前混合水射流喷丸强化表面力学特性及疲劳寿命试验

为获得前混合水射流喷丸强化增益效果,研究前混合水射流喷丸对2A 11铝合金和45钢的表面显微硬度、表面残余压应力和疲劳寿命的影响.采用显微硬度计和X射线应力分析仪分别测定喷丸表面显微硬度和表面残余应力,利用扫描电镜观察疲劳断口形貌,获得喷丸表面显微硬度和表面残余压应力随喷丸压力、扫描速度及靶距的变化规律,指出射流喷丸可以大幅度地提高2A11铝合金和45钢的疲劳寿命,当2A11铝合金和45钢的应力振幅分别为155.7 MPa和282MPa时,喷丸试样疲劳寿命比未喷丸试样疲劳寿命分别提高25.31倍和18.56倍,且未喷丸试样疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面,喷丸试样疲劳裂纹有的萌生于试样表面,有的萌生于试样内部,当疲劳源在试样内部时,裂纹在夹杂物处萌生.因此,前混合水射流喷丸是一种提高金属零构件疲劳寿命的有效方法.     

TC21钛合金电子束焊接接头超高周疲劳行为研究

采用超声疲劳试验方法(20 k Hz),研究TC21钛合金电子束焊接接头的超高周疲劳性能与断裂机理。结果表明,TC21钛合金电子束焊接接头的疲劳性能要远低于母材的疲劳性能。在短寿命阶段,电子束焊接接头和母材的疲劳裂纹均在表面萌生;当寿命增大时,两者疲劳裂纹的萌生位置均由表面转向内部,母材的疲劳裂纹主要萌生于内部显微组织,而电子束焊接接头疲劳裂纹主要萌生于内部焊接气孔缺陷。当寿命较长时,疲劳源区会出现"鱼眼"形貌特征,源区附近有白色颗粒状细晶区,即细晶区(Fine granular area,FGA),其应力强度因子在2.90~3.33 MPa·m1/2,与疲劳寿命没有直接关系,可以认为是疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值。此外,基于AKINIWA小裂纹扩展理论,定量分析气孔尺寸与TC21焊接接头疲劳极限、疲劳应力的关系。     

25Cr2Ni2MoV钢焊接接头的超高周疲劳特性

对25Cr2Ni2MoV钢焊接接头开展常温拉压条件下的超高周疲劳试验,并对失效试样进行断口分析,研究焊接接头的疲劳失效机理。结果表明,疲劳寿命曲线呈现阶梯状:在高应力短寿命区,疲劳断裂发生在试样母材区较多,多为表面或次表面夹杂物裂纹萌生;在低应力长寿命区,疲劳断裂发生在试样焊缝区较多,多为内部气孔裂纹萌生。断口分析发现:缺陷(裂纹源)尺寸较小或者越靠近试样内部,疲劳寿命越长,且较小缺陷同内部较大缺陷具有相似的裂纹萌生潜力。通过有限元模拟疲劳试样内部微缺陷处的应力分布得出,焊缝区气孔和夹杂物周围的应力集中程度大于母材区夹杂物。结合断口分析发现,母材区弥散分布的粒状颗粒夹杂物数量较多,并且聚集起来会形成更大的缺陷,相比焊缝区夹杂物更容易萌生疲劳裂纹。     

表面激光冲击强化对钛合金超高周弯曲疲劳性能的影响

对TC17钛合金进行了表面激光冲击强化处理,并对其残余应力分布进行了分析,通过强化前后TC17钛合金的超高周弯曲疲劳性能试验,疲劳试样断口形貌的观察,研究了表面激光冲击强化对TC17钛合金的超高周弯曲疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:经过激光冲击强化处理后,TC17钛合金的疲劳裂纹源从强化前的主要分布在表面和次表面,全部转移到了次表面,其超高周弯曲疲劳性能提高了一倍。     

高温合金激光冲击强化数值模拟及其疲劳寿命预测

建立了激光冲击强化宏观有限元数值模型和细观参量演化数值模型,提出了激光冲击强化三维多尺度模拟方法,分析了激光冲击强化后Inconel 718高温合金残余应力、位错密度、晶粒尺寸的分布规律;考虑激光冲击强化所致残余应力和晶粒细化对疲劳寿命的影响,对Sines疲劳寿命准则进行修正,并进行了试验验证.结果表明:模拟得到试样表面光斑冲击范围内形成了不小于550 MPa的残余压应力,表层区域存在明显的位错增殖,局部晶粒尺寸可细化25％左右,模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合;采用修正Sines准则预测得到的疲劳寿命在3倍分散带内,说明该模型能够较好地预测激光冲击强化后Inconel 718高温合金的疲劳寿命.     

激光冲击强化对镍基高温合金疲劳寿命的研究

对镍基高温合金GH742疲劳试样进行了激光冲击强化处理,对强化后的试样首先进行了残余应力测试,发现处理后的试样表层产生了很高的残余压应力;然后进行拉一拉疲劳试验,结果表明激光冲击强化能显著提高镍基高温合金的疲劳寿命;最后从断口分析的角度解释了激光冲击强化改善材料疲劳性能的原因.     

机械振动对激光焊接接头组织的影响

振动焊接工艺能有效细化接头组织晶粒,降低残余应力,提高焊接质量。为了研究振动焊接工艺在激光焊接方面的应用,选用316不锈钢作为试验材料,利用机械振动辅助激光焊接的工艺方法,通过改变机械振动参数和焊接速度,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察焊后接头组织,对比分析不同振动频率和焊接速度下接头的微观组织形貌。结果表明,机械振动可以细化焊后组织中形成的柱状晶,使柱状枝晶破碎且向不同方向生长,晶轴间与焊缝中心处的等轴晶增加。提高焊接速度后,振动的加入能够细化焊缝区出现的粗大柱状晶。同时,振动可以减少焊后在奥氏体基体晶界处形成的网状高温铁素体和点状碳化物,使其趋于弥散。试验还对焊接接头进行显微硬度测试,发现振动焊接下得到的焊缝区接头组织硬度较高,且较高共振频率下硬度增加明显。     

钛合金裂纹激光修复工艺研究

采用CO2激光器对TC2钛合金板材进行焊接,通过显微组织、显微硬度对比,优化工艺参数,获得了焊缝外形平整、组织细密、变形小的焊接接头,实现了TC2钛合金的激光精密焊接.激光焊焊缝区的组织较均匀,为典型网篮组织,热影响区较窄,为等轴晶.晶粒度在热影响区较高,从焊缝到基材呈先升后降趋势.焊缝中心显微硬度可达HV420,高于基体约HV80,热影响区的硬度最低,约为HV300～330.     

激光冲击处理对曲轴疲劳强度的影响

利用激光冲击波对曲轴连杆轴颈圆角进行了强化处理,通过液压伺服疲劳试验研究激光冲击处理工艺对曲轴扭转疲劳强度的影响,利用X射线衍射法分析激光冲击处理后轴颈圆角处残余应力的分布规律,利用扫描电镜观察激光冲击处理表面微结构,分析激光冲击处理提高曲轴疲劳强度的微观机理。结果表明,激光冲击处理在曲轴圆角表面产生了残余压应力场,曲轴疲劳寿命显著提高,疲劳裂纹扩展速率大大降低;残余压应力场提高是激光冲击处理改善曲轴疲劳性能的主要机制。     

激光冲击强化对LZ50车轴钢疲劳性能影响试验研究

为了研究激光冲击强化对LZ50车轴钢疲劳性能的影响，对LZ50车轴钢车轴试样进行激光冲击强化处理并在JD-1轮轨模拟试验机上进行了旋转弯曲疲劳试验。结果显示：采用不同参数激光冲击强化处理的2个试样，硬度分别增大18%和27%；对LZ50车轴钢试样的过盈配合面进行激光冲击处理后产生了塑性变形层，形成了较高的残余压应力；试验后试样过盈配合表面两侧区域都可见明显的环形损伤带，出现了以剥落和犁沟为特征的磨损形貌，损伤机制为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损和剥层。激光冲击前后试样断口形貌特征相似，疲劳源呈多源性；在裂纹扩展区域段观察到大量的准解理小面，属于脆性穿晶断裂；瞬断区内出现大量韧窝和二次裂纹。激光冲击强化处理显著提高了车轴钢的疲劳寿命，不同激光冲击强化参数处理的2个车轴试样疲劳寿命比未处理试样疲劳寿命分别提高31%和21%。     

激光冲击钛合金板料的有限元模拟

激光冲击强化技术（LSP）是一种新型的表面处理技术,它利用激光冲击波作用靶材表面而产生残余压应力场.通过有限元软件模拟（FEM）可以分析激光冲击强化处理后靶材的残余压应力场分布,分析材料表面和深度方向的残余应力场的分布情况.先分析了材料的本构模型、激光冲击波的峰值压力的计算、有限元单元类型的选取、边界条件的处理等条件;再通过有限元软件ABAQUS对激光冲击TC4钛合金板料进行了数值模拟,分析了残余应力场的分布特点.     

焊接残余应力对超声波冲击处理焊接接头疲劳性能的影响

采用含高值焊接残余应力的非承载纵向角接接头进行了Q235B钢焊态与超声波冲击态的疲劳对比试验,研究了焊接残余应力对超声冲击处理焊接接接头疲劳性能的影响规律。结果表明:焊接残余应力对超声波冲击处理后焊接接头疲劳性能的影响较小。使用不含高值焊接残余应力的小试件来评估超声波冲击处理对相同接头形式及板厚的大型焊接结构疲劳性能的改善程度可能是偏于安全的。     

Fatigue Resistance and Failure Behavior of Penetration and Non-Penetration Laser Welded Lap Joints

Penetration and non-penetration lap laser welding is the joining method for assembling side facade panels of railway passenger cars,while their fatigue performances and the difference between them are not completely understood.In this study,the fatigue resistance and failure behavior of penetration 1.5+0.8-P and non-penetration 0.8+1.5-N laser welded lap joints prepared with 0.8 mm and 1.5 mm cold-rolled 301L plates were investigated.The weld beads showed a solidification microstructure of primary ferrite with good thermal cracking resistance,and their hardness was lower than that of the plates.The 1.5+0.8-P joint exhibited better fatigue resistance to low stress amplitudes,whereas the 0.8+1.5-N joint showed greater resistance to high stress amplitudes.The failure modes of 0.8+1.5-N and 1.5+0.8-P joints were 1.5 mm and 0.8 mm lower lap plate fracture,respectively,and the primary cracks were initiated at welding fusion lines on the lap surface.There were long plastic ribs on the penetration plate fracture,but not on the non-penetration plate fracture.The fatigue resistance stresses in the crack initiation area of the penetration and non-penetration plates calculated based on the mean fatigue limits are 408 MPa and 326 MPa,respectively,which can be used as reference stress for the fatigue design of the laser welded structures.The main reason for the difference in fatigue performance between the two laser welded joints was that the asymmetrical heating in the non-penetration plate thickness resulted in higher residual stress near the welding fusion line.     

Residual stresses in friction stir welded parts of complex geometry

Residual stresses play a key role on the mechanics underlying the fatigue crack growth propagation of welded joints. Indeed, compressive residual stresses may induce a beneficial enhancement of the fatigue life under loading condition whereas tensile residual stresses may act to increase the stress distribution at crack tip, resulting in a life-threatening condition of the welded structure. In-process distortion and final geometry of welded joints are also affected by residual stresses. In this paper, the longitudinal residual stress distributions in friction stir welding (FSW) joints were investigated for butt and skin–stringer geometries, including lap and T configurations. To measure residual stresses, the cut-compliance and the inverse weight-function methodologies were adapted for skin–stringer FSW geometries via finite element analysis. AA2024-T4 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys were used to weld dissimilar skin–stringer joints whereas butt joints were made of AA2024. The effect of most relevant process parameters as well as the cooling during welding process was also investigated for a better understanding of welding residual stresses. Our findings suggest that FSW of complex skin–stringer geometries produces higher residual stresses than those of butt joints, and that the cooling water flux further reduces residual stresses. Changes of process parameters did not affect markedly residual stress distribution.     

Effects on mechanical properties in electron beam welding of TC4 alloy by laser shock processing

The surface of TC4 titanium alloy welding line by electron beam welding (EBW) was processed by high power Q-switched and repetition-rate Nd: glass laser. Effects of laser power and spot diameter on residual stress and microhardness of the TC4 alloy welding line by laser shock processing (LSP) have been analyzed. Results show that residual stresses almost do not change as laser power is 45.9 J, spot diameter is ϕ9 mm; While laser power is 45.9 J, spot diameter less than ϕ3 mm, the distribution of residual stress in welding line occurs obvious variation, which residual stress increase obviously with spot diameter decrease. When power density is bigger than 1.8 × 10¹⁰ W/cm², residual stresses of electron beam welding line occur change by LSP, which improve obviously residual stress distribution; while laser power is bigger than 1.2 × 10¹⁰ W/cm², the surface micro-hardness of electron beam welding line occurs change by LSP, which improve obviously micro-hardness distribution. Mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy welding line will be improved by LSP, which provides experimental foundation for further controlling the distributions of residual stress and micro-hardness during laser shock processing. __________ Translated from Journal of Jiangsu University (Natural Science), 2006, 27(3): 207–210 [译自: 江苏大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

喷丸与激光喷丸强化高强度钢对比试验

为了考察和对比喷丸(SP)和激光喷丸(LSP)2种表面强化技术对金属零件的强化效果,以30CrMnSiNi2A钢为试样,进行喷丸和激光喷丸强化处理试验。试验结果显示,2种强化试样的残余压应力和硬度都有较大的提高。分别测定了喷丸强化和激光喷丸强化试样在同一应力水平下的疲劳寿命,并运用扫描电镜分析了两者的疲劳断口。试验结果表明,激光喷丸强化试样中值疲劳寿命是喷丸强化试样的1.11~2.75倍,激光喷丸强化比喷丸强化在提高金属零件表面性能方面的效果更佳。     

钛合金薄板激光焊接和TIG焊接残余应力数值模拟

基于有限元分析软件ANSYS，以激光焊接和TIG焊接温度场模拟为基础，对钛合金薄板的焊接残余应力进行了数值模拟，并分析了不同焊接工艺参数对激光焊接和TIG焊接残余应力分布的影响。数值模拟中考虑了材料参数的温度相关性，并与小孔释放法测试的焊接残余应力进行比较，结果表明：计算结果和测试结果吻合较好。     

10kW级光纤激光厚板焊接表面塌陷的试验研究

针对12mm厚的SUS 304不锈钢板的大功率光纤激光焊接过程中,焊缝表面容易出现塌陷的问题,利用高速相机及“三明治”焊接方法拍摄了熔池的流动状况。讨论了焊接位置和焊接速度以及底部驼峰的形成对表面塌陷的影响,研究了塌陷产生的原因。结果表明:从水平焊接位置到竖直焊接位置的过程中,表面塌陷平均深度逐步减小。焊接速度越小,小孔前沿孔壁上“凸台”越大,表面塌陷越严重。底部驼峰的形成,导致熔池熔融金属不足,形成表面塌陷。     

钛合金激光冲击强化层的残余应力及显微组织

对TC6钛合金进行了激光冲击强化(LSP),对强化层的残余应力分布进行了测试,应用透射电子显微镜对强化层的显微组织进行了观察。结果表明:TC6钛合金LSP的最佳功率密度为4GW.cm-2,LSP能在材料表层产生高的残余压应力场,表面残余压应力可达530.4 MPa;LSP可在钛合金表层产生高密度位错和纳米晶,纳米晶尺寸在10～100nm。