降雨粒子电磁特性分析及雨区目标成像

从理论仿真的角度,描述了传输矩阵方法的基本原理,并以Ku、Ka波段为例,对降雨粒子模型的双波段散射衰减特性进行了仿真比较。从宏观角度对不同雨强、不同频率下的雨衰进行了定量分析。提出了一种针对雨区三维复杂目标进行成像仿真的技术,仿真结果表明:在Ku波段下,当雨强超过10mm/h(中雨)时,雨衰对SAR图像的影响就必须被考虑;当雨强达到50mm/h(大雨)时,SAR图像将出现十分严重的图像质量恶化。在Ka波段下,即便小雨的影响都可在SAR图像中显现;而中等以上降雨将导致SAR图像几乎或完全湮没。     

可见光波段非球形沙尘气溶胶散射和辐射特性的理论模拟

将非球形沙尘气溶胶视为具有一定的尺度谱和形状分布的随机取向椭球粒子群,利用T矩阵和改进几何光学方法（IGOM）模拟了非球形沙尘气溶胶粒子在可见光波段（0.47 ）的散射特性,并与实验室测量结果和等体积球形粒子的计算结果进行了比较。结果表明：利用具有一定的尺度谱和形状分布的随机取向椭球粒子模拟自然界中的非球形沙尘粒子散射特性是行之有效的;用等体积球形粒子得到的单散射相矩阵（特别是单散射相函数）与椭球粒子相比,具有明显的差异,而粒子形状对单散射反照率、不对称因子和消光效率的影响明显偏小。通过比较椭球和球形沙尘气溶胶在可见光波段的辐射特性说明在计算非球形沙尘气溶胶辐射特性过程中应考虑粒子形状对其单散射特性的影响。     

K分布杂波下基于M-CPSO的散射中心参数估计

研究了非高斯K分布杂波条件下雷达目标散射中心参数估计问题,提出一种基于协同粒子群优化(CPSO Coop- erative-Particle Swarm Optimization)算法的M估计方法。针对K分布杂波的非高斯尖峰特性,首先利用M估计中的损失函数构造出散射中心参数估计的目标优化函数,然后利用协同粒子群算法,通过迭代优化得到目标的散射中心参数。该方法能够同时得到散射中心幅度和位置的稳健估计,通过与基于子空间的估计方法进行仿真实验对比,结果表明,在K分布杂波条件下该方法能够的得到更好的估计结果。     

西藏羊八井Ka&W双频毫米波云雷达性能及观测分析

介绍了西藏羊八井全大气层观象台最新架设的Ka&W双频毫米波云雷达（以下简称YBJ-DFDR,W波段94GHz,波长3.2 mm,Ka波段35 GHz,波长8.6 mm）的基本性能,并选择该地区不同类型云的观测数据,对其探测能力开展了分析和对比研究。分析结果显示,该双频云雷达系统具有较高的探测能力,其中W波段雷达和Ka波段雷达在10 km距离处的探测灵敏度分别达为-39.2 dBZ和-33 dBZ。对比研究表明Ka和W波段雷达所测等效反射率因子值因云物理属性不同亦呈现不同的特征。发生降雨时,由于液态雨和云粒子对雷达信号的吸收和散射作用,造成回波信号出现衰减,此时Ka和W波段雷达二者之间的衰减程度明显不同,W波段雷达信号衰减较严重,甚至出现衰减后低于探测灵敏度而无法获得回波的情况（严重时二者之差可达30 dB）。而当云中粒子多为冰相时,回波信号的衰减程度显著减弱,W波段雷达相比Ka波段雷达展示出更佳的探测能力,其所测反射率因子值普遍高于Ka波段雷达。研究亦发现Ka波段雷达对于云层边缘区域,如云顶、云底部分,容易出现漏测的情况,从而导致云顶高度的低估和云底高度的高估,其主要原因是这些...     

地球同步轨道星载降雨测量雷达设计

分析了雨的空间分布特性,对现阶段降雨测量雷达的现状进行了调研,提出了一种地球同步轨道星载降雨测量雷达设计方法。该雷达采用Ka频段工作频率,采用螺旋扫描实现5 000km直径的圆区域覆盖,可实现0.3mm/h以上强度降雨的探测。同时,地球同步轨道降雨测量雷达可实现定点观测,通过3~4颗卫星组网即可实现全球覆盖。该雷达是实现全球气候与环境变化监测,军事战场作战环境综合探测的必要装备。     

基于盲源分离的毫米波雷达抗雨杂波干扰研究北大核心CSCD

毫米波雷达信号在降雨环境下传播时，会产生雨杂波，对雷达目标测距精度产生较大影响。本文研究了毫米波雷达信号在降雨环境下的衰减计算方法，给出了单次散射情况下毫米波雷达的体反射率，明确了降雨环境下的雷达方程。并根据雨滴尺寸分布特性建立降雨环境下的雨滴谱三维分布模型与雷达探测范围模型，仿真分析了降雨环境下的雷达测距结果。提出了一种基于四阶累积量与正交联合近似对角化的盲源信号分离算法，对降雨环境下雷达混合接收信号进行分离，实验结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

随机分布的多个非球形群聚散射体的极化散射及其数值模拟

本文利用T矩阵法,通过严格求解N个粒子的多次散射方程,发展了随机分布的多个非球形群聚散射体的集合性相干散射的计算机数值模拟方法。数值地给出了在空间随机分布的群聚散射体的极化散射与粒子的形状、大小、空间分布和取向等参量之间定量的函数关系。并将随机分布的群聚散射体的后向散射与单个粒子和单个群聚体独立散射的数值结果进行了比较,表明多个粒子的群聚分布对散射特性产生显著的影响。     

基于星座网络的Ka波段星地信道建模研究

该文以某星座网络项目为背景,对Ka波段的星地通信链路进行了分析,仿真了不同天气环境,特别是降雨对信道损耗的影响,以及它们与天线仰角、工作频率等参数的关系。同时,探讨了Ka波段星地信道的平坦性,建立考虑了天气环境的Ka波段星地信道仿真模型,并对该模型的系统性能进行了仿真分析。     

降水对Ku/Ka频段星地链路衰减特性的影响研究

近年来,Ku和Ka卫星在广播、通信和军事等领域应用数量越来越多,传统的Ku和Ka波段星地链路降水衰减预报模型基于经验关系和理想假设,考虑降水微物理特性不足,针对此问题,在实测降水粒子微物理特征的基础上定量分析了降水垂直分布、粒子形状、粒子取向、粒子相态等对Ku和Ka频段信号衰减的影响特性.结果表明,与考虑降水非均匀垂直分布的计算结果相比,ITU和SAM模型是基于降水分布均匀的假设,无法代表降水垂直分布不均匀时的衰减情况;降水粒子形状和取向对衰减的影响较小,在13GHz和32GHz频段,球形和非球形粒子衰减值的平均绝对偏差均在0.01dB以下,不同粒子取向时衰减系数的平均绝对偏差最大值为0.00098dB/km和0.0207dB/km;不同相态的降水引起的衰减差异较大,衰减值从大到小依次是湿雪、水和冰.研究结果可以为Ku和Ka波段星地链路传播特性评估及降雨反演新方法提供基本的理论支撑和数据参考.     

不同取向非相干箔条云对入射极化的敏感特性

箔条云对入射极化方式具有选择特性。基于竖直方向偶极子极化散射矩阵和非相干散射模型,建立了箔条云雷达视线方向非相干极化随机散射过程模型,给出了散射极化信息均值和方差的数值计算表达式,使用MATLAB软件采用数值计算方法研究分析了空间姿态服从不同均值正态分布、线形分布和球面均匀分布箔条云对入射极化的敏感特性。仿真结果显示,同分布箔条云在不同雷达视角下选择特性不同,不同分布箔条云在相同雷达视角下的选择特性也有差异。结论为干扰方设计箔条云和抗干扰方选择入射极化方式提供了理论指导。     

基于武汉MST雷达的降雨物理过程观测与研究

利用武汉MST(Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere)雷达对降雨事件的观测, 建立了二阶高斯谱模型, 基于最小二乘法拟合得到相应的大气湍流谱与降雨谱信息.从大气湍流谱和降雨谱中可以分别提取大气及降雨粒子的回波能量及径向运动状态, 从而反演大气背景三维风场和讨论降雨形成机制.同时, 基于雨滴粒径伽马分布特征, 根据降雨回波谱反演得到不同高度的雨滴粒径分布, 从而研究对流层区域降雨的微物理过程.     

Specular null polarization theory: applications to radarmeteorology

Specular null polarization theory (SNPT) has been recently introduced for the case of coherent scattering where a 2×2 scattering matrix is sufficient to describe the scattering process. In this paper, SNPT is extended to the case of incoherent scattering. Optimum polarization states are derived and the results are discussed in relation to the classic radar optimum polarizations. In traditional radar polarimetry, modeling of the radar receive/transmit network is included in the radar voltage equation and consequently this affects the optimum polarizations and polarization responses of scatterers. SNPT eliminates this effect and therefore allows for a more direct analysis of scatterers. Modeling of ensembles of precipitation particles is used to illustrate the results of the analysis     

Microphysical characterization of microwave Radar reflectivity due to volcanic ash clouds

Ground-based microwave radar systems can have a valuable role in volcanic ash cloud monitoring as evidenced by available radar imagery. Their use for ash cloud detection and quantitative retrieval has been so far not fully investigated. In order to do this, a forward electromagnetic model is set up and examined taking into account various operating frequencies such as S-, C-, X-, and Ka-bands. A dielectric and microphysical characterization of volcanic vesicular ash is carried out. Particle size-distribution (PSD) functions are derived both from the sequential fragmentation-transport (SFT) theory of pyroclastic deposits, leading to a scaled-Weibull PSD, and from more conventional scaled-Gamma PSD functions. Best fitting of these theoretical PSDs to available measured ash data at ground is performed in order to determine the value of the free PSD parameters. The radar backscattering from spherical-equivalent ash particles is simulated up to Ka-band and the accuracy of the Rayleigh scattering approximation is assessed by using an accurate ensemble particle scattering model. A classification scheme of ash average concentration and particle size is proposed and a sensitivity study of ash radar backscattering to model parameters is accomplished. A comparison with C-band radar signatures is finally illustrated and discussed.     

An array-compensated spherical reflector antenna for a very large number of scanned beams

There are many stringent demands imposed on the applications of spaceborne antenna systems. One of the most challenging demands is the generation of multiple beams with the ability to scan a very large number of beamwidths. Since the parabolic reflectors have limitations in this application, a 35-m spherical reflector antenna is proposed for a geostationary radar antenna at Ka-band (35.6 GHz) due to its inherent capability of scanning the beams to very large number of beamwidths. The utility of using planar array feeds for correcting spherical phase aberrations is investigated to overcome the performance degradation effects. Two different methodologies are developed for the array excitation coefficients determination based on phase conjugate matching and the results are compared. Using the compensating feed array, the radiation characteristics of the compensated spherical reflector are simulated for no scan and large scan cases and the results are compared with the uncompensated case to show performance improvement. In order to demonstrate the technological readiness of the concept a 1.5-m breadboard model is designed to be built for experimental measurements. Some important mechanical design tolerances and realistic array feed topologies are investigated. The antenna concept developed in this paper is advocated to be used in the next generation of geostationary satellite antenna systems for remote sensing radar applications.     

基于数值天气预报模式的机载气象雷达降雨目标极化特性仿真

带有极化信息的气象目标仿真是双极化多普勒天气雷达的理论研究和设计应用的基础。目前, 机载双极化气象雷达的理论研究正处于发展阶段, 为了给机载双极化气象雷达的技术研究提供数据来源, 该文提出了一种基于数值天气预报模式的机载气象雷达降雨目标极化特性仿真方法。该方法利用数值天气预报模式获得温度、粒子浓度、混合比等降雨目标的气象参数, 从而实现气象场景的建模与仿真。在分析降雨目标微物理特性的基础上, 计算降雨目标的电磁散射矩阵, 从而实现降雨目标的极化特性仿真。不同微物理特性参数下的仿真结果表明:该方法可实现降雨目标的气象建模, 与实测数据的对比分析可知, 该方法的双极化仿真结果有效、可靠。      

气象雷达超低副瓣失配滤波处理技术研究

在雷达信号处理中,通过匹配滤波进行脉冲压缩可以获得最大化的信噪比,有效地减小了雷达回波中噪声对信号的影响。然而,脉冲压缩的输出具有较高的距离旁瓣,在气象雷达探测中,由于空间分布的散射粒子之间反射强度相差较大,弱散射粒子的回波容易掩没在强散射粒子的旁瓣中,因此有超低旁瓣的需求。本文主要研究了能够降低旁瓣的非线性调频（NLFM）波形和最小积分旁瓣水平（ISL）失配滤波器,分析了多普勒频移对其性能的影响,并在最小ISL滤波器的基础上通过进一步对滤波器系数加权的方法,使得在回波具有多普勒频移的情况下也能达到超低旁瓣的性能。      

The application of S-band polarimetric radar measurements toKa-band attenuation prediction

In September 1993, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) was deployed into a geostationary orbit near 100° W longitude. The ACTS satellite employs two Ka-band beacons, one at 20.185 GHz and another at 27.505 GHz. Impairments due to rain attenuation and tropospheric scintillations will significantly affect new technologies for this spectrum. Heavy rain at Ka-band can easily produce 30 dB of attenuation along the propagation path. Propagation experiments being conducted in seven different climatic zones involve multiyear attenuation measurements along the satellite-Earth slant path. Measurements in the B2 climatic zone are made with an ACTS propagation terminal located in northeast Colorado. In order to gain move understanding about the physical processes that are responsible for Ka-band attenuation, the Colorado State University CHILL S-band polarimetric radar is used to take radar measurements along the slant path. The Colorado Front Range experiences a variety of weather conditions throughout the year ranging from upslope rain conditions to winter storms. Four such events measured along the slant path are illustrated in this paper. They include two convective cases and two “bright-band” cases. The S-band polarimetric radar data is used to initialize radar-based attenuation-prediction models, which are applied to the four precipitation events described. The comparisons of predicted attenuation to measured attenuation are quite good. It was also found during the course of the experiment that water droplets standing on the antenna surface can cause appreciable attenuation at Ka-band frequencies. That finding needs to be recognized in future model development and statistical analysis     

Depolarization of radar signals due to multiple scattering in rain

The linear depolarization ratio (LDR) of radar returns from rain is studied. Pulse intensities of copolarized and cross polarized components are calculated by using the second-order solution of the time-dependent radiative transfer equation for a finite rain layer composed of spherical raindrops. Theoretical results show significant differences in LDR values between X and Ka bands for light to moderate rainfall rates and a rapid increase in the LDR reaching a level of about -8.5 dB at radar ranges near the rear edge of the rain layer. These characteristics of the LDR are in good agreement with observations from an air-borne dual-frequency, dual-polarized radar and suggest that a part of the depolarized radar power is caused by second-order multiple scattering effects     

Satellite systems in a VSAT environment

The next generation of satellites is discussed and a Ka-band payload is proposed which will provide mesh connectivity at high data rates (e.g. 1 Mbit/s) directly between very small aperture terminals (VSATs) using a maximum antenna diameter of 1.5 m. It is demonstrated that there are no significant differences between Ku-band and Ka-band VSAT operations apart from propagation margins, which are analysed statistically over 650 European cities. It is shown that margins required for Ka-band operation are not excessive. A Ka-band satellite payload is proposed, based on frequency division multiple access, multibeam switching with dynamically controllable transponder bandwidths and gain. The payload adapts to traffic-loading requirements in its provision of multibeam connectivity and capacity. The signal format, modulation and coding technique used for transmission is unconstrained, except in terms of bandwidth, and this will allow advances in modulation and coding to take place during the lifetime of the satellite in orbit