高三尖杉酯碱对HL60细胞凋亡的影响及机制的研究

目的:研究高三尖杉酯碱对HL60细胞凋亡的影响及其机制。方法:运用高三尖杉酯碱作用HL60细胞后撤药实验筛选其诱导HL60细胞凋亡启动时相,流式细胞和免疫组化技术检测高三尖杉酯碱诱导HL60细胞凋亡启动时相凋亡信号分子Bcl-2、Bax、Fas/FasL、caspase-3、ERK2和p38的表达状况。结果:在高三尖杉酯碱诱导HL60细胞凋亡启动时相,Bcl-2表达降低,Bax表达增高,Bcl-2/Bax比值降低,ERK2表达减低,p38表达增加,caspase-3表达增加,Fas/FasL分子的表达无显著变化。结论:Bcl-2、Bax、MAPK途径和caspase-3参与高三尖杉酯碱启动HL60细胞凋亡的信号转导。     

扶正解毒通络方对人肝癌HepG2 细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及其作用机制研究

目的:探讨扶正解毒通络方对人肝癌HepG2 细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及其机制。方法:MTT 法观察细胞增殖能 力;RT鄄PCR 检测细胞内Bax 和Bcl鄄2 mRNA 水平;免疫印迹(Western blot)检测细胞中Bax、Bcl-2、活化的caspase-3、SIRT3、P53 及Fas 蛋白水平。结果:扶正解毒通络方能明显诱导减少HepG2 细胞内Bcl-2 基因转录,增加Bax 基因转录;扶正解毒通络方 能明显诱导减少HepG2 胞内Bcl-2 蛋白表达,增加Bax、活化的caspase-3、SIRT3、P53 及Fas 蛋白表达。结论:与正常对照组比 较,正常血清组人肝癌细胞HepG2 细胞内Bax、Bcl-2、活化的caspase-3、基因及蛋白表达水平无明显改变;与正常血清组比较, 扶正解毒通络方低、中和高剂量含药血清和阳性对照组HepG2 细胞内Bcl鄄2 基因转录减少,蛋白表达减少;Bax 基因转录增 加,蛋白表达增加,活化的caspase鄄3 蛋白表达增加。     

pcEgr-hp53稳定转染联合X射线诱导人肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡及相关凋亡蛋白表达变化

目的：探讨辐射诱导表达载体pcEgr-hp53体外稳定转染人肺腺癌A549细胞后联合X射线照射,诱导细胞凋亡的作用及相关凋亡蛋白Bax、Bcl-2和caspase-3蛋白表达的变化。方法：以脂质体介导携有外源野生型p53基因的辐射诱导表达载体pcEgr-hp53和pcDNA3.1,体外转染A549细胞,筛选稳定转染的细胞克隆并扩增培养,所表达的A549-hp53和A549-vect分别接受0、0.5、2和5Gy X射线照射,即8个实验组,采用TUNEL法和流式细胞术检测稳定转染联合辐射对细胞凋亡和Bax、Bcl-2和caspase-3蛋白表达变化的影响。结果：A549-hp53组加不同剂量照射与0 Gy组比较,其百分数均明显增加（0.5-5Gy,P〈0.05-P〈0.01）,Bcl-2蛋白表达在0.5-5Gy时明显下降,而Bax蛋白明显增加（P〈0.05-P〈0.01）,caspase-3蛋白表达在2-5Gy时明显增加（P〈0.01）;A549-hp53照射组不同剂量照射,与A549-vect相应照射剂量组比较,其百分数在0.5Gy时无明显差异,在2-5 Gy时为（P〈0.01）,Bcl-2蛋白表达明显下降（0.5Gy,P〈0.01;2-5Gy,P〈0.05）,Bax和caspase-3蛋白表达0.5-5Gy时明显增加（P〈0.05-P〈0.01）。结论：体外p53基因转染联合X射线照射可诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡明显增多,凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2表达下调,Bax、caspase-3表达上调,具有显著的肿瘤抑制作用。     

血必净对活化诱导T细胞凋亡的调节

目的 观察活化诱导对脾脏T淋巴细胞凋亡、凋亡相关基因mRNA表达及caspase3活性的影响,以及活血化瘀中药的调节作用.方法 提取BALB/c小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞并培养,以Con A+IL-2诱导T细胞活化凋亡,MTT法检测细胞增殖活性,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,RT-PCR检测Fas、FasL、Bcl-2、Bax、IL-2 mRNA表达水平,分光光度法测定caspase3酶活性,并观察活血化瘀中药对上述各项指标的影响.结果 活化T淋巴细胞于诱导18h后凋亡率明显增加,于诱导6h时未见FasL、Bax mRNA表达,Fas、Bcl-2 mRNA表达无明显变化;于诱导18 h后Fas、FasL、Bax mRNA表达升高,Bel-2 mRNA表达下降,caspase3活性增高.活血化瘀中药可降低T细胞凋亡,并可分别降低Fas、FasL、Bax mRNA表达,提高Bcl-2 mRNA表达,减轻easpase3酶活性.在活化诱导早期(6 h)促进T淋巴细胞内IL-2 mRNA表达,在晚期(18 h)减少IL-2 mRNA表达.结论 过度活化是脾脏T淋巴细胞异常凋亡的诱发因素,而凋亡的发生与Fas、FasL、Bax、Bcl-2 mRNA表达的改变有关.活血化瘀中药可通过调节IL-2及凋亡相关基因mRNA表达而减轻脾脏T淋巴细胞凋亡,同时可以促进T淋巴细胞的增殖活性.     

27nt-miRNA对氧化型低密度脂蛋白诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨27nt-miRNA(27nt-miR)对氧化型低密度脂蛋白(Ox-LDL)诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)凋亡的影响及分子机制。方法:体外培养HUVECs,分为正常对照组、Ox-LDL组、27nt-miR+Ox-LDL组、anti-27nt-miR+Ox-LDL组和阴性对照+Ox-LDL组。正常对照组给予正常培养;Ox-LDL组用40 mg/L Ox-LDL作用48 h诱导细胞凋亡;27nt-miR+Ox-LDL组、anti-27nt-miR+Ox-LDL组及阴性对照+Ox-LDL组分别以相同的操作方法转染相应慢病毒质粒后用40 mg/L Ox-LDL作用48 h诱导细胞凋亡。采用CCK-8法检测细胞活力,划痕实验检测细胞的迁移能力,caspase-3活性试剂盒检测细胞内caspase-3活性,RT-qPCR法和Western blot法检测细胞内Bcl-2、Bax和caspase-3 mRNA及蛋白的表达情况。结果:与阴性对照+Ox-LDL组相比,27nt-miR+Ox-LDL组HUVECs的27ntmiR高表达可显著降低细胞活力和迁移能力(P0.05),显著增加Ox-LDL所致的caspase-3活性和细胞凋亡(P0.05),亦可显著上调Ox-LDL所致的Bax和caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白表达(P0.05),下调Bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白表达(P0.05);而anti-27nt-miR+Ox-LDL组,上述所测指标均表现出相反趋势。结论:27nt-miR可能通过调控Bax、caspase-3和Bcl-2凋亡/抗凋亡蛋白的表达促进Ox-LDL体外诱导的HUVECs凋亡进而抑制HUVECs活力和迁移。     

藏红花素诱导卵巢癌HO-8910细胞凋亡的体外实验

目的 探讨藏红花素(crocin)诱导卵巢癌HO-8910细胞凋亡及其作用机制.方法 MTT法分析藏红花素对卵巢癌HO-8910细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞仪检测藏红花素作用于卵巢癌HO-8910细胞后,细胞周期分布及凋亡率的改变;Western印迹法检测p53、Fas/APO-1和Caspase-3蛋白的表达.结果 MTT实验分析显示,藏红花素明显抑制卵巢癌HO-8910细胞生长;流式细胞仪检测结果显示,藏红花素作用于卵巢癌HO-8910细胞后,G0/G1期细胞数比例及细胞凋亡率升高.Western印迹法检测结果显示,p53和Fas/APO-1蛋白表达水平明显增加,Caspase-3活性增强.结论 藏红花素能明显抑制卵巢癌HO-8910细胞的生长,使其被阻滞于G0/G1期,并可能通过上调p53、Fas/APO-1蛋白表达水平,进而激活Caspase-3调控的凋亡途径,从而促进卵巢癌HO-8910细胞凋亡.     

苦碟子对恶性黑色素瘤细胞抑制及凋亡蛋白Bcl-2/Bax表达的影响

目的观察不同浓度中药苦碟子对恶性B16黑色素瘤细胞的抑制作用和凋亡蛋白Bcl-2/Bax表达的变化,探讨中药苦碟子抑制B16黑色素瘤细胞生长的可能机制。方法通过细胞培养和MTT实验,检测苦碟子对B16黑色素瘤细胞的生长抑制情况,Western blot测定凋亡蛋白Bcl-2/Bax表达,免疫荧光染色检测Bcl-2/Bax蛋白在不同浓度苦碟子处理的黑色素瘤细胞中的表达。透射电镜观察不同浓度梯度中药苦碟子诱导细胞凋亡,其细胞结构的特征性变化。结果随着苦碟子药物浓度的增加,黑色素瘤细胞活细胞数目逐渐减少,细胞存活率显著下降(<0.05),凋亡抑制蛋白Bcl-2表达水平呈现下降趋势,而促凋亡蛋白Bax呈现上升趋势(<0.05),免疫荧光染色显示Bcl-2表达逐渐减少,Bax表达逐渐增加;电镜下凋亡小体数目不断增加,核固缩逐渐明显,细胞间隙增大,线粒体数目减少。结论中药苦碟子有浓度依赖性抑制黑色素瘤细胞生长,促进细胞凋亡,凋亡蛋白Bcl-2/Bax变化呈线性关系。     

藻蓝蛋白诱导喉癌HEP-2细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的:探讨藻蓝蛋白对人喉癌HEP-2细胞凋亡的影响,并初步探讨其机制。方法:不同浓度藻蓝蛋白处理HEP-2细胞,分别以MTT、倒置显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、流式细胞术检测藻蓝蛋白对HEP-2细胞活力及凋亡的影响;DCFH-DA标记的流式细胞术检测细胞内的活性氧水平;分光光度法检测细胞内caspase-3、-8、-9的活性;RT-PCR、Western blot检测细胞凋亡相关基因的表达。结果:MTT结果显示藻蓝蛋白能够抑制喉癌HEP-2的细胞活力,且呈时间和剂量依赖性;倒置显微镜、电镜、流式细胞术的一系列定性化和定量化实验证实藻蓝蛋白可显著诱导HEP-2细胞的凋亡;藻蓝蛋白处理后细胞内ROS水平升高,caspase-3、-8、-9被激活;RT-PCR结果表明,藻蓝蛋白作用后Bax、Fas、P53、caspase-3和caspase-9表达显著上调(P0.05),Bcl-2表达显著下调(P0.05);Western blot结果和RT-PCR结果一致。结论:藻蓝蛋白能够诱导HEP-2细胞的凋亡,其机制可能与细胞内ROS水平升高,上调Bax、Fas和P53 mRNA,下调Bcl-2 mRNA的表达,从而促进凋亡信号的转导最终导致细胞凋亡有关。     

土荆皮乙酸促进喉癌细胞系HEp-2凋亡

目的本文观察土荆皮乙酸(PAB)对人喉表皮样癌细胞系2(HEp-2)的增殖和凋亡的影响。方法细胞分组及处理:以0、0.5、1、2、4、8和16μmol/L的PAB分别处理细胞24、48和72 h;MTT法检测细胞活性;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡;Western blot和qPCR检测细胞Bcl-2、Bax和caspase-3蛋白及mRNA表达;免疫组化检测细胞PARP和c-PARP蛋白的表达。结果 PAB呈时间-浓度依赖性抑制HEp-2增殖。与对照组比较,4和8μmol/L PAB组HEp-2细胞凋亡率均显著升高(P<0.01);4和8μmol/L PAB组HEp-2细胞的Bcl-2和PARP表达均显著下降(P<0.05);Bax、caspase-3和c-PARP的表达均显著升高(P<0.05)。结论 PAB可激活线粒体凋亡途径,诱导HEp-2细胞凋亡。     

过表达Rip2对人胰腺癌细胞Panc-1凋亡的影响

目的:观察受体相互作用蛋白2(Rip2)对人胰腺癌细胞Panc-1凋亡的影响。方法:采用Jet PRIME试剂分别将pEGFP-C2和pEGFP-Rip2质粒转染入Panc-1细胞,实验分为对照组、pEGFP-C2组和pEGFP-Rip2组。转染后培养细胞48 h,采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;Western blot检测细胞Rip2水平及凋亡相关蛋白Bax、胞浆细胞色素c(Cyt-c)和Bcl-2蛋白表达;比色法检测细胞caspase-3的活性。结果:转染pEGFP-Rip2细胞Rip2蛋白表达明显增加。流式细胞术检测表明,p EGFP-Rip2组的细胞凋亡率明显高于对照组和pEGFP-C2组。与对照组和pEGFP-C2组相比,pEGFP-Rip2组的Bax和胞浆Cyt-c蛋白表达明显升高,而Bcl-2蛋白水平则显著降低。并且,pEGFP-Rip2组细胞caspase-3活性明显高于对照组和pEGFP-C2组。结论:过表达Rip2能诱导Panc-1细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与Rip2上调Bax以及胞浆Cyt-c蛋白表达,下调Bcl-2蛋白水平,增加caspase-3活性,从而激活内源性凋亡途径有关。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.