活性炭粉对硝基苯水相洗消性能实验研究

选取活性炭粉作为洗消剂,以硝基苯为洗消吸附对象,对其水相泄漏进行小型实验模拟。利用恒温水浴振荡加热、紫外光谱、控制变量等方法,精确得到活性炭粉对硝基苯的水相洗消量,并结合洗消动力学、洗消等温机理等理论模型计算出相应方程,对其洗消机理和影响因素进行深入研究。得出活性炭粉对硝 基苯的水相洗消不仅仅是物理吸附过程,还受内部化学分配以及 电子间相互作用的影响的结论。     

一种新型氨气洗消剂的研究

采用含有有机酸、沉淀剂及表面活性剂的复合型氨气洗消剂对氨气泄漏进行模拟洗消试验,并探讨洗消剂的浓度和洗消时间等对其洗消效率的影响。经研究发现,该洗消液具有良好的洗消效果,中和剂与沉淀剂之间存在着协同洗消作用。该洗消剂可有效洗消空气中的氨气。少量表面活性剂的加入,可以降低洗消剂的表面张力,改善细水雾的流动特性。相对于传统的自来水,该复合型洗消剂配制工艺简单,洗消效率高,洗消彻底,洗消产物无毒无害,是一种高效的环保型洗消剂。     

敌腐特灵洗消剂对氢氧化钠的洗消效能评价

实验研究敌腐特灵对不同浓度的NaOH溶液洗消效能,并与常用的洗消剂——3%硼酸溶液、生理盐水和自来水进行对比。通过研究溶液pH值与洗消剂用量的关系发现,达到同样效果时,敌腐特灵洗消剂的洗消用量多于3%硼酸溶液,少于生理盐水和自来水。洗消动力学分析发现,敌腐特灵洗消剂的洗消速度仅次于3%硼酸溶液。对土壤微生物的影响实验表明敌腐特灵洗消剂有较强的杀菌作用。结合皮肤洗消的特点进行综合分析,认为敌腐特灵洗消剂是最适宜的皮肤洗消剂。     

氯气洗消剂小尺寸实验研究

结合细水雾的特性,采用苹果酸钠、谷氨酸钠和甘氨酸钠作为洗消剂,通过设计小尺寸氯气泄漏的洗消模拟实验,研究不同洗消剂的洗消效率。甘氨酸钠的洗消效果最好,其洗消最有效时间基本就是喷淋后的200 s内,10 min后甘氨酸钠的洗消效率在氯气浓度较高的情况下达到了80%,而在氯气低浓度时效果更好,均达到了90%以上。     

改性膨润土洗消剂对苯胺和硝基苯的洗消性能

以膨润土为原料,经过酸化、无机铝柱撑和阳离子表面活性剂的改性,制备不同的新型改性膨润土洗消剂。探讨单因素对苯胺和硝基苯洗消性能的影响,利用正交实验优化反应条件。结果表明,改性膨润土可以提高苯胺和硝基苯的洗消效果。以110CTAB-Al-Bt改性膨润土处理1 000 mg/L苯胺和硝基苯模拟水样,得出振荡时间、pH值、温度和洗消剂用量4个因素的最佳洗消效果的组合。     

水喷淋消除防护服沾染生物剂的研究

研究了水喷淋方法消除防护服表面沾染生物剂的效果.试验采用大肠杆菌和水稻白叶枯病菌两种菌为测试样菌.结果表明,喷淋时间对于生物剂的消除效果有一定的影响;喷淋水温对生物剂的消除效果影响明显,但水温达到40 ℃时人体感到不适;喷淋流速对洗消效果影响最大,且在实际洗消过程中能够较好地实现对流速的控制.因此建议在消除生物剂沾染的过程中,以提高喷淋流速的方式提高洗消效果.     

颗粒活性炭吸附对预臭氧后微污染原水水质影响研究

在不同的预臭氧浓度条件下处理微污染原水,考察了颗粒活性灰（GAC）吸附对处理后水样水质的影响.选择化学需氧量（CODMn）、溶解性有机碳（DOC）、生物可降解溶解性有机碳（BDOC）、UV254和氨氮（NH;-N）含量及有机物分子量分布作为考察吸附效果的检测指标.结果表明,在静态吸附时间达到5天时,颗粒活性炭吸附曲线开始趋于平缓,吸附时间超过5天之后吸附趋于饱和;预臭氧含量为2.5 mg/L时,颗粒活性炭对有机物的吸附效果最佳,对CODMn、DOC、BDOC的去除率分别为53.2％,63.2％和36.2％;在不同预臭氧处理条件下,颗粒活性炭对NH;-N的吸附效果并未表现出较大的差异,吸附去除率约为5％;颗粒活性炭优先吸附水中分子量＞ 10kDa的有机物,其次为分子量＜1 kDa的有机物.     

公安消防部队在化学事故处置中的应急洗消

文章综述了化学事故应急洗消的基本方法、原理，分析了化学事故应急洗消的目的、任务和基本洗消方式。提出了公安消防部队在化学事故应急洗消工作中应坚持的原则，探讨了洗消剂的选择原则和不同染毒对象的洗消实施方法。     

一种化学洗消模拟训练装置

<正>该装置可对消防员开展系统性的洗消训练,使其熟练识别化学事故处置后的化学残留物,熟练掌握不同类型洗消剂配对使用、个人防护装备洗消处置方法、灭火装备洗消方法及效果评估及洗消污水快速输转。通过系统训练,达到消防部队对消防员开展实战洗消训练的综合要求。该装置具有以下特点:(1)化学残留物识别及报警技术分类训练。装置通过用侦检探头对化学残留物进行检测,目前设置了硫化氢、二氧化硫、氯气、氢气、氨气、磷化氢等六种气体探测头,其他为模拟报     

建筑装饰涂料中苯系物污染的防控研究

室内苯系物污染主要来源于装修用的装饰涂料和木器油漆等化学品。苯系物污染治理较为常见的几种方法有源头控制法、空气流通法、观赏植物净化法、活性炭吸附法、空气净化设备。选取住户为实验对象进行跟踪调查,根据GB50325—2001《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》要求设计苯系物污染治理效果对比实验。对比实验表明：实验采用的开窗通风、植物净化、活性炭吸附等三种治理方法中,以开窗通风的治理效果最好,1000 g活性炭吸附苯系物的能力高于2盆虎尾兰和1盆常春藤组合的吸附能力。     

Remediation of waters contaminated with ionic herbicides by sorption on polymerin

This study investigated the sorption of paraquat and 2,4-D on polymerin, the humic acid-like fraction of olive mill wastewater. Effects of pH, contact time, initial concentration and sorbent dosage on the sorption of both herbicides were studied. The sorption mechanism of paraquat on polymerin was consistent with the ion exchange of this herbicide with Ca, Mg and K natively occurring in the sorbent; in contrast, 2,4-D was bound to polymerin by hydrogen bonding. Simulated wastewaters contaminated with paraquat were purified after three sorption cycles on polymerin renewed at each cycle, at a solid/liquid ratio of 0.5, whereas those containing 2,4-D showed a maximal residue removal of 44% after two sorption cycles at the same ratio. The possible application of this model to other water-soluble herbicides, as well as the possible exploitation of polymerin as a bio-filter for the decontamination of pollution point sources is briefly discussed.     

新型水性有机硅水泥混凝土防水剂的研制

根据高分子反应接枝共聚原理,在无溶剂的条件下,将硅烷偶联剂-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)通过与甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)反应引入到204水溶性有机硅主链中,成功地制备了一系列含活性硅氧基有机硅半透明液、微乳液及乳液型水泥混凝土防水剂。系统研究了该类防水剂对水泥沙浆的力学强度、吸水率等性能的影响。结果表明,含不同量活性硅烷偶联剂的水性有机硅作为水泥防水剂具有优良的应用性能,有望作为新型水性有机硅防水剂获得大规模推广应用。     

洗消帐篷消除生物剂沾染的效果研究

采用大肠杆菌为测试样菌,研究了洗消帐篷的洗消时间、洗消流速、洗消水温对洗消效果的影响.在此基础上,判断各参数对洗消效率的影响发生显著变化的点.以这些点为基础建立三因素组合洗消试验,利用洗消结果建立了数学模型,据此得到常用洗消参数组合的洗消效率查询表,并结合消防实际工作情况,提出了最优化的洗消参数.     

多功能化学洗消消防车研制

针对危险化学品重特大事故救援特点,分析了消防队伍洗消处置的实战需求,在对比分析现有国内外化学洗消消防车功能技术指标的基础上,提出了多功能化学洗消消防车的设计方案。介绍了该车的结构组成以及关键系统的工作流程。该车可进入污染区开展应急智能洗消,执行侦检洗消一体化处置和人员救助任务,具备了公众洗消能力、侦检能力以及智能洗消救援能力,为消防救援队伍提供了正压防护、侦消一体、突击处置、智能洗消等功能为一体的化学事故洗消处置技术装备保障。     

Modeling PAH mass transfer in a slurry of contaminated soil or sediment amended with organic sorbents

A three-compartment kinetic partitioning model was employed to assess contaminant mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion in systems comprising dense slurries of polluted soil or aquifer sediment with or without sorbent amendments to sequester polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The model was applied to simulate temporal changes in aqueous and particle-bound PAH concentrations comparing different pollution sources (heavy oil or tar sludge) and various sorbent amendments (polyoxymethylene (POM), coke breeze, and activated carbon). For the model evaluation, all the parameters needed were directly measured from a series of experiments, allowing full calibration and verification of model predictions without parameter fitting. The numerical model reproduced two separate laboratory-scale experiments reasonably: PAH uptake in POM beads and PAH uptake by semipermeable membrane devices. PAH mass transfer was then simulated for various scenarios, considering different sorbent doses and mass transfer rates as well as biodegradation. Such model predictions provide a quick assessment tool for identifying mass transfer limitations during washing, stabilization, or bioslurry treatments of polluted soil or sediment in mixed systems. It appears that PAHs would be readily released from materials contaminated by small oil droplets, but not tar decanter sludge. Released PAHs would be sequestered rapidly by activated carbon amendment but to a much lesser extent by coke breeze. If sorbing black carbon is present in the slurries, POM pellets would not be effective as a sequestration amendment. High first-order biodegradation rates in the free aqueous phase, e.g., in the order of 0.001 s(-1) for phenanthrene, would be required to compete effectively with adsorption and mass transfer for strong sorbents.     

Characterization of barley straw biochar produced in various temperatures and its effect on lead and cadmium removal from aqueous solutions

Conversion of agricultural wastes into a carbon rich material (i.e. biochar) using pyrolysis process could be an appropriate approach for their management. This study was carried out to convert barley straw to biochar in different temperatures (300, 400 and 500°C) and to investigate the potential of the produced biochar as a sorbent of heavy metals (Pb and Cd). Considering the pretest results of Pb and Cd sorption, the biochar produced at 500°C (BS500) was selected to find effect of pH, the sorbent dose, the initial concentration of Pb and Cd and the contact time on metal removal efficiency. The results showed that the optimum conditions of adsorption were pH = 6, the sorbent dose 1 g/L and the contact time of 45 min. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms had the best fit to the pseudo‐second order and Langmuir models, respectively.     

Effectiveness of Portable Indoor Air Cleaners: Sensory Testing Results

The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of individual commercially available portable indoor air cleaning units in removing dust particulates, tobacco smoke particulate and vapor phase constituents (nicotine and vinyl pyridine), viable and total fungal spores, pollen, and gaseous contaminants (carbon monoxide[CO], nitrogen dioxide[NO²], and formaldehyde[HCHO]), in a clean air test chamber. The air cleaner chamber results presented here represent initial-use results. In general, High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) and electrostatic precipitator systems demonstrated the highest efficiencies with respect to particulate, contaminants, followed closely by electret filter systems. Ionizers and ozone generators were least effective in particulate removal. Systems which included sufficient sorbent material (i.e. activated carbon or potassium permanganate) were marginally effective at gaseous contaminant removal. None of the systems tested were effective at carbon monoxide removal. Sensory testing was conducted to discern potential correlation between human perceptive response and measured air cleaner performance (with respect to tobacco smoke removal). An electret filter (EF) loaded with carbon sorbent received the best ratings with respect to odor strength, nasal irritation, eye irritation, and overall air acceptability.     

寒地污水厂曝气池VOCs逸散速率研究

本文以寒冷地区某城市污水处理厂曝气池作为研究对象,应用数学模型计算曝气池中苯系物(苯,甲苯,二甲苯)和氯代烃(三氯甲烷,四氯化碳,三氯乙烯,四氯乙烯)的逸散速率。计算结果表明寒冷地区污水处理厂苯系物和氯代烃在冬季的逸散速率最高。苯、甲苯、二甲苯、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯在冬季的逸散速率分别为5.22、0.37、0.46、1.46、1.18、18.92和2.22g/s。污水处理厂曝气池苯系物和氯代烃的排放标准满足《大气污染物综合排放标准(GB16297-1996)》。     

Monoaromatics removal from polluted water through bioreactors-a review

Water contaminated by oil products is becoming a major problem in water supplies as these organic compounds cause hazards for human health. Different types of aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors have been widely used for water cleanup from organic pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons. Many studies report that aerobic biofilm processes are a very efficient method for monoaromatic hydrocarbons removal from contaminated water as they are able to reduce up to 99% of the pollutants from water, but generally these works do not discuss possible pollutant loss through gas stripping. On the other hand, some research is related to the ability of anaerobic bioreactors for monoaromatics treatment and results have shown that anaerobic immobilized reactors are able to remove monoaromatic compounds from water with maximal efficiencies between 95-99%. But here again, no data are found about the amount of volatile organic compounds that can be found in the biogas. Also, the data generated when a solid biomass support (activated carbon, polyurethane, etc.) is present in the medium do not take care about possible solute sorption phenomena. This paper reviews various properties of monoaromatic compounds including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and mixture of xylenes. The sources of pollutants, various analytical methods suitable for identification and quantitative measurement of monoaromatics, and knowledge gained on the true removal rates by aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors are reviewed and discussed in this study.     

动物蛋白类混凝士发泡剂的制备与发泡性能测试

以氢氧化钠、盐酸和人发为主要原料制备XK型动物蛋白混凝土发泡剂,以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和明胶3种稳泡剂对合成发泡剂进行复配改性,并对复配发泡剂的稳泡性能进行了分析研究。结果表明,这3种稳泡剂能不同程度提高合成发泡剂的泡沫稳定性,其中以LAS与明胶复配的改性作用最好。