息肉样子宫内膜异位症临床病理分析

目的探讨罕见的息肉样子宫内膜异位症的临床病理特征及鉴别诊断。方法对1例息肉样子宫内膜异位症进行病理学和免疫组化染色观察,复习相关文献。结果患者35岁,阴道、子宫颈及双侧卵巢多发性椭圆形肿物,切面灰白、灰红色,内有大小不等的囊腔,呈海绵状外观,质软,细腻。光镜下见子宫内膜样腺体弥漫散在分布,形状不规则,部分腺体囊性扩张。腺体间见增生的短梭形细胞,似增生期子宫内膜间质细胞。细胞密集,无不典型性,核分裂象少见。病变局部见出血、退变及钙化。局部区域间质纤维化明显,可见呈簇的厚壁血管。免疫表型:间质细胞CD10和vimen-tin均弥漫(+),SMA(-),Ki-67增殖指数<2%,腺上皮细胞CK、上皮及间质细胞ER(+)。结论息肉样子宫内膜异位症是子宫内膜异位症的一种非常罕见的变型,在临床、外科手术及病理诊断中极易被误诊为恶性肿瘤,需与Müllerian腺肉瘤及具有腺样分化的子宫内膜间质肉瘤鉴别。     

未分化子宫内膜肉瘤6例临床病理观察

目的 探讨未分化子宫内膜肉瘤(undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma,UES)的临床病理特点、诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 对6例未分化子宫内膜肉瘤的临床资料、组织学形态及免疫组化结果进行观察分析.结果 患者年龄49～71岁,平均年龄59岁,临床主要表现为宫腔内占位和阴道出血;肿瘤大体呈息肉样,突入宫腔;镜下见肿瘤组织分化差,细胞异型明显,核分裂象丰富(＞10个/10 HPF),坏死常见;免疫组化标记,肿瘤细胞CD10、ER、PR、desmin、SMA、CK、EMA阴性,vimentin、EGFR阳性;6例随访6个月～4年,3例死于肺转移.结论 未分化子宫内膜肉瘤是一种少见的子宫内膜间质肿瘤,具有高度恶性.肿瘤组织分化差,细胞异型明显,常见坏死,免疫组化标记有助于诊断与鉴别.     

子宫内膜间质肉瘤9例临床病理分析

目的 探讨子宫内膜间质肉瘤(endometrial stromal sarcoma,ESS)的临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断及预后.方法 对9例ESS患者进行临床、病理资料分析、免疫组化检测及随访.结果 患者年龄39～64岁,中位46.3岁.临床主要表现为阴道流血及子宫增大/占位.肿瘤直径2.3～11 cm,平均4.6 cm.光镜下8例呈低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤(low grade endometrial stromal sarcoma,LGESS),均由类似增殖期子宫内膜间质肿瘤细胞构成,细胞密集,异型性不明显,呈不规则舌状或岛状浸润肌层,并伴较多薄壁螺旋小血管;1例为高度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤/未分化子宫内膜肉瘤(high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma/undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma,HGESS/UES),肿瘤细胞直接替代子宫肌层,具有明显的细胞异型性,无LGESS常见的螺旋小血管.免疫组化检测显示肿瘤细胞CD10、vimentin均阳性,PR、ER大部分阳性,SMA和desmin及h-Caldesmon为极少数局灶阳性,S-100、CD34均阴性.术后随访7例(平均53个月),只有1例HGESS/UES死亡.结论 ESS是女性生殖道很少见的一种恶性肿瘤,恶性度相差很大.确诊主要依靠其临床病理特点,并辅以免疫组化标记综合分析.诊断时要与子宫内膜间质结节、平滑肌肿瘤、低分化癌等鉴别.     

腹壁异位子宫内膜恶变为透明细胞腺癌临床病理特征及鉴别诊断

目的 探讨腹壁异位子宫内膜恶变为透明细胞腺癌临床病理特点、诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 对1例腹壁异位子宫内膜恶变为透明细胞腺癌的临床及病理资料进行分析,并复习相关文献.结果 腹壁异位子宫内膜恶变为透明细胞腺癌的形态,与发生在子宫内膜和卵巢等部位的形态学改变相似.肿瘤细胞呈巢状实性或腺样排列,实性区域胞质透亮,伴广泛凝固性坏死.腺样区域腺体拉长及相互连接形成隧道样结构,肿瘤细胞呈鞋钉状,胞质嗜酸性,核大突向腺腔.免疫表型:CK7、CK、CEA(多克隆)、EMA和vimentin均阳性;ER灶性阳性.CEA(单克隆)、PR、CK20、MC、CR、S-100、CK5/6和Moc31均阴性.结论 腹壁异位子宫内膜恶变为透明细胞腺癌非常少见,免疫表型无特异性,确诊主要依靠病史及HE形态特点.需与汗腺来源的腺癌、转移性腺癌和恶性上皮型间皮瘤进行鉴别.     

子宫内膜不典型息肉状腺肌瘤5例临床病理分析

目的探讨子宫内膜不典型息肉状腺肌瘤(atypical polypoid adenomyomas,APA)的临床与病理学特点。方法分析5例APA的临床资料、病理学形态、免疫组化标记及4例随访资料。结果5例APA中,1例合并子宫内膜样腺癌,1例局部分布分化良好的腺癌成分;免疫组化显示:间质SMA( ),desmin( )或局部( ),vimentin局部( )或(-);腺上皮ER、PR均( );p53、Ki-67(-)。随访的4例患者均健在(3~60个月)。结论APA需与高分化的子宫内膜样腺癌鉴别,后者可与APA并存,或起源于子宫内膜不典型息肉状腺肌瘤,具有低恶性潜能和潜在的复发性,长期随访十分必要。     

子宫内膜非典型性息肉样腺肌瘤11例临床病理分析

目的 探讨子宫内膜非典型性息肉样腺肌瘤(APA)的临床病理特点,以期提高对其诊断,鉴别诊断和治疗水平.方法 对11例APA进行组织病理学观察,部分辅以免疫表型分析,结合临床资料并复习相关文献.结果 患者平均年龄45岁,其中9例发生于绝经前.临床主要表现为宫腔占位,宫颈内口赘生物和不规则阴道出血.光镜下肿瘤呈纤维肌性间质中出现腺上皮细胞轻度到非常明显非典型性及结构复杂的子宫内膜样腺体.免疫表型:间质细胞SMA弥漫强阳性表达,desmin局灶阳性,CD10局灶阳性;腺上皮及间质细胞ER、PR均强阳性;Ki-67少量散在阳性表达,p53阴性.维多利亚蓝染色:间质胶原纤维红色,弹力纤维蓝色,平滑肌纤维黄色.随访6例患者均预后良好.结论 APA是一种罕见的子宫上皮和间叶混合性肿瘤,病理诊断主要依靠组织病理和免疫组化抗体标记.须与高分化子宫内膜样腺癌、恶性Mtillerian混合瘤、腺纤维瘤和腺肉瘤、子宫内膜息肉等鉴别.病变彻底切除是治疗APA的主要手段.     

子宫内膜间质肿瘤35例临床病理分析

目的 探讨子宫内膜间质肿瘤(endometrial stromal tumours, ESTs)的临床病理学特征,以期提高对ESTs的诊断和治疗水平.方法 回顾性分析35例子宫内膜间质肿瘤患者的临床及病理资料,部分辅以免疫组织化学染色分析.结果 患者平均年龄45岁,临床主要表现为子宫占位和阴道出血,35例ESTs中子宫内膜间质结节(endometrial stromal nodule, ESN)4例、低级别子宫内膜间质肉瘤(low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma,ESS)26例、未分化子宫内膜肉瘤(undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma,UES)5例.ESN和ESS均由类似增生期子宫内膜间质的肿瘤细胞构成,并伴有丰富的螺旋小动脉,UES则具有明显的细胞异型性并缺乏螺旋动脉.18例辅以免疫组化标记的病例中17例CD10阳性,7例SMA局灶阳性,4例desmin局灶阳性.结论 ESTs是一组诊断可能具有困难的子宫间叶肿瘤,确诊依靠组织病理和一组免疫组化抗体标记,诊断上应与平滑肌肿瘤、PEComa等肿瘤相鉴别.     

子宫内膜间质肉瘤伴多成分分化

目的 探讨子宫内膜间质肉瘤伴多成分分化的临床、病理特征,及其鉴别诊断及预后的意义。方法 观察１７例子宫内膜间质肉瘤的组织形态,部分病例辅以免疫组织化学染色或电镜观察。结果 １３例低度恶性及４例高度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤表现多成分分化,其中１３例伴性索样分化,１０例伴平滑肌分化,２例伴骨分化,１例伴横纹肌分化,有９例同时伴２种多成分分化。结论 无论低度恶性或高度恶性的子宫内膜间质肉瘤均可伴多成分分化,以性索样分化与平滑肌分化最常见,少见伴骨分化或横纹肌分化。子宫内膜间质肉瘤的预后与多成分分化的数量及类型关系不大。     

卵巢类似性索-间质肿瘤子宫内膜样腺癌临床病理观察

目的探讨卵巢类似性索-间质肿瘤子宫内膜样腺癌(ovarian endometrial carcinoma resembling sex cord-stromal tumor,EC-SCS)的临床病理特征、免疫表型和鉴别诊断。方法对1例ECSCS进行HE和免疫组化SP染色,并复习相关文献。结果镜检:肿瘤90%以上区域由胞质透亮的梭形或短梭形细胞构成,其内混有实性条索状或中空小管样结构,类似Sertoli细胞肿瘤;仅有不到10%的区域表现为经典的子宫内膜样腺癌。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞弥漫表达CK、CK7、EMA、ER,不表达α-inhibin、PLAP以及CA125。结论 ECSCS与卵巢性索-间质肿瘤在形态上易混淆。在组织充分取材的基础上仔细寻找镜下经典的子宫内膜样腺癌的结构并结合免疫表型,有助于诊断。     

低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤临床病理分析

目的 探讨低度恶性子宫内膜问质肉瘤(LESS)的临床病理学特征、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法 分析17例LESS的临床病理特点,通过网织纤维染色、免疫组化染色和电镜观察来研究其病理学特征。结果 LESS临床上主要表现为阴道不规则流血。HE染色见肿瘤组织成巢团样浸润,肿瘤细胞圆形、卵圆形或梭形。肿瘤内有大量的小血管。网织纤维染色见网状纤维丰富,围绕瘤细胞生长。肿瘤细胞14例CD10阳性,12例ER阳性,13例PR阳性,3例actin阳性,C1934、CDll7、Melan—A肿瘤细胞均阴性。电镜观察见肿瘤细胞胞质内的中间丝呈杂乱无序的排列。结论 LESS易误诊,确诊主要依靠组织病理学和免疫组织化学;病理形态上看似良好的低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤,预后不一定好。     

子宫内膜癌中磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶通路活化及临床意义

目的 探讨磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶( PI3 K/AKT)信号通路的重要组分PTEN、PIK3CA和p-AKT在子宫内膜癌组织中的改变及其预后意义.方法 免疫组织化学EnVision二步法检测PTEN、p-AKT、雌激素受体(ER)和孕激素受体在71例子宫内膜癌组织中的表达,聚合酶链反应测序法分析其中34例PIK3CA基因外显子9和20的突变情况.结果 (1)71例子宫内膜癌组织中,子宫内膜样癌( EEC) 65例,非子宫内膜样癌(NEEC)6例.PTEN失表达率为63.4％( 45/71),在EEC中的比例(66.2％,43/65)高于NEEC( 2/6;P=0.18).PTEN失表达患者(45例)预后优于PTEN正常表达者(26例;P=0.07).进一步分组分析显示在ER阴性病例中,PTEN失表达者(12例)的预后优于PTEN正常表达者(7例),差异有统计学意义(P=0.04).(2)本组34例中PIK3CA突变率为41.2％ (14/34),突变热点为外显子9的T544.PIK3CA突变在EEC中的发生比例(44.8％,13/29)高于NEEC( 1/5;P ＞0.05).外显子9突变全部见于Ⅰ期EEC病例中,且在高、中分化的EEC中发生率高于低分化肿瘤(P＞0.05).外显子20突变在早期病例组(14.3％,4/28)的发生率显著低于晚期病例组(4/6;P=0.0l).(3)p-AKT的阳性率为59.2％ (42/71),在EEC中的阳性率(60.0％,39/65)高于NEEC(3/6;P=0.68);但高、中分化组EEC的阳性比例(75.0％,21/28;53.6％,15/28)高于低分化组(3/9),差异有统计学意义(P=0.02).p-AKT阳性与ER阳性相关(r=0.339,P=0.00).结论 PI3K/AKT信号通路的关键分子,如PTEN失表达、p-AKT阳性提示预后好.PIK3CA基因外显子9和20的突变对子宫内膜癌的预后影响可能不同.子宫内膜癌中PTEN和p-AKT的功能可能受到ER状态的影响.     

子宫高度富于细胞平滑肌瘤与内膜间质肿瘤的形态学和免疫组织化学对比研究

目的 探索鉴别子宫高度富于细胞平滑肌瘤与子宫内膜间质肿瘤的形态和免疫组织化学特点及其在鉴别诊断中的意义。方法 采用光镜观察和免疫组织化学EnVision法染色对20例子宫高度富于细胞平滑肌瘤,21例内膜间质肿瘤和1例间质肌瘤进行组织病理学分析。结果 高度富于细胞平滑肌瘤肿瘤细胞致密,细胞呈圆形,梭形,胞质少,与邻近的正常肌壁平滑肌细胞有移行,所有病例都可见到成束分布的肿瘤细胞灶,大的厚壁血管明显可见,部分病例中可见裂隙,子宫内膜间质肿瘤肿瘤细胞则与增生期子宫内膜的间质细胞非常相似,螺旋状小动脉散布其间,20例低度恶性间质肉瘤肿瘤组织呈舌状侵入邻近肌壁,免疫组织化学显示高度富于细胞平滑肌瘤h-caldesmon,calponin,CD10,结蛋白及平滑肌肌动蛋白（SMA）的阳性率分别为80.0%(16/20),100%(20/20),0(0/20),95.0%(19/20)及100%（20/20）。而子宫内膜间质肿瘤相应的阳性率则为4.7%(1/21),23.8%(5/21),66.7%(14/21),23.8%(5/21)及19.0%(4/21),这些抗体在两组肿瘤间的表达差异有显著性（P=0.001)。结论 子宫高度富于细胞平滑肌瘤具有特殊形态特点,免疫组织化学h-caldesmon,calponin,CD10,结蛋白及SMA染色有助于其与子宫内膜间质肿瘤的鉴别诊断。     

子宫内膜间质肉瘤与转移复发瘤的形态特点

目的探讨子宫内膜间质肉瘤(ESS)和转移复发瘤组织形态与免疫组织化学染色特点,及其肿瘤分化特点和鉴别诊断。方法观察15例子宫原发ESS及4例转移复发瘤的组织形态,并用免疫组织化学EnVisonTM二步法检测CD10、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)、AE1/3及α-抑制素的表达,以10例富于细胞平滑肌瘤作对照。结果15例患者发病年龄22～75岁(平均45岁)。组织学分型:7例经典型,3例平滑肌分化型,2例纤维黏液型,3例分化差型,细胞异型明显。4例复发转移瘤中3例组织形态与原发瘤不同。免疫组织化学染色阳性结果:在14例ESS及4例复发转移瘤中CD1015/18、SMA5/18、ER7/18、PR10/18;AE1/3和α-抑制素仅在腺样分化区阳性。平滑肌瘤对照组CD10为1/10、SMA为10/10,表达差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ESS多向分化的特点使其呈现多样的组织形态,且转移复发瘤形态可与原发瘤不同。CD10与SMA联合应用有助于ESS的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

原发性子宫外子宫内膜间质肉瘤5例临床病理分析

目的探讨原发性子宫外子宫内膜间质肉瘤(extrauterine endometrial stromal sarcoma,EESS)的临床病理特征、免疫表型、生物学行为及诊疗进展。方法收集5例EESS的临床病理资料,并进行免疫组化检测及预后随访。结果5例患者病理诊断均为低级别EESS,其中1例发生于腹腔、网膜及肠系膜,2例发生于肠管、大网膜,1例发生于双侧卵巢及大网膜,1例发生于子宫直肠陷窝。临床表现以腹痛、腹部包块及痛经为主,其中4例均伴有子宫内膜异位症。免疫表型:CD10(5/5)、ER(5/5)、PR(5/5)、SMA(3/5)、desmin(1/5)阳性。所有患者均接受手术治疗,其中2例术后辅以放疗及内分泌治疗;5例均获得随访,随访时间12~48个月,有2例于2年内出现复发,其中1例半年后出现腹腔广泛复发,1例患者复发后肿瘤出现高级别转化。结论原发性EESS临床罕见,大部分与子宫内膜异位症有关,常呈腹腔、盆腔、网膜广泛播散;因常出现非妇科症状和体征,且存在不同的组织学模式及缺乏独特的免疫表型特征,易误诊。     

Expression of androgen receptors in benign and malignant endometrial stromal neoplasms

Several studies have shown that endometrial stromal neoplasms express estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR). To our knowledge, the presence or absence of androgen receptors (AR) in these rare uterine neoplasms has not been investigated. Tumors (n=20)—3 endometrial stromal nodules, 14 low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS, low grade), and 3 high-grade endometrial sarcomas (undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma, UES)—were studied. Immunohistochemical analyses for ER, PR, and AR were performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival material. Positive immunoreactions for ER and PR were observed in 14 (70%) and 17 (85%) cases, respectively. Furthermore, 9 cases (45%) were positive for AR. Among 17 ESS and UES cases, 7 (41%) revealed positivity for AR. Two of three benign stromal nodules were also positive for AR. Moreover, one of the three high-grade sarcomas (undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma) was negative for both ER and PR, but showed positive reaction for AR. In summary, ARs are expressed in 45% of endometrial stromal neoplasms. In addition to determination of ER and PR, the results of immunohistochemical examination of AR in these rare uterine tumors may have some impact on the postoperative management of the patients.     

Endometrial stromal sarcomas with extensive endometrioid glandular differentiation: report of a series with emphasis on the potential for misdiagnosis and discussion of the differential diagnosis

Aims:  To describe a series of endometrial stromal sarcomas with large numbers of endometrioid-type glands.
Methods and results:  The eight tumours occurred in patients aged 42–74 years. In three cases, the neoplasm arose in the uterine corpus and in the others there was either an extrauterine origin or the origin could not be determined since multiple sites were involved. In four cases, glands were present throughout the neoplasm and in the others there were areas of typical endometrial stromal sarcoma without glands. In one case, glands were present only in the recurrent neoplasm. The malignant stromal component comprised, for the most part, typical endometrial stromal sarcoma. In two patients, repeated biopsy specimens from the vagina or cervix were initially diagnosed as endometriosis, and in some cases there was a significant delay in diagnosis. Apart from endometriosis, other diagnostic considerations, depending on the tumour location and exact morphology, included adenomyosis, adenosarcoma and carcinosarcoma.
Conclusions:  Endometrial stromal sarcoma with extensive endometrioid glandular differentiation is rare. The presence of glands often results in diagnostic difficulty with a significant risk of misdiagnosis or delay in diagnosis. It is likely that some cases reported in the literature as aggressive endometriosis represent this entity.     

Increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha in type I and type II endometrial carcinomas.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is a nuclear protein that is upregulated in many tumors and triggers biologic events intimately associated with aggressive tumor behavior. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of HIF-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Ki-67 and p53 in type I and type II endometrial adenocarcinoma. In total, 149 patients diagnosed with endometrial adenocarcinoma in our institute from 1995 to 2001 were included in this study, of which 108 were type I and 41 were type II endometrial adenocarcinoma. Patient demographics, clinical and pathological data were reviewed. Tissue microarrays were prepared from the paraffin blocks and immunohistochemistry was performed for antibodies against HIF-1alpha, VEGF, Ki-67 and p53. High expression of HIF-1alpha, VEGF, Ki-67 and p53 were significantly more frequent in type II than type I endometrial adenocarcinoma (P<0.001). HIF-1alpha expression was highly correlated with VEGF expression in the tumor cells (P=0.001). In type I endometrial adenocarcinoma, high expression of HIF-1alpha showed a significant correlation with higher grade of the tumor, depth of myometrial invasion, adnexal invasion and clinical stage. A similar correlation was not observed in type II endometrial adenocarcinoma. Surgical stage was the only independent prognostic marker for survival. In conclusion, high expression of HIF-1alpha is more frequent in type II than in type I endometrial adenocarcinoma. In type I endometrial adenocarcinoma, HIF-1alpha expression correlates with morphologic features of aggressiveness. In type II endometrial adenocarcinoma, there is no correlation between HIF-1alpha expression and these features. Thus, HIF-1alpha may play an important role in endometrial adenocarcinoma progression, particularly in type I endometrial adenocarcinoma. Additional investigations of HIF-1alpha as a biomarker of aggressive potential and as a novel target for therapeutics in endometrial adenocarcinoma are warranted.     

Paraffin-section detection of CD10 in 505 nonhematopoietic neoplasms. Frequent expression in renal cell carcinoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma

We tested 505 cases of nonhematopoietic neoplasms by immunohistochemistry using a newly characterized monoclonal antibody (clone 56C6) against the CD10 antigen. CD10 was expressed widely in neoplasms of the genitourinary tract, including 41 (89%) of 46 cases of renal cell carcinoma, 13 (54%) of 24 cases of transitional cell carcinoma, and 11 (61%) of 18 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma. In addition, 5 (100%) of 5 endometrial stromal sarcomas, 3 (60%) of 5 rhabdomyosarcomas, 7 (50%) of 14 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 5 (45%) of 11 cases of schwannoma, and 12 (40%) of 30 cases of malignant melanoma also were positive for CD10. Similar to normal tissue, CD10 positivity was restricted to the apical surface of malignant glandular cells of well-differentiated colonic, pancreatic, and prostatic adenocarcinoma, whereas in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and other tumors, such as melanoma, transitional cell carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and endometrial stromal sarcoma, the CD10 positivity showed diffuse cytoplasmic or membranous/Golgi patterns. The monoclonal antibody clone 56C6 is a reliable marker for CD10 in paraffin immunohistochemistry after heat-induced epitope retrieval. CD10 expression in renal cell carcinoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma may be a useful marker in the differential diagnoses of these tumors because both tumors otherwise lack specific markers.