氟喹诺酮类药物对临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌的防耐药变异浓度

目的测定氟喹诺酮类(FQ)药物对金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离菌的防耐药变异浓度(mutant prevention concentration,MPC). 方法肉汤法富集1010CFU/ml金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离菌54株,采用琼脂平板稀释法分别测定莫西沙星、加替沙星、帕珠沙星和环丙沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC及MPC,并计算MIC90、MPC90. 结果莫西沙星、加替沙星、帕珠沙星和环丙沙星对42株环丙沙星敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离菌的MPC90值,分别为0.5 μg/ml、0.5 μg/ml、4 μg/ml 和8 μg/ml,细菌耐药选择指数(MPC90/MIC90比值)分别为4、4、16和16;对12株环丙沙星耐药而莫西沙星和加替沙星敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离菌,莫西沙星和加替沙星的MPC90值均为16 μg/ml,MPC90/MIC90比值均为8. 结论对环丙沙星敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌,莫西沙星和加替沙星限制耐药突变株选择的能力优于帕珠沙星和环丙沙星;结合药代动力学参数,莫西沙星和加替沙星单药能有效限制耐药突变株的选择,而环丙沙星则容易选择出耐药突变株;而对环丙沙星耐药但莫西沙星和加替沙星敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌,莫西沙星和加替沙星单药则不能限制耐药突变株的选择.     

氟喹诺酮类药物对鲍氏不动杆菌防耐药变异浓度测定

目的研究4种氟喹诺酮类药物对鲍氏不动杆菌耐药突变株的选择能力,比较其防耐药变异能力。方法肉汤法富集1010CFU/ml鲍氏不动杆菌和34株临床分离菌,采用平板稀释法对加替沙星、左氧氟沙星、帕珠沙星和环丙沙星对鲍氏不动杆菌的MIC99、暂定防耐药变异浓度及防耐药变异浓度(MPC)进行测定。结果加替沙星、左氧氟沙星、帕珠沙星、环丙沙星对鲍氏不动杆菌的MPC分别为1.2、2.8、5.6和12.8μg/ml;细菌耐药选择指数分别为3.4、4、8和16μg/ml;加替沙星、左氧氟沙星、帕珠沙星和环丙沙星对34株鲍氏不动杆菌临床分离菌MPC值分别为0.5、1、8和4μg/ml,选择指数分别为4、4、8和8μg/ml。结论加替沙星和左氧氟沙星限制鲍氏不动杆菌耐药突变菌株的选择能力强于环丙沙星和帕珠沙星。     

耐头孢他啶大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性分析

目的 了解临床耐头孢他啶大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌分离株对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药性,以合理使用氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物,采取有效措施控制耐药株的出现.方法 采用K-B和MIC法测定耐头孢他啶大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对8种常见氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物的敏感性.结果 共分离出耐头孢他啶大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌276株,对加替沙星、莫西沙星、吉米沙星、左氧氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、帕珠沙星、司帕沙星的耐药率分别为46.38％、43.48％、42.72％、55.43％、65.22％、61.96％、52.54％、53.62％,且均明显高于头孢他啶敏感株(P＜0.05);呼吸道、非呼吸道标本的耐头孢他啶大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌分离株对加替沙星、莫西沙星、氧氟沙星、司帕沙星的耐药率不同,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 耐头孢他啶大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌分离株对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率较高,呼吸道、非呼吸道标本分离株对多种常见氟喹诺酮抗菌药物的耐药率不同.     

莫西沙星抗结核分枝杆菌浓度标准的研究

目的 通过比较新患者与复治患者分离结核分枝杆菌的莫西沙星最低抑菌浓度(MIC)的差异,确定莫西沙星的临床耐药界限.方法 根据患者治疗史,选取109例肺结核病新患者分离出的菌株以及使用过莫西沙星治疗复治患者31例分离出的菌株,共140株,以罗氏含药培养基测定MIC,并分析MIC分布状况,比较MIC累计百分比,通过新患者菌株和复治患者菌株差值最大时的MIC作为耐药界限.结果 来自既往未用过莫西沙星治疗新患者的临床分离株中,94.50％的菌株MIC＜0.4 μg/ml,既往曾接受莫西沙星治疗的临床分离株中,MIC＞1.0 μg/ml占93.55％.结论 根据MIC分布,两类患者分离的结核分枝杆菌对莫西沙星MIC的差异,提示使用罗氏培养基的莫西沙星药敏试验耐药界限采用1 μg/ml为宜,复治患者中仍有6.45％对莫西沙星敏感.     

大肠埃希菌多药耐药株对常用消毒剂的抗力试验观察

目的 研究临床分离的大肠埃希菌多药耐药株对消毒剂的抗力水平,同时了解消毒剂在常用浓度下对多药耐药株的消毒效果.方法 采用最低抑菌浓度(MIC)测定试验与悬液定量杀菌试验,以大肠埃希菌标准株作对照,对临床分离的大肠埃希菌多药耐药株进行苯扎溴铵等4种消毒剂的抗性变化和消毒效果的试验观察.结果 苯扎溴铵、碘伏对21株大肠埃希菌多药耐药株MIC值分别有61.9%、71.4%的菌株高于标准株;对"84"消毒液MIC值有14.3%的菌株高于标准株,所有菌株对过氧乙酸MIC值与标准株相同;4种消毒剂在常用浓度下对大肠埃希菌多药耐药株作用5 min杀灭率为100.0%.结论 临床分离的大肠埃希菌多药耐药株对苯扎溴铵和碘伏的抗力高于标准株;4种消毒剂在常用浓度下对临床分离大肠埃希菌多药耐药株消毒有效.     

245例大肠埃希菌临床分离株药敏分析

目的 了解衡水地区大肠埃希菌的药敏情况,以更好的为临床用药提供依据.方法 收集了哈励逊国际和平医院微生物实验室2008年12月～2011年6月间所有送检大肠埃希菌株245例进行检测分析,采用肉汤稀释法测18种抗菌药物最低抑菌浓度(MIC)并计算其MIC50和MIC90.结果 亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦显示良好的抗菌作用,其MIC50分别为0.5 μg/ml、1μg/ml、0.5 μg/ml; MIC90均为2 μg/ml,其他药物显示不同程度的耐药,且大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的检出率较高.结论 检出的大肠埃希菌存在多重耐药,仅对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦普遍敏感.     

ESBL阳性多重耐药大肠埃希菌对消毒剂的抗性研究

摘要:目的　研究临床分离的28株产ESBL多重耐药大肠埃希菌对抗生素的耐药情况和对3种消毒剂的MICs与MBCs,分析其耐药性与消毒剂抗力的关系。方法　收集某医院临床分离出的产ESBL多重耐药大肠埃希菌,进行药敏试验,并测定其对氯己定、苯扎溴铵、2,4,4-三氯-2-羟基二苯醚的MICs和MBCs,并与大肠埃希菌ATCC25922相比较。结果　28株试验菌呈现25种耐药谱,有21种抗生素出现耐药现象。分别有35.7%、89.3%、96.4%的菌株对氯己定、苯扎溴铵、2,4,4-三氯-2-羟基二苯醚的MICs和MBCs均高于标准株。结论　临床分离的产ESBL多重耐药大肠埃希菌对抗生素有较高耐药性,同时亦对苯扎溴铵和2,4,4-三氯-2-羟基二苯醚呈现出MIC和MBC升高;各种来源菌株的耐药性与消毒剂抗性无明显相关性。     

陕西部分地区零售肉中沙门菌耐药的检测分析

目的 对陕西省西安市和杨凌示范区超级市场及农贸市场零售肉中沙门菌的药敏性进行检测分析.方法 采用美国临床实验室标准化委员会(National Committee of Clinical Laboratorystandard,NCCLS)推荐的琼脂稀释法,以大肠埃希菌ATCC25922和粪肠球菌ATCC29212为质控菌株,对193株沙门菌进行了7大类共14种抗生素的药敏性检测.结果 沙门菌分离株对磺胺甲嗯唑的抗性最高(44.6%),其次为卡那霉素(40.9%)、四环素(37.8%)、阿莫西林(26.9%)、氨苄西林(25.4%)、庆大霉素(23.3%)和氯霉素(21.8%)等;对氟喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药率依次分别为环丙沙星22.3%、恩诺沙星21.8%、左氧氟沙星20.7%、加替沙星20.2%.55株(28.5%)沙门菌为多重耐药株,其中28株(14.5%)可耐至少13种抗生素,24株(12.4%)的耐药介于4到12种之间.结论 陕西西安地区零售肉沙门菌多重耐药现象比较严重.     

148株血流感染大肠埃希菌的耐药性分析

目的了解引起血流感染的大肠埃希菌的耐药情况。方法采用WHONET5.3软件对2008-2010年该院血液标本分离的148株大肠埃希菌的耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果共分离148株大肠埃希菌,其中产ESBLs菌株67株,占45.3%(67/148),对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星耐药率较低,分别为1.35%、8.1%、4.05%和11.49%。而对氨苄西林、头孢噻吩、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、培氟沙星、环丙沙星、加替沙星、左氧氟沙星、阿洛西林、复方磺胺、氯霉素的耐药率均大于40%。结论大肠埃希菌作为引起血流感染的主要革兰阴性菌,对常用抗生素的耐药现象严重,且出现了2株耐亚胺培南,需要引起高度的重视。     

妇科住院患者分离的大肠埃希菌氟喹诺酮耐药机制与MIC值分布关系的研究

目的探究本院妇科分离大肠埃希菌氟喹诺酮类耐药机制及与MIC值分布相关性。方法收集2010年11月-2014年11月本院妇科分离的452株大肠埃希菌进行鉴定及药敏分析,PCR法扩增DNA解旋酶和拓扑异构酶及质粒介导氟喹诺酮耐药(PMQR)基因。结果筛出氟喹诺酮非敏感菌株143株,占31.6%,除对碳青霉烯类耐药率较低外,对其他药物耐药率为30.07%~95.80%。143株氟喹诺酮类非敏感菌株中主要存在gyr A基因S83L和D87N突变、par C基因S80I和A108V突变,同时还存在qnr A、qnr B、qnr S及acc(6')-Ib-cr基因。低MIC耐药因gyr A及par C基因突变所致,而高MIC耐药则因gyr A及par C基因突变与PMQR基因联合携带所致。qnr A主要集中在环丙沙星MIC值为(4~8)μg/ml和128μg/ml时;qnr S主要分布在环丙沙星MIC值为(16~64)μg/ml和128μg/ml时及左氧氟沙星MIC值为(4~8)μg/ml和128μg/ml时。结论本院妇科氟喹诺酮类非敏感大肠埃希菌主要分离自尿液,不同水平MIC耐药机制存在差异,且PMQR基因携带与MIC值分布相关。     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity

Abstract Hydrazine is a hazardous chemical commonly used as a reactant in rocket and jet fuel cells. Animal studies have demonstrated hepatic changes after hydrazine inhalation. Human case reports of hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity are rare. We report a case of mild hepatotoxicity following brief hydrazine vapour inhalation in a healthy young man, which resolved completely on expectant management.     

Fitness standards in airline staff

Employers have a legal duty to manage safety and to meet this duty it is necessary to control risks arising from pre-existing medical conditions. Such conditions can be identified at the time of job placement, but there is little published information about the approach to fitness standards by most airlines. This review is therefore limited to the practice of one major airline. It is illustrated by reference to various occupations within the airline, with the associated rationale.