超声速旋转火箭弹气动流场的微楔控制

超声速弹箭表面的流体分离是影响飞行稳定的主要影响因素之一。研究表明,微楔涡流发生器可有效控制超声速流体边界层的流动分离。该文基于制式122火箭弹,通过在弹肩前端安装微楔来研究边界层流动分离控制对火箭弹气动性能的影响。运用DES方法数值模拟了122火箭弹在有无加装微楔条件下的流场变化,对比分析了微楔对弹体表面边界层结构以及弹气动数据的改变,讨论了微楔对弹的气动力及稳定性作用。数值结果表明,微楔可以抑制弹体表面流体分离,提高火箭弹的升力及俯仰力矩,减小马格努斯力矩,有利于提高其飞行稳定性及射击精度,可为相关旋转火箭弹的改进提供指导。     

微型三角楔超声速绕流特性的研究

基于大涡模拟(LES)方法,结合WENO格式与自适应网格加密(AMR)技术及沉浸边界法(IBM),对来流马赫数为Ma =2.5条件下的平板上微型三角楔绕流流场进行了数值模拟。数值模拟表明微型三角楔涡流发生器可以显著改变超声速流体边界层结构。计算结果清晰地显示了三角楔上游分离区的流场结构和下游各涡的流态,同时计算表明,微楔对边界层控制过程中,其下游的流向涡对与涡环结构都起了重要作用,并对其作用过程进行了讨论。数值计算与相关实验结果相符,且提供了流场的重要细节,揭示了微楔的控制机理,可为超声速边界层控制研究提供重要支持。     

高超声速激波/边界层干扰及MVG阵列流动控制研究

高超声速飞行器流场中通常会伴随激波/边界层干扰(SWBLI),其引发的流动分离将导致进气道性能下降。该文采用湍流分离涡(DES)方法、结合有限体积离散方法对来流马赫数为7流场中SWBLI诱导的分离气泡进行数值研究,模拟结果清晰地显示了分离气泡从产生到充分发展的具体过程,揭示了分离气泡的产生机理。利用微型涡流发生器(MVG)阵列对其进行控制,讨论了流场结构、壁面静压力、壁面剪切力及总压损失等参数变化对SWBLI控制效果的影响。结果表明:MVG阵列可显著改变高超声速流体边界层,使得分离气泡尺寸减小,分离激波强度减弱,分离气泡内及其下游流体的流向速度梯度增加,总压损失降低可达1.9%。     

微涡流发生器对激波边界层作用诱导的流体分离控制

基于大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation)方法,结合高阶TCD/WENO混合格式,对2.5Ma超声速激波/边界层干扰诱导的微楔和微叶片两种微涡流发生器控制进行了数值模拟。数值结果表明:从边界层厚度与分离区大小及结构变化均说明两种涡流发生器对激波边界层分离起到明显抑制作用。对于微楔式涡流发生器,入射激波对微楔尾涡压缩作用明显,使流向涡对的卷吸加强,从而增加边界层内外流体能量交换。微叶片式涡流发生器的控制机理与微楔相似,但其涡对在尾部较远处易破裂,会影响内外流体之间的能量交换。     

关于小口径尾翼弹修正方法的研究

进行了小口径尾翼修正弹气动外形设计,并对其进行气动仿真,得出了阻力、升力、翻转力矩、导转力矩等空气动力数据.在分析小口径尾翼修正弹气动特性的基础上,对其大量气动数据进行方程拟合.通过气动和动力学仿真,模拟修正弹修正过程,对小口径尾翼修正弹飞行稳定性和修正能力进行分析.仿真结果表明,在满足全弹气动布局、飞行稳定、电机有效控制的条件下,经气动外形设计的小口径尾翼修正弹具有良好的飞行稳定性和修正能力.     

水下超声速气体射流的初始流动特性研究

为研究水下发射过程中高温高压火药燃气喷射进入液相水过程的流体形态变化与流动特性,采用Mixture多相流模型与蒸发与凝结模型建立了二维轴对称水下超声速气体射流的数值计算模型并进行了相关的数值模拟,得到水下超声速气体射流的初始流动结构。数值结果表明,超声速气体与水介质的强撞击会在气液界面上形成一个强压缩区,且连续撞击形成的压力波反传,使喷管出口射流核心区流场出现周期性脉动。因气液界面上的强剪切作用,而在气液混合区内形成复杂的小激波结构,小激波结构的出现加速了气液界面的失稳,从而促进了气液掺混效应。另外,在气泡内会形成典型的欠膨胀射流结构,因而气泡内的流动特征与单相超声速气体射流情况类似。     

零质量射流及其在进气道流动控制中的应用研究

该文采用数值方法,模拟了零质量射流激励器工作流场,并对其在超声速进气道流动中的控制效果进行了仿真研究。运用有限体积法求解N-S方程,空间离散采用Roe格式,时间离散采用基于LU-SGS的双时间步长方法。针对激励器压电振子的运动过程,使用了基于广义无限插值方法的并行化动网格生成技术,并考虑几何守恒律。研究了零质量射流的非定常特性,获得了不同驱动频率下激励器出口附近的流动参数并与实验值进行对比,进一步分析了激励器驱动频率对进气道流动控制效果的影响。结果表明:数值方法能较为准确的描述零质量射流,将零质量射流激励器运用于进气道流动控制能有效改善进气道性能。     

射流冲击凸台时传热与流动的数值模拟研究

针对冲击射流应用中经常会遇到不平整表面的情况(如各种电子元件),采用RNG的κ-ε模型,对处在半封闭板内凸台的冲击传热和流动进行了数值模拟.研究了冲击凸台表面、侧面及平板上的传热特性,分析了冲击高度H/D、流动Re数等参数对传热和流动的影响.结果表明,冲击高度较小时凸台上表面的传热Nu数沿径向的分布有一个先抑后扬的特征,在凸台边缘处达到最大.数值模拟还较好地给出了射流冲击凸台后流体分离、再次冲击平板等复杂的流动特征.     

等离子体射流控制机翼气动力矩的实验研究

为考察火花放电等离子体射流控制机翼气动力矩的效果,在NACA0021平直机翼模型上安装火花放电等离子体射流发生器,通过改变射流发生器安装位置、射流角度及加载电参数,研究其控制机翼模型气动力矩的性能及机理。在NACA0021机翼模型近前缘处,布置2个火花放电等离子体射流发生器,采用气动力测量技术,在来流风速为20 m/s时测得,攻角-4°~10°时,滚转力矩系数最大减小了0.0024,攻角为12°~16°时,滚转力矩系数最大增加了0.0021;偏航力矩系数最大减小了0.00097。实验研究结果表明:等离子体射流可改变机翼模型横航向气动力矩,并可通过改变射流角度和加载电压频率调节等离子体射流控制横向气动力矩的效果。     

翼型绕流分离的微楔控制

基于大涡模拟(LES, Large Eddy Simulation),结合3阶WENO(Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory)格式与沉浸边界法(IBM, Immersed Boundary Method),对NACA0012翼型在来流马赫数为Ma=0.5以及10°攻角下,有无微型三角楔涡流发生器作用的三维绕流进行了数值模拟,对比了两者的流场结构变化。数值结果表明,微楔能显著改变翼型绕流的尾涡结构,并能缩小其表面边界层的分离,提高升力,并对微型三角楔涡流发生器的流体分离抑制机理进行了讨论。     

Simulation of slot and round synthetic jets in the context of boundary-layer separation control

Synthetic jets--also referred to as mass-less jets--offer the potential of effective, on-demand, fluid-based control of separating boundary layers on highly loaded aerodynamic surfaces, without the need for a mass source. However, the control authority that may optimally be derived from such jets, and any generality of the underlying flow physics are obscured by the wide range of geometric and flow parameters that contribute to their performance characteristics. The present article reviews the state-of-the art in the area of computational modelling and simulation of synthetic jets, with emphasis placed on key fluid-mechanics phenomena. The review is divided into two principal parts, one focusing on slot jets and the other on round jets. Within the latter part, ongoing research by the authors on the simulation of synthetic jets discharged into a separated boundary layer is highlighted as an example of the current status in this area.     

微致动器用于翼面流场主动控制规律研究

面向主动流动控制研发了气泡型微致动器及其阵列技术和MEMS合成射流器技术．对气泡型微致动器参与下的飞行器翼面流场进行了数值模拟,并结合翼型开展了风洞实验,研究了气泡型微致动器对气动性能的影响规律．阐述了微型合成射流器及其微流场特性,研究了合成射流抑制失速、提高升力的机理．结果表明,在翼型上对微致动器进行合理布置,采用适当的控制参数,可以实现对翼面绕流的有益主动控制,达到增加升力、改善失速特性等目的．     

Some aspects of aerodynamic flow control using synthetic-jet actuation

Aerodynamic flow control effected by interactions of surface-mounted synthetic (zero net mass flux) jet actuators with a local cross flow is reviewed. These jets are formed by the advection and interactions of trains of discrete vortical structures that are formed entirely from the fluid of the embedding flow system, and thus transfer momentum to the cross flow without net mass injection across the flow boundary. Traditional approaches to active flow control have focused, to a large extent, on control of separation on stalled aerofoils by means of quasi-steady actuation within two distinct regimes that are characterized by the actuation time scales. When the characteristic actuation period is commensurate with the time scale of the inherent instabilities of the base flow, the jets can effect significant quasi-steady global modifications on spatial scales that are one to two orders of magnitude larger than the scale of the jets. However, when the actuation frequency is sufficiently high to be decoupled from global instabilities of the base flow, changes in the aerodynamic forces are attained by leveraging the generation and regulation of 'trapped' vorticity concentrations near the surface to alter its aerodynamic shape. Some examples of the utility of this approach for aerodynamic flow control of separated flows on bluff bodies and fully attached flows on lifting surfaces are also discussed.     

Self-induced separation of laminar boundary layer and viscid-inviscid interaction over porous surface

Local flow in the boundary layer in the vicinity of a porous surface region has been studied. Mathematical models are formulated and similarity parameters are determined using the asymptotic analysis. Numerical and analytical results that describe the viscid-inviscid interaction of laminar flows near porous surfaces are presented. This method of passive flow control in the boundary layer can be used to eliminate the boundary layer separation and to produce delay of the laminar-turbulent transition. It is shown that the pressure at the point of separation remains virtually unchanged, whereas the pressure gradient grows with increasing coefficient of porosity. This behavior implies that the length of a disturbed flow region decreases when the porosity coefficient increases.     

Some thoughts on separation control strategies

Separation control has received considerable emphasis in literature both owing to fundamental flow physics and technological applications. Flow separation generally leads to increased energy losses, instability and so on, and its control is essential to improve aerodynamic performance. Here a brief review is presented of three broad strategies for separation control: these include methods that involve energization of the boundary layer upstream of separation, those that involve altering the bubble flow or dead air zone, and those that may influence the shear layer reattachment directly. Examples from recent research in our laboratories are reviewed and it is suggested that direct manipulation of the reattachment process could lead to effective control/management.     

基于大涡模拟的大气边界层湍流强度对低矮房屋风荷载特性影响研究

对德州理工大学(Texas tech university,TTU)低矮房屋标准模型,以已有现场实测以及缩尺模型风洞实验数据为验证对比,基于大涡模拟(Large-eddy simulation,LES)方法研究了大气边界层湍流强度对低矮房屋风荷载特征的影响机理。采用CDRFG (Consistent discretizing random flow generation) 人工合成湍流方法生成大气边界层湍流,研究了来流湍流度对低矮建筑表面的平均、脉动以及极小值风压分布以及风压非高斯特性的影响,并利用LES能提供非常场流动全流域信息的优势,结合瞬态湍流场结构对大气边界层湍流对低矮房屋风荷载特征的影响机理进行了阐释。结果表明:LES数值模拟得到的平均、脉动及极小值风压系数与实验以及实测结果一致,平均风压结果包络在实测误差范围以内,极小值风压系数最大误差小于10%,脉动风压系数最大误差小于20%且误差区域较小。在来流湍流度增大的过程中,低矮房屋屋面平均风压系数变化较小,脉动风压系数呈显著的线性增加;极小值风压系数变化规律相对复杂,呈现出非线性减小的趋势,风压系数极小值可达?5.0;屋面涡脱强度逐渐被抑制,锥形涡迹线与屋面迎风前缘的夹角由14.4°下降至8.7°。屋面风压非高斯特性主要与屋面形成的涡旋结构相关,表现出典型的右偏软化非高斯过程,且随着来流湍流度的增加风压非高斯特性逐渐减弱。从流场的角度来看,湍流度的增加抑制屋面迎风前缘柱状涡以及锥形涡的形成,加快流动分离的再附,减少分离泡尺度,同时提高了屋盖周围的湍流高频能量成分,从而使脉动风压增加,极小值风压减小以及风压非高斯特性减弱。该研究阐明了大气边界层湍流对低矮房屋风荷载特性的影响机理,有助于进一步理解低矮房屋风致破坏机理,并且为低矮房屋的抗风设计及抗风性能优化提供重要参考。     

Boundary layer separation in a laminar supersonic flow with energy supply source

The influence of electric discharge in a supersonic gas flow on the separation of a laminar boundary layer has been studied by numerical methods. The discharge is modeled by an energy supply source with preset intensity and configuration. It is established that the behavior of flows in the system with thermally insulated and isothermally cooled walls differs in a broad range of the heat source power. The possibility of controlling the boundary layer separation is demonstrated.