喷油嘴偶件喷雾特性计算分析

将喷油嘴内部空穴流动和喷雾计算耦合在一起,首先进行了喷油嘴内部流动计算,然后将喷油嘴内部流动计算结果作为边界条件进行喷雾模拟,包括计算所得到喷孔出口处的速度、空穴、湍流动能等,通过此方法研究了喷油嘴偶件结构参数,如喷孔K系数、喷孔人口圆角半径等对喷雾特性的影响规律;同时,研究了喷孔加工误差(喷孔粗糙度)、喷油压力、背压等对喷雾特性的影响.结果表明:喷油压力、背压、K系数和喷孔入口圆角半径对喷雾特性影响较大.     

柴油机孔式喷嘴内部空化现象的数值模拟

采用Fluent软件的混合多相流模型和空化模型,对柴油机孔式喷油嘴稳定喷射时喷嘴内部的空化流动现象进行了数值模拟,得到了空穴在喷油嘴内的分布情况,进一步分析了喷孔直径和喷孔长径比等几何结构参数对喷孔内空穴分布的影响。结果表明,增加喷孔直径和提高喷孔长径比可以使空穴在喷孔出口截面上分布更为均匀。     

喷孔入口圆角对喷孔内流与喷雾特性的影响研究

以研究喷油嘴微观结构和表面质量对喷油嘴内流和喷雾特性的影响为目标,利用微焦CT技术对真实喷油嘴表面进行几何建模,建立了可反映微观结构和表面质量影响的喷油嘴内流和喷雾的计算模型;并选择欧拉拉格朗日耦合喷雾(ELSA)模型对喷雾初次破碎过程进行了研究,分析了3种入口圆角结构下的流动和喷雾特性,掌握了圆角结构对喷油嘴流动和喷雾特性的影响规律,表明喷孔入口上圆角对喷油嘴流动和喷雾特性有较大的影响。     

柴油机不同类型喷嘴内部空化流动特性的研究

柴油喷嘴内部空化效应是燃油液体射流雾化的重要原因之一。针对目前发动机上广泛采用的SAC型和VCO型两种柴油机多孔喷嘴,运用基于欧拉多流体法的多相流模型,通过全自动网格生成技术,对二者进行了多维数值模拟。将空化模型应用于数值模拟中,全面分析了喷射压力、喷孔背压、喷孔入口圆角半径和喷孔倾斜角等参数对喷孔内部空化流动及出口流量的影响。结果表明,增大喷射压力容易促使空化的发生,压力较大时,SAC型喷嘴出口流量变化不如VCO型的大;出口压力对空化起到抑制作用,减小出口压力有利于空化的形成,有助于喷孔出口燃油的雾化;喷孔入口圆角半径和倾斜角的增大,使得孔内流动变得更加顺畅,燃油蒸气体积变小,出口流量增加。所以孔内空化效应对缸内喷雾过程尤其是燃油液体射流的初始破碎的影响不容忽视。     

喷油器喷油嘴偶件空化穴蚀仿真分析

通过数值模拟方法,基于流体体积函数(VOF)多相流模型对某型柴油机喷油器喷油嘴偶件(以下简称喷油嘴)的空化穴蚀进行仿真,得到了喷油嘴产生空化穴蚀的关键区域,以及影响空化穴蚀的关键结构,仿真空化区域与可靠性试验结果基本一致。通过减小喷油嘴密封角度、增大喷油嘴压力室圆角半径、减小喷孔锥角,使得密封面处空化现象得到改善,喷孔处空化强度及空化区域明显减小。     

交叉孔喷油嘴内部流动特性的模拟

为改善柴油机的喷雾特性,提出了交叉孔喷油嘴的结构,其特征是每个喷孔都由两个子喷孔交叉汇聚而形成.为探索交叉孔喷油嘴的内部流动特性,采用双流体模型,对一种圆孔喷油嘴和两种交叉孔喷油嘴在不同条件下的内部多相流动进行了三维CFD模拟.结果表明:交叉孔喷油嘴与常规圆孔喷油嘴内部流场结构有明显的差异,在圆孔喷油嘴中,压力在喷孔入口附近急剧下降,速度急剧上升;而在交叉孔喷油嘴中从喷孔入口到喷孔出口,压力逐渐下降,速度逐渐上升;圆孔喷嘴在空穴数较小的条件下会出现空穴,空穴区可从喷孔入口延伸到喷孔出口,而交叉孔喷油嘴内即使空穴数很小也不产生或只产生微量空穴,后者只在带盲孔扰动区的交叉孔喷油嘴发生;交叉孔喷油嘴的流量系数比圆孔喷嘴的高23%,~32%,.此外,交叉孔喷油嘴的特殊喷孔结构使其内部燃油产生冲击扰动,在喷孔出口产生了更大范围的高湍动能区,有利于促进射流雾化.     

喷油器结构对喷雾特性影响计算分析

将喷油嘴内部空穴流动和喷雾计算耦合在一起,首先利用一维液力计算结果为边界进行了喷油嘴内部流动计算,然后将喷油嘴内部流动计算结果作为边界条件进行喷雾模拟,包括计算所得到喷孔出口处的速度、空穴、湍流动能等,通过此方法研究了喷油器结构参数,如控制腔进油孔、出油孔和控制腔容积、针阀弹簧预紧力、控制活塞直径对喷雾特性的影响规律,结果表明:控制腔进油孔、出油孔和控制活塞直径对喷雾特性影响较大。     

针阀升程对乙醇柴油的空化现象及近场喷雾特性的影响

基于等比例放大透明喷嘴搭建可视化试验台,以乙醇柴油为流动介质,通过控制燃油喷射压力改变孔内燃油流动速度,对比研究了不同燃油流速下3种针阀升程(3mm、6mm和8mm)所对应的喷嘴孔内空化现象及近场喷雾形态。试验发现:喷嘴孔内空化现象随燃油流速升高依次历经无空化阶段、空化阶段(初生-发展-超空化)和柱塞流阶段;同等燃油流速下针阀升程越小,则喷嘴孔内越易发生空化,且空化现象更为强烈。喷孔流量系数随燃油流速升高呈先缓慢增大后急剧减小的变化趋势;同等燃油流速下针阀升程越大,则喷孔流量系数越大。近场喷雾锥角随燃油流速升高呈先增后减的变化趋势;在柱塞流发生之前,同等燃油流速下针阀升程越小,则近场喷雾锥角越大,且喷雾锥角峰值对应的燃油流速越小。     

柴油机喷油嘴结构对内部空穴流动的影响分析

利用混合多相流空穴模型对垂直多孔喷油嘴完全发展了的空穴流动进行三维数值模拟,分析了不同的喷油嘴压力室结构、喷油嘴喷孔入口圆角半径和喷孔倾斜角等对喷油嘴内部空穴流动的影响,为喷油嘴结构优化设计提供了指导:改进型(IMPROVED)喷油嘴综合特性优于标准型(STD)和无压力室型(VCO)喷油嘴;喷孔入口锐边过渡使喷孔空穴层基本均可延伸至喷孔出口,形成"超空穴"现象,加速液流紊乱,可提高雾化质量.     

喷油嘴喷孔内部空穴两相流动数值模拟分析

在柴油机喷油嘴喷孔内部空穴流动现象分析的基础上。建立了完全发展了的空穴流动的二维气液两相流空穴模型，并进行了喷孔内部气液两相流数值模拟。计算结果与国外已有实验数据的对比表明所建模型是正确的，在此计算模型框架下分析了喷孔上下游压差和喷孔入口圆角半径、喷孔直径和长度等几何特征参数对喷孔内空穴区域分布的影响，进而分析了对喷雾特性的影响。     

具有智能化特征的安全稳定分析与控制决策技术

安全稳定预警与控制辅助决策是智能电网调度技术支持系统不可缺少的应用类功能。在分析安全稳定分析与控制决策计算工作特点的基础上,提出安全稳定分析与控制决策支持智能化的主要特征：自动化和自适应性。介绍了自动化的安全稳定分析计算技术,包括输入数据准备、任务执行和输出结果的自动化处理;阐述了自适应电网运行工况、外部环境和硬件运行状态的安全稳定分析技术,包括调整应用功能的输入数据和妥善处理安全稳定性交互影响,以及根据分析计算任务要求动态优化调度计算资源。这些技术已用于安全稳定综合防御系统,提高了分析结果的适应性和分析计算的效率,在电网运行规划、计划安全校核、超短期安全态势预测、调度操作安全校核和在线分析与控制等电网调度运行管理中发挥作用。     

过热器再热器爆漏事故的原因分析及对策

过热器、再热器爆漏事故严重影响了锅炉机组的安全性和经济性,而造成过热器、再热器爆漏事故的主要因素有超温爆管、磨损、高温腐蚀、热疲劳、质量失控等。通过对这些因素的主要原因和爆口特征的分析,提出了一些过热器、再热器爆漏事故的防治措施。     

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials and their applications

Wettability of a material’s surface plays a significant role in how fluids interact with such surfaces. Wetting behavior is universal but can vary depending on the chemical nature of the solid and liquid phases. Plants and animals adapt to their environment by having evolved special properties. These properties are such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic surface has a strong affinity to water and spreading of water on such surface is preferred. The degree of hydrophilicity of the substance can be measured by measuring the contact angle between the liquid and solid phases. Hydrophobic materials are known as non-polar materials with a low affinity to water, which makes them water repelling. A contact angle of less than 90° indicates hydrophilic interaction where as an angle greater than 90° indicates a hydrophobic interaction. More recently, superwetting such as superhydrophilicity has been receiving an increased focus in the literature due to its potential significance. Superhydrophilic surface has a contact angle of less than 5°.

The fabrication of hydrophilic materials can be carried out in two main ways: depositing molecules on surfaces or modification of surface chemistry. Both methods have been successful historically in achieving their intended purposes. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials can be produced with many fabrication methods such as layer-by-layer assembly, laser process, the solution-immersion method, sol-gen techniques, chemical etching, and Hummer’s method.

The applications of such an important property are significant. For example, hydrophilic surfaces can be used in anti-fogging applications, biomedical, filtration, heat pipes, and many others. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials have been successfully applied in many sectors, such as: (I) the removal of petroleum from aqueous solutions, (II) applied to plastic, ceramics, and mesh to contribute to the oil removal from aqueous solutions, (III) hydrophobic layers have a strong self-cleaning effect on plastics, heat pipes, metals, textiles, glass, paints, and electronics, (IV) hydrophobic layers improve the anti-freezing behavior of heat pipes which prevents unwanted build-up and (V) they function as a water and dust protecting coat on electronics.

The presence of this property is historic but there is still a huge potential for development for its applications in many sectors such as water treatment, heat transfer applications, biomedical devices, and many more.     

Defect and impurity diagnostics and process monitoring

The review focuses on four areas of defect and impurity diagnostics: (i) the determination of parasitic resistances, (ii) quantum efficiency analysis including light-beam-induced current measurement systems which use spectrally resolved currents to determine local recombination in solar cells, (iii) methods to determine the recombination properties in solar cell precursors and (iv) techniques suitable for the recognition of the type of impurity or defect, which is responsible for increased recombination. In general, emphasis is on those methods, which are capable of delivering spatially resolved information. The use of the specific metastability features of a defect for its identification is exemplified. In addition, carrier lifetime spectroscopy methods utilising the temperature or the injection dependence of defect recombination are outlined.     

Hydrogen and electricity from water and light

Four self-driven photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers: n-TiO₂/p-CdTe, n-TiO₂/p-GaP, n-SrTiO₃/p-CdTe and n-SrTiO₃/p-GaP were constructed and examined in 1 M NaOH. the current-potential curves of the individual electrodes and the current-cell voltage relationships were measured. Cell current-density measurements versus time demonstrated that the output of each cell is stable for at least 12 h. the n-SrTiO₃/p-GaP cell under xenon light irradiation was the most efficient at 0·7 per cent. the n-TiO₂/p-GaP cell was estimated as the most efficient under solar light at 0·1 per cent. the stability of p-CdTe and its energy gap of 1·5 eV make it a prospect for use as a photocathode in future photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers.     

铁道机车车辆轮轨的摩擦磨损与节能降耗

阐述了铁道机车车辆轮轨摩擦磨损的现状;研究了内燃机车车轮、闸瓦和钢轨的消耗数量及相应的维修费用;指出了采用适当的新技术之后,在节能降耗方面会产生显著的经济效益。     

能源的开发利用与节能

在节能与环保问题成为当今全球性重要研究课题的情况下,笔者对中国能源的现状、新能源开发问题和在用车辆的环保节能问题进行了研究探讨。认为我国应加大开发可再生能源、核能源的力度,开发城市生活垃圾的新能源,找出在用柴油车实现环保节能的一些新措施。     

国内外能耗监测控制管理理论与实践

能耗监测是能源管理中的重要环节,国外不少国家在这方面都进行了积极的努力,制定了一些相关政策,并取得了一部分研究成果.我国于上世纪90年代初就出台了关于能耗监测的有关规定,2007年颁布的《单位GDP能耗监测体系实施方案》规定了能耗监测的主体、主要内容和指标.工业、交通运输和建筑是我国三大“耗能大户”,因此能耗监测研究和管理实践也主要集中在这三个领域.信息技术的发展为工业企业的能耗监测提供了基础平台,运用计算机信息技术对能耗实行现代化管理,成为企业实现信息化管理、降低成本的一种重要手段.道路交通约占我国交通运输业能耗的75％,因而对道路交通能耗的监测是交通运输业能耗监测的主要任务,而对机车能耗的监测是铁路运输能耗监测的主要内容之一.建筑能耗监测主要针对大型公共建筑,通过信息化手段进行信息采集及能耗监测.目前有关能耗监测的研究还处于起步阶段,尚未全面展开,能耗监测技术还不成熟,监测设备也不齐全.今后除了要继续探索能耗监测技术以外,还应重点加强对主要行业能耗监测控制管理体系的研究.     

The roles of science and technology in energy and environment research and development

Countries are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of science and technology in relation to national development and the necessity of formulating a concise science and technology policy. The need to strengthen and orient the scientific and technological infrastructure in line with national development goals, through more effective use of an available qualified work force and the higher education system, is becoming widely recognized. Consequently, appropriate methods of assessing the impact of science and technology on national development are needed so that efforts are concentrated on areas potentially having substantial impacts. Numerous planning studies have been undertaken to this end, particularly by international organizations such as UNESCO, UNIDO, OECD and IEA. This study examines the inter‐relationships of the disciplines of science and technology with energy and environment research and development (R&D) activities, particularly for developing countries. The connections between these topics are discussed along with some basic methods that can be used to exploit the relations. Some illustrative examples are presented. It is anticipated that the present study will serve as a preliminary step for more comprehensive work by providing an example of the utilization of formal methods in formulating science and technology policy for energy and environment R&D. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火电厂TSI安装调试及常见故障诊断和处理

火电机组TSI探头的安装与调试是一个较为复杂和精细的工作.是火电厂热控安装不可或缺的最重要的组成部分.文章对各种测量探头的原理进行了分析,理论结合实际,将原理图和现场安装图进行对照,通俗易懂.对这些TSI探头在实际安装时应注意的细节问题做了详尽的阐述,同时对试车过程中出现的问题进行了分析并提出了处理措施.对火电机组汽轮机本体热工仪表安装工作有一定的指导意义.