly described.     

井筒气液两相流对致密气压裂水平井试井的影响

多段压裂水平井技术是目前开采致密气最常用的方法之一,在致密气压裂水平井试井测试中常常伴随着一定的产水量,井筒气液两相流会增加井筒流体的流动阻力,加大井筒流体流动对试井解释的影响.为了明确井筒气液两相流对致密气藏压裂水平井试井的影响,提高产水致密气压裂水平井的试井解释精度,建立了一种井筒气液两相流与地层渗流耦合的试井模型,采用数值方法对模型进行求解,获得了考虑井筒气液两相流的压裂水平井试井理论曲线、压力场分布及裂缝产量分布.研究结果表明:井筒气液两相流会增加试井理论曲线中压力和压力导数值,造成靠近入窗点的压力扩散要快于远离入窗点的压力扩散,引起靠近入窗点的裂缝产量要高于远离入窗点的裂缝产量.现场实例分析进一步说明,不考虑井筒两相流可能会对产水压裂水平井的试井解释结果产生很大误差,主要表现为水平井筒假设为无限大导流能力会使得拟合得到的表皮系数偏大,将测试点视为入窗点会使得拟合得到的原始地层压力偏小.所建立的考虑井筒两相流的压裂水平井试井模型为产水致密气井试井资料的正确解释提供了重要技术保障.      

Slumping Flows in Narrow Eccentric Annuli: Design of Chemical Packers and Cementing of Subsurface Gas Pipelines

In well construction, there are an increasing number of scenarios in which plugs are being set in annular geometries, whether as cement plugs or simply in the form of chemical packers. The generic reason for setting of such plugs is to hydraulically isolate different regions of a wellbore (or hole). An interesting practical problem in such situations is to predict the rheological properties that are necessary to prevent the annular plug fluid from flowing under the action of buoyancy, or indeed to predict how far the plug material may flow for given rheological properties. The answers to these questions provide valuable information for operational design. Mathematically, these flows are modeled using a Hele-Shaw style approximation of the narrow annulus. Since fluids used in the wellbore are non-Newtonian, typically shear-thinning and with a yield stress, the relationship between the local modified pressure gradient and the gap-averaged velocity field is nonlinear. If the yield stress of the fluids is sufficiently large, relative to the applied pressure over the gap, there is no flow. In the porous media context, there is direct analogy with problems of nonlinear seepage and in particular with non-Darcy flows with limiting pressure gradient. The study of such flows was both pioneered and developed by V.M. Entov, to whose memory this paper is dedicated.     

考虑诱导缝多段压裂水平井非均质改造压力动态模型研究

为了准确模拟致密油藏水平井大规模压裂形成复杂裂缝网络系统和非均质储层井底压力变化,建立考虑诱导缝矩形非均质储层多段压裂水平井不稳定渗流数学模型,耦合裂缝模型与储层模型得到有限导流裂缝拉普拉斯空间井底压力解,对两种非均质储层模型分别利用数值解、边界元和已有模型验证其准确性.基于压力导数曲线特征进行流动阶段划分和参数敏感性分析,得到以下结果:和常规压裂水平井井底压力导数曲线相比较,理想模式下,考虑诱导缝影响时特有的流动阶段是综合线性流阶段、诱导缝向压裂裂缝“补充”阶段、储层线性流动阶段和拟边界控制流阶段.诱导缝条数的增加加剧了综合线性流阶段的持续时间,降低了流体渗流阻力,早期阶段压力曲线越低;当诱导缝与压裂裂缝导流能力一定时,裂缝导流能力越大,线性流持续时间越长;当所有压裂裂缝不在一个区域时,沿井筒方向两端区域低渗透率弱化了低渗区域诱导缝流体向压裂裂缝“补充”阶段,因此,沿井筒方向两端区域渗透率越低,早期阶段压力曲线越高;当所有压裂裂缝在一个区域时,渗透率变化只影响径向流阶段之后压力曲线形态,外区渗透率越低,早期径向流阶段之后压力曲线越高.通过实例验证,表明该模型和方法的实用性和准确性.     

油藏数值模拟中井筒压力梯度的校正方法

有限元法用于油藏数值模拟具有独特的优越性. 由于井筒附近流动的特殊性,直接采用 数值模拟得到的压力梯度计算油井产量会导致较大的误差. 本文分析了数值模拟中井筒压力 梯度产生误差的原因,在此基础上提出了计算井筒压力梯度的校正公式. 计算结果表明,压 力梯度校正公式可显著提高油井产量的计算精度,并能有效地减少井筒附近的网格剖分数量, 从而提高了计算效率.     

井壁失稳区域确定方法及影响因素分析简

井壁失稳区域及其面积能够反映井壁失稳破坏特性及其严重程度,以井壁安全系数作为识别准则,建立了井壁失稳区域识别方法,并基于Monte-Carlo 方法,给出了井壁失稳面积的计算方法. 以井壁坍塌为例,分析了钻井液密度、井斜角及方位角对井壁失稳区域特性的影响,以本文建立的失稳区面积计算方法,分析了不同地应力场中井眼轨迹对井壁失稳区大小的影响,评价结果符合工程实际,表明能够利用本文方法评价井壁失稳特性及其严重程度.     

波浪扰动下河口幂律异重流的动力场分布特性

河口底层浮泥异重流的运动特性对于河口维持以及港口航道泥沙淤积过程具有重要的作用, 是海岸学科研究的关键内容, 也是热点内容之一. 本文首先综述了河口泥沙异重流研究的重要意义, 分析并总结了各家异重流理论模型的不同点和适应条件; 其次, 根据本文研究问题的实际需要, 构建了波浪与底泥相互作用的双层流体理论分析模式, 将上层流体简化为常见的牛顿体, 而将下层流体的流变关系设置为幂律函数, 研究了波浪作用下河口底部幂律异重流的流场特性. 这些特性包括:波浪速度场、底泥运动的流速场、不同密度影响下的压力场以及异重流泥面波与表面 波的波幅比等, 分析了泥层密度、波动圆频率以及底泥幂律指数对流场及界面波的影响. 研究发现, 在波浪扰动下, 两层流体交界处速度分量连续, 压强出现突变. 在下部泥层中, 水平速度幅值曲线存在极大值. 随着波动圆频率增加以及泥层密度与流动指数的减小, 界面处上下压强差值呈现增大的趋势. 本模型与实测波幅比的数据进行对比结果证实了模型的合理性.      

风暴潮流运动的数值模拟

采用风暴潮全流运动方程组,对标准海域的风暴潮流运动进行数值模拟,利用以往的计算结果验证了数值模式,研究了开阔海域中,风暴气压、海域深度及底坡变化对风暴增水及流场的影响,分析了流速、潮位随时间和空间定量变化的规律。所建立的数值模型是进一步研究风暴潮流场中物质输运的基础。     

低渗透煤层气藏中气-水两相不稳定渗流动态分析

针对低渗透煤层渗流问题,考虑启动压力梯度及其引起的动边界和动边界内吸附气解吸作用的渗流模型研究目前仅限于单相流,而更符合实际的气-水两相渗流动边界模型未见报道.本文综合考虑了煤层吸附气的解吸作用、气-水两相渗流、非达西渗流、地层应力敏感等影响因素,进行了低渗透煤层的气-水两相渗流模型研究.采用了试井技术中的"分相处理"方法,修正了两相渗流的综合压缩系数和流度,并基于含气饱和度呈线性递减分布的假设,建立了煤层气藏的气-水两相渗流耦合模型.该数学模型不仅可以描述由于低渗透煤层中渗流存在启动压力梯度而产生的可表征煤层有效动用范围随时间变化的移动边界,还可以描述煤层有效动用范围内吸附气的解吸现象以及吸附气解吸作用所引起的煤层含气饱和度的上升;为了提高模型精度,控制方程还保留了二次压力梯度项.采用了稳定的全隐式有限差分方法进行了模型的数值求解,并验证了数值计算方法的正确性,获得了模型关于瞬时井底压力与压力导数响应的双对数特征曲线,由此分析了各渗流参数的敏感性影响.本文研究结果可为低渗透煤层气藏开发的气-水两相流试井技术提供渗流力学的理论基础.     

A semi-analytic solution of a wellbore in a non-isothermal low-permeability porous medium under non-hydrostatic stresses

The transient stress, displacement, pore pressure and temperature fields around a wellbore in a thermo-poro-elastic (THM) medium subject to non-hydrostatic remote stresses are analyzed under non-isothermal plane-strain conditions. The linear THM model proposed by Coussy (1989) is adopted in the analysis with a focus on thermal effects in low-permeability saturated rocks, characterized by a latent heat associated with local changes of fluid mass content. Non-dimensionalized parameters are identified by reformulating the fully-coupled governing equations and boundary conditions. The wellbore problem is simplified by decomposing it into axisymmetric and deviatoric loading cases. The corresponding analytical solutions are obtained in Laplace space. The inverse Laplace transforms are performed numerically to find the time-dependent distributions of field variables in the rock mass around the wellbore. These numerical results show that although the pore pressure diffusion has little influence on temperature and stress, temperature changes can strongly affect the pore pressure and stress around the wellbore. The temperature change can lead to changes in near-well stresses and the resulting significant change in wellbore breakdown pressure illustrates the importance of considering the THM coupling.     

缝洞型油藏三维离散缝洞数值试井模型

缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏发育着大尺度的溶洞和裂缝,非均质性极强,缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏问题的研究成为了世界级难题之一.由于大尺度溶洞和裂缝对储层的流体流动起主导作用,因此,基于连续介质理论的双重介质或三重介质模型已不适合其中流体流动的描述.根据大型缝洞分布地质特征,探索性地提出了一种板块组合的复合架构离散缝洞模型描述该类油藏中的流体流动,将三维空间大裂缝用板块描述,溶洞用高渗透率和高孔隙度不规则多面体团块描述.将裂缝面用二维三角形单元离散, 溶洞和基质用三维四面体离散, 利用三维混合单元有限元法对建立的不定常渗流模型进行求解,得到了三维渗流条件下的试井理论曲线及压力场分布.通过对试井理论曲线特征的分析, 获得了各敏感参数对试井曲线的影响规律.通过对1口井的实际测试资料解释结果的分析,并与实际地震反射资料及生产实际资料的对比,发现本文所建立的模型可以较好地反映裂缝和溶洞的地质动态状况,并与实际生产状况具有较好的一致性.这一结果说明了所建模型的正确性以及测试资料分析结果的可靠性.      

Modeling Water Leak-off Behavior in Hydraulically Fractured Gas Shale under Multi-mechanism Dominated Conditions

Fracturing-fluid leak-off in fractured gas shale is a complex process involving multiple pore/fluid transports and interactions. However, water leak-off behavior has not been modeled comprehensively by considering the multi-pores and multi-mechanisms in shale with existing simulators. In this paper, we present the development of a comprehensive multi-mechanistic, multi-porosity, and multi-permeability water/gas flow model that uses experimentally determined formation properties to simulate the fracturing-fluid leak-off of hydraulically fractured shale gas wells. The multi-mechanistic model takes into account water transport driven by hydraulic convection, capillary and osmosis, gas transport caused by hydraulic convection, and salt ion transport caused by advection and diffusion. The multi-porosity includes hydraulic fracture millipores, organic nanopores, clay nanopores, and other inorganic micropores. The multi-permeability model accounts for all the important processes in shale system, including gas adsorption on the organics’ surface, multi-mechanistic clay/other inorganic mineral mass transfer, inorganic mineral/hydraulic fracture mass transfer, and injection from a hydraulically fractured wellbore. The dynamic water saturation and pressure profiles within clay and other inorganic matrices are compared, revealing the leak-off behavior of water in rock media with different physicochemical properties. In sensitivity analyses, cases with different clay membrane efficiency, volume proportion of source rock, connate water salinity, and saturation are considered. The impacts of shale properties on water fluxes through wellbore, hydraulic fracture and matrix, and the total injection and leak-off volumes of the well during the treatment of hydraulic fracturing are investigated. Results show that physicochemical properties in both organic and inorganic matrices affect the water leak-off behavior.     

机采油井井口温度的影响因素分析

基于传热学理论,建立了机采油井井简及其周围地层温度场的数学模型,对不同参数下的井口温度进行了模拟,分析了油井产量、含水率、井深、油管半径、环境温度及地温梯度等参数的影响.     

井内流动与传热的三维耦合数值模型

钻井过程中,井内的压力、流场及温度分布是钻井作业必需的重要参数。本文提出了一个描述井内流动和传热的三维数学模型,用SIMPLER方法获得了该数学模型的数值解。该数值模型考虑了温度、压力对钻井液的流变性、密度以及各种介质的热物理参数的影响。现场试验数据与数值模拟结果的对比表明：本文提出的数学模型及采用的数值计算方法是可行的。     

污染区对部分打开井井底压力响应的影响

钻井造成的污染区对部分打开井的影响不同于裸眼井. 为了分析污染区对部分打开井井底压力响应的影响,建立了一种部分打开井的二维轴对称渗流模型,模型考虑了真实的污染区以及储层渗透率各向异性特征.利用有限元数值方法对模型进行求解,获得了部分打开井的井底压力响应及储层压力分布. 根据压力响应及压力分布特征,将部分打开井的压力响应过程划分为5 个流动阶段,其中早期局部径向流动和椭球流动是该类井最典型的特征. 对污染区的影响分析表明:传统方法中的表皮系数S 并不等于污染区引起的机械表皮系数S_d;无量纲井筒储存系数不能与机械表皮系数组合. 修正了传统方法中部分打开井的井底压力公式,验证了部分打开井的总表皮计算公式,为该类井的井底压力响应解释及产能预测提供理论指导.      

Equilibrium of a pressurized plastic fluid in a wellbore crack

This paper investigates equilibrium of a pressurized plastic fluid invading a tensile wellbore crack in a linear elastic, permeable rock. The crack is initially filled by pore fluid at ambient pressure, that is immiscibly displaced by the plastic fluid invading from the wellbore. The plastic fluid comes to rest to form a “plug” within the elastically deformed crack when the limit equilibrium between the shear stresses generated at the fracture walls and the pressure drop between the wellbore wall and the crack tip is reached. The model assumes that the leak-off of the plastic fluid into the rock is negligible, while the displaced pore fluid in the crack tip region is freely exchanged with the surrounding permeable rock to maintain the ambient pressure level. When the crack length ? is small or large compared to the wellbore radius R, the problem reduces to that of a pressurized edge or Griffith’s crack, respectively, subjected to a uniform far-field confining stress. In these two end-member cases, the normalized solution for the net pressure distribution, the plug length, and the stress intensity factor at the crack tip is obtained as a function of two numbers – the normalized net fluid pressure at the crack inlet and at the crack tip (partial plugs only) – that embody the solution’s dependence on the wellbore and the far field loading, the fluid yield strength, and the rock modulus. In the general case of an intermediate crack length (? ～ R), the normalized solution is a function of two additional parameters, the length-to-radius ratio and a normalized measure of the far field stress anisotropy, respectively, which accurate approximation is devised from an end-member solution using a rescaling argument. The equilibrium plug solutions are used to evaluate the breakdown pressure, the critical wellbore pressure at which the crack propagation condition is first met, and to analyze the stability of the ensuing crack propagation.