七台河地区低热值煤矸石理化特性及燃烧特性分析

采集七台河市勃利县的低热值煤矸石样品进行理化特征分析,并且利用热重法分析了该地区不同粒径低热值煤矸石的着火及燃尽特性。结果表明,该地区煤矸石矿物组成以石英为主,对水体环境危害较大的有害物质氟化铍含量相对较高。化学成分主要为Si O₂和Al₂O₃,含量占比分别约为49.78%～66.75%和13.53%～21.06%,Fe₂O₃含量约为1.91%～3.07%,含硫量约为0.10%～0.18%,属于铝硅型低硫煤矸石。该地区低热值煤矸石的燃烧分为三个阶段。1mm以下煤矸石样品均是较易稳定着火的。随着煤矸石粒径增大,燃烧结束时样品残留量增加,燃尽时间增加,着火温度逐渐升高,达到最大燃烧速率时的温度也随之升高,而最大燃烧速率有所下降。     

神府煤粉燃烧特性

为了给煤粉锅炉用户提供煤粉优选理论依据,以煤粉锅炉主要用煤神府煤制备的煤粉为研究对象,采用TG-DTG对煤粉的燃烧特性进行研究,分析了不同煤粉及升温速率对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:在空气气氛下,升温速率提高,TG、DTG曲线向高温方向移动,煤粉的着火温度升高,最大质量变化速率增大,最大失重温度提高,燃尽指数增大;随着灰分和粒径改变,升温速率为10或20℃/min时,煤粉的着火温度变化不显著,燃尽指数及综合燃烧特性指数均有影响。灰分减小,粒径不变时,D煤粉的综合燃烧指数为1.51,优于粒径74μm、灰分9.5%的P煤粉。     

宁夏石沟驿煤气化残炭燃烧特性研究

利用TG/DTA 6300型热分析仪研究了宁夏石沟驿煤的气化残炭的燃烧特性,从着火特性、燃尽特性和稳燃特性三个方面分析了升温速率、粒径和氧气浓度对气化残炭燃烧特性的影响,并采用正交实验分析了升温速率、粒径和氧气浓度三个因素对气化残炭燃烧特性影响的耦合作用.实验结果表明,提高升温速率可以改善气化残炭的燃尽特性;粒径的减小有助于气化残炭的着火;氧气浓度的增加对改善气化残炭燃烧特性有明显的作用,但这种改善效果随氧气浓度的增加而减弱;升温速率对气化残炭的着火特性影响最大,而氧气浓度对气化残炭的燃尽特性和稳燃特性影响最大.     

煤泥与玉米芯混燃过程TG-MS研究

为了研究煤泥与玉米芯的混燃特性,利用热重-质谱(TG-MS)联用技术研究了煤泥、玉米芯单独及混合燃烧的着火、燃尽等特性,在线监测了气体释放物CO_2、SO_2和NO_2,并分析了其变化规律。结果表明,当升温速率为10℃/min时,煤泥中掺烧玉米芯可以使混合样品着火温度降低204.62℃,燃尽温度降低26.52℃,燃烧性能得到明显改善。随着升温速率提高,混合样品在挥发分析出燃烧阶段,以及固定碳燃烧阶段的燃尽温度和最大失重速率都相应提高,而混合样品的着火温度变化不大。各样品燃烧时,CO_2和NO_2释放峰与其燃烧失重峰对应。煤泥中掺混玉米芯燃烧,降低了SO_2气体的排放。     

生物质与煤混烧燃烧特性研究

利用TG-DTG热分析技术对煤、生物质及二者混合物的燃烧过程进行分析,研究了煤种、生物质、生物质添加比例、升温速率及氧气流量等因素对燃烧特性的影响.结果表明,生物质的着火特性、燃尽特性和燃烧性能明显优于原煤;添加生物质可以改善原煤的燃烧特性,随着生物质添加量的增加,燃烧性能改善越显著;升温速率增加,着火特性指数和综合燃烧特性指数升高,燃尽性能降低;增加氧气流量,可以显著改善燃料的燃烧性能.     

非等温动力学研究煤的着火特性

以乌煤和自洗蒙古煤为原料,采用TG-DTG法,应用非等温动力学方法研究了升温速率和粒径对煤着火特性的影响,并得出两种煤燃烧过程的动力学参数.根据煤燃烧产物释放特性指数R的大小来确定煤的燃烧性能.在实验条件下得出以下结论:1)乌煤在升温速率较低时,挥发分释放特性指数R值大,燃烧特性好,对煤着火有利;而升温速率对自洗蒙古煤的燃烧性能影响不大;2)乌煤:粒径0.2 mm～0.3 mm失重量最大,粒径小于0.15 mm和0.15 mm～0.2 mm失重量基本一致.自洗蒙古煤:粒径0.2 mm～0.3 mm失重量最小,粒径小于0.15 mm失重量和0.15 mm～0.2 mm失重量基本一致;3)通过对两种煤燃烧过程的动力学分析,得出乌煤燃烧过程的活化能高于自洗蒙古煤.     

预处理稻壳及其与杨树锯末掺混燃烧特性和燃烧动力学分析

采用热重技术对稻壳（DK）和杨树锯末（JM）燃烧进行分析，考察了不同预处理方式对稻壳燃烧特性的影响，并研究了不同升温速率及稻壳和杨树锯末掺混质量比对掺混燃烧特性及燃烧动力学的影响。结果表明：水洗及酸洗可使稻壳燃烧TG-DTG热重曲线向高温区移动，最大失重速率及对应失重温度升高。水洗使稻壳综合燃烧特性指数提高2.5×10^-7~5.9×10^-7%/（min²·℃³），而酸洗使稻壳综合燃烧特性指数下降11×10^-7~11.9×10^-7%/（min²·℃³）。不同预处理后稻壳在挥发分析出燃烧阶段的活化能高于未处理稻壳，酸洗后稻壳焦炭燃烧阶段活化能降低16.94 kJ/mol，而水洗使稻壳焦炭燃烧阶段活化能升高。提高稻壳添加比例，混合燃料着火温度和燃尽温度降低。随着升温速率的提高，混合样品综合燃烧特性指数和残余率升高。70%稻壳和30%杨树锯末混合燃料在升温速率40℃/min下燃烧产生协同效应。     

固体回收燃料掺烧对污泥燃烧特性的影响

为了掌握固体回收燃料(Solid Recovered Fuel, SRF)掺烧对污泥焚烧处置的热反应特性及烟气环境特性的影响，通过使用德国耐驰公司生产的热综合分析仪、SEM、XRD和GA-21plus烟气分析仪着重解析了不同掺烧比例时SRF与污泥混燃过程的热重规律、综合燃尽特征指数、结渣特性和烟气中NO_x排放特性。结果表明：混烧过程存在明显的多峰失重现象，主要集中在192.3～645.3℃;SRF掺烧提高了燃料的失重速率，掺混比11%时，最大失重速率达0.14%/min,显著高于污泥单独焚烧的失重速率。随着SRF掺烧比提高，燃料的着火温度和燃尽温度降低，充分燃烧阶段向低温区域偏移。SRF掺混比为11%时，稳定燃烧性能指数和综合燃烧性能指数分别提升了1.38倍和1.17倍，改善了污泥单独焚烧时的着火特性。另外，SRF掺混后燃料灰熔融温度升高，灰分黏附程度降低，颗粒聚团强度降低，从而减弱了污泥单独焚烧时结渣情况，然而掺混燃烧导致烟气中NO_x排放量增加。     

生活垃圾与花生壳水热炭化物的燃烧特性研究

以生活垃圾（MSW）与花生壳（PS）共水热炭化产物的理化性质研究为切入点,采用热重分析法探究炭化物的燃烧特性及反应动力学,结果表明：炭化物在燃烧过程中出现3个失重峰,第二个失重峰的损失程度最大,超过了燃烧总失重的50%。同一炭化温度条件下,随着PS掺混占比的增加,燃烧越彻底,热重曲线逐渐偏向高温区。随着升温速率的提高,炭化物的着火温度、燃尽温度、燃烧特性指数均提高。MSW与PS混合共水热炭化的炭化物在燃烧过程中存在协同作用。生活垃圾掺混花生壳,随着炭化温度的升高（180~260℃）,固定碳含量与燃烧特性指数S均先增后减,最小着火能量（E_αi）先减后增。MSW与PS按质量比5∶5掺混,在220℃的条件下共炭化,升温速率为40℃/min时,其产物220MSW5PS5的燃烧特性指数最高（5.727×10^-6 min^-2·℃^-3）,最小着火能量最低（89.55 kJ/mol）。     

补连塔煤燃烧特性综合分析

补连塔煤具有较大的储量和广泛的用途,为深入探究补连塔煤的燃烧特性,通过热重测试,计算出煤的多种燃烧特性指数并迚行了综合分析。研究结果表明,较慢的升温速率和较高的氧气含量更利于煤粉的点燃和燃尽,具有较低的活化能和较高的燃尽特性指数。同时,补连塔煤在较慢的升温速率和较高的氧气含量下,也具有较高的燃烧稳定性指数和综合燃烧特性指数。因此,较低的升温速率和较高的氧气含量更有利于煤的高效燃烧和应用。     

不同干燥程度胜利褐煤燃烧与自燃特性

为了探究高水分褐煤干燥后的燃烧与自燃特性变化,采用一维火焰炉、煤粉着火炉以及自燃试验台对不同干燥程度的胜利褐煤进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,试验样品的着火温度随着干燥程度的增加而降低,随着风煤比的增加而增加,煤粉细度同样会对着火温度产生影响。在燃用干燥褐煤过程中宜采用较高一次风率以提高制粉系统的安全性。胜利褐煤及其干燥褐煤均属于极易燃尽煤种,燃尽率均在99.4%以上,水分的变化对燃尽率影响不大。建议胜利褐煤与20%水分干燥褐煤的运行氧含量控制在3.5%左右。随着干燥程度的加深和粒径的减小,褐煤越容易自燃。胜利褐煤干燥到20%以下可能有自燃的风险。     

Numerical study of coal particle cluster combustion under quiescent conditions

Behavior of ignition and combustion of coal particle cluster under a quiescent condition was numerically simulated by solving balance equations of mass and enthalpy with combustion kinetic models of volatiles and char. Two-flame structure, one flame penetrating into the cluster and the other moving out of the cluster, was predicted during the combustion of coal particle cluster. Effects of radiative heat transfer, group number, ambient temperature, coal particle size, and oxygen concentration on ignition and combustion of coal particle clusters were also analyzed. Simulations indicated that the gas volume fraction of coal particle cluster increases with time after devolatilization. Gas velocity passing through the cluster surface varied significantly at volatile liberation. The ignition time delay was reduced with the increase of ambient temperature. The cluster devolatilization rate and char burning rate increased while the ignition time delay decreased with the increase of ambient oxygen concentration.     

用无形孔模型研究影响煤粉燃烧的因素

用一种新的孔隙结构模型──无形孔模型来研究影响煤粉燃烧的因素。对该模型进行数值计算，跟踪燃尽过程中温度、氧浓度、燃烧速率等随时间的变化，得到有关曲线。定量探讨整个煤粒内部的燃烧过程。研究挥发分析出和燃烧对煤粉燃烧过程的影响。研究孔隙率、比表面积、粒径等因素对煤粉着火、燃尽的影响。结果表明孔隙率对燃尽的影响较大，而比表面对着火的影响较大。     

中国煤的燃烧和NOx排放特性研究

Seven Chinese coals ranking from anthracite to sub-bituminous from the Shanxi province were selected for study to forecast the combustion and NOx emission behavior.Three UK,one Indonesia and one South Africa coal was included in the study for reference.A flat flame-turbulent jet apparatus was employed to assess flame stability,ignition performance and NOx emission behavior for the initial stage of devolatilization and combustion. This apparatus can simulate particle heating rates,maximum temperatures and the influence of the turbulent fluid interactionson the fate of volatiles.To simulate processes occurring over longer residence time, additional devolatilization experiments were performed in a drop tube furnace.Char reactivity was studied through thermogravimetric analysis.Finally,fouling propensity was studied with the aid of a purpose-built laboratory combustor that enabled the characteristics of the ash deposit to be assessed empirically.The results show that Chinese coals do not appear to possess unusual features in respect of NOx formation,flame stability and ignition,char burnout and ash slagging.The range of coals available in China appears sufficiently broad that suits all requirements.In particular,Shenfu coal,with its initial fast devolatilization and nitrogen release rates and its low initial nitrogen content and high char reactivity,will perform well when fired in industrial boilers as far as NOx emission,flame stability and combustion efficiency are concerned.Pingshuo coal exhibits high char reactivity and an attractive slagging performance suggesting that this fuel represents a good compromise between NOx emission and overall plant efficiency.     

Transient group combustion of the pulverized coal particles in spherical cloud

A transient group combustion model for the pulverized coal particles in a spherical cloud is developed to predict the transient group combustion characteristics. The submodels, which account for the detailed combustion process of both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, are also applied for the pulverized coal particles. The numerical simulation of the collective behaviors of ignition and its subsequent burning were carried out. The ignition mechanism is characterized by the heterogeneous process of the dilute cloud and the homogeneous process of the dense cloud. Two dominant flame structures are observed: one flame penetrating inside the cloud and the other moving outside the cloud. The effects of various parameters (i.e., radiation heat transfer, group combustion number, air temperature, air oxygen concentration, particle size distribution, and particle number density) on the particle mass burning rate and on the overall performance of the group combustion are examined. The results are in good agreement with existing experimental data.     

煤粉大比例掺混不同生物质的混燃特性研究

可再生能源生物质清洁低碳、易于获取、利于着火,含硫、氮量少且属于碳中性物质,但其能量密度低。在煤粉中大比例掺混生物质(生物质/煤粉质量比大于5∶5)可有效改善煤粉着火特性,碳排放水平接近燃烧天然气,且污染物排放显著降低,进而达到节能减排目的。目前研究主要集中在低掺混比例(小于5∶5)下生物质与煤粉的混燃特性,针对北方常见的玉米秸秆、稻杆和玉米芯等生物质与煤粉在大掺混比例下的燃烧特性,尚有待深入。笔者利用热重分析技术分别研究了煤粉与不同生物质种类(玉米秸秆、稻杆及玉米芯)在不同掺混比例下(5∶5、6∶4、7∶3和8∶2)的混燃特性,分析生物质种类和掺混比例对混合燃料的着火温度、燃尽温度、交互反应以及燃烧特性指数等的影响,确定了不同生物质的最佳掺混比例。结果表明:掺混比例对混合样品失重曲线的影响从大到小依次为玉米秸秆、玉米芯和稻杆。随掺混比例增加,第1阶段最大质量变化速率逐渐增大且燃烧进程前移,第2阶段则逐渐减小,这是由于挥发分相对增加且焦炭相对减少的原因。混合样品的着火温度和燃尽温度比纯煤粉分别下降约100和60℃。随掺混比例的增加,玉米芯着火温度逐渐减小,玉米秸秆和稻杆则先减小后增大,且均在7∶3时达到最小;燃尽温度均呈现下降趋势,下降幅度由大到小分别为玉米芯、稻杆和玉米秸秆。玉米秸秆和稻杆在8∶2时燃尽性能较差。混合样品发生不同程度的交互作用,该交互作用正是生物质的促进和抑制的协同作用,使3种生物质均在5∶5时对煤粉燃烧抑制作用大;玉米秸秆和稻杆在7∶3时、玉米芯在6∶4、8∶2时促进作用大。同时,3种生物质的燃烧特性指数远大于煤粉,随掺混比例的增大,玉米芯的燃烧特性指数变化最大并在8∶2时达到最大值,6∶4和7∶3时几乎相同;稻杆的变化最小且在7∶3时达到最大值;玉米秸秆在7∶3和8∶2时几乎相同并达到最大值。小范围改变掺混比例时,燃烧特性指数变化不大。这可能是由于燃烧特性指数不仅与着火温度和燃尽温度有关,还与样品在其主要燃烧过程的反应速率有关,而煤粉在焦炭燃烧阶段的反应剧烈程度高于生物质挥发分析出阶段,使不同掺混比例的混合样品出现以上现象。     

Inert coal macerals in combustion

Pilot-scale pulverized-coal combustion experiments with two western Canadian coals have shown that the combustion efficiencies of the coals were inversely related to the inert contents of the coals, i.e. semi-fusinite, fusinite and oxidized vitrinite. These macerals were found to persist through the flame in a partially reacted form. The burn-out of a coal with an inert maceral content over 50% was unaffected by normal changes in combustion conditions; the same changes were successful in improving the burn-out of a coal containing less than 40% inert macerals. Coals with high inert maceral contents produce fly-ash with high levels of unburnt carbon and will require a combination of higher temperatures and higher excess-air levels and longer residence times to achieve combustion efficiencies similar to those of coals with higher reactive-maceral contents. The association of resinitic and bituminous materials with the mineral matter in the Canadian sub-bituminous coal indicated that macerals which contribute significantly to ignition and flame stability are discarded as a washery reject.