钼钒磷杂多酸有机盐催化下苯与双氧水羟基化制苯酚的动力学

通过简单的酸碱中和法制备出一系列碳链长度不同的杂多酸有机盐催化剂,在苯与双氧水羟基化制苯酚的反应中比较了催化剂的性能,发现钼钒磷杂多酸三乙胺盐的活性最高.随后在该催化剂上研究了苯与双氧水羟基化制苯酚的本征动力学.结果表明,在消除内外扩散影响的前提下,该反应对于苯和双氧水的反应级数都为1级,反应活化能为93.3 kJ·mol-1.研究工作为苯与双氧水羟基化制苯酚的过程开发提供了基础.     

苯和苯酚直接催化羟基化反应研究新进展

叙述了苯直接催化羟基化反应制苯酚、苯酚直接催化羟基化反应制苯二酚的研究 开发的最新进展,介绍了不同氧化剂的试验情况,评述了各类多相催化剂的研究开发成 果。H2O2作为苯及苯酚羟基化反应的氧化剂,具有反应条件温和,产物选择性高,对环境 无害等特点,成为工业催化领域中由苯直接羟基化反应制苯酚、苯酚直接羟基化反应制 苯二酚的主导氧化剂,开发高效的多相催化剂是该绿色合成技术的技术关键。     

钒基催化剂催化苯羟基化制苯酚反应机理

苯羟基化制苯酚是C—H键向C—O键转变富有挑战性的课题之一。该文论述了钒基催化剂催化苯羟基化制苯酚反应机理的研究进展。以钒活性中心为主线,着重从自由基、非自由基和双活性催化机理三个方面进行详细分析归纳,同时分析中涵盖了此类催化剂高效性的本质和催化微环境的重要性。由于此类催化体系及催化机理能够为解决苯环上C—H键难活化和苯酚的深度氧化等科学问题提供理论指导。因此,很有必要聚焦经济与安全并存的苯酚合成方法,同时依托已有的催化反应机理,开发更稳定且高性能的催化剂,促进我国丰富的烃类有机化合物资源利用的原始创新。     

含铁催化剂催化苯直接羟基化制备苯酚的研究进展

催化苯直接羟基化是开发绿色苯酚生产新技术的高原子经济性的挑战性课题,但该工艺存在芳香C-H键难活化、产物酚的选择性较低等问题,其中高效催化剂的研制是核心问题之一。根据含铁催化剂独特的化学结构和催化性能,本文从配合物均相催化剂、仿生催化剂、负载型非均相催化剂等方面综述了含铁催化剂催化苯直接羟基化制备苯酚的研究进展,并着重介绍了Fenton体系和仿生催化体系的反应机理。分析表明,以氧化物及天然矿物作为载体的含铁催化剂合成简单,活性高,有较大的研究及工业开发价值。此外,研究催化机理对设计合成高效苯羟基化的催化剂具有指导意义。     

过氧化氢氧化苯羟基化制苯酚研究进展

苯酚作为一种重要的工业原料，以H₂O₂为氧化剂氧化苯制苯酚已成为苯酚制备的重要途径。综述H₂O₂体系中铁基、铜基和钒基等单金属/多金属基以及非金属等非均相催化剂在苯羟基化制苯酚中的研究进展，着重讨论催化剂催化性能以及反应机理，为多相体系中催化剂的设计以及苯酚的制备提供新思路。     

酸性中心对复合氧化物催化苯酚羟基化反应的影响

铁基复合氧化物催化苯酚羟基化反应具有明显的诱导期,适当引入酸性中心,在氧化还原活性位的共同存在下,可以迅速缩短羟基化反应的诱导期;酸性中心弱或没有采用酸改性的复合氧化物催化剂,对苯酚羟基化反应催化作用活性低,催化剂用量大,反应诱导期不稳定。乙酸、乙酸酐等有机弱酸可以直接加入羟基化反应体系。对复合氧化物催化剂进行后处理改性,引入适当的酸性中心,有助于提高催化剂的活性,缩短甚至消除羟基化反应诱导期,避免由于未反应过氧化氢的积累增加反应器运行的风险,提高过氧化氢有效利用率和目标产物选择性。将5.3g苯酚、0.051g催化剂、过氧化氢与苯酚的物质的量比为0.33,在65℃下,于10.6g溶剂水中反应,时间为30min,反应诱导期仅5min,苯酚转化率达21.2%,苯二酚选择性为92.9%,过氧化氢有效利用率为59.6%。分析了直接加入酸性中心和对复合氧化物催化剂进行酸改性所带来的问题,推测了苯酚羟基化反应的机理。     

VO@g-C_3N_4-T高效可见光催化苯羟基化制苯酚

以尿素和乙酰丙酮氧钒为原料,将乙酰丙酮氧钒络合在纳米薄片石墨化氮化碳上,得到系列不同V质量分数的光催化剂(VO@g-C_3N_4-T),将其与石墨化氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)、钒氧化合物负载在石墨化氮化碳上得到的催化剂(VO/g-C_3N_4)进行了催化苯羟基化的性能对比。采用N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)对制备的催化剂进行了表征。考察了所得催化剂可见光下催化苯羟基化制苯酚的性能。结果表明,高比表面积、纳米薄片状的VO@g-C_3N_4-T催化剂具有合适的带差,对可见光下催化苯的C—H活化及羟基化具有较好的催化性能,苯的转化率和苯酚选择性分别可以达到98.4%、91.1%。由于石墨化氮化碳和钒具有较强的相互作用,减少了钒的溶脱,所以该催化剂具有很好的可重复使用性,连续使用5次后,苯的转化率和苯酚的选择性仍然可以达到97.1%和91.0%。     

Fe_3O_4/CNTs催化苯羟基化制苯酚反应性能

为实现苯一步羟基化直接合成苯酚的绿色工艺路线,基于高温热分解法制备了Fe3O4/碳纳米管(CNTs)复合催化剂应用于H2O2为氧化剂的苯羟基化制苯酚反应。采用单因素法考察了H2O2及催化剂用量对反应的影响,并评估了催化剂的重复使用性能。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对催化剂的微观结构、磁性能进行了研究和分析。结果表明,负载于CNTs表面上的Fe3O4粒子是H2O2为氧化剂的苯羟基化制苯酚反应的主要活性组分;在Fe3O4/CNTs用量30 mg,H2O2 1.5 m L的条件下,反应90 min时苯转化率为26%,苯酚选择性为91%。     

负载型杂多酸制备及对苯羟基化反应的活性研究

采用浸渍法和回流吸附法在γ-Al₂O₃、NaX型分子筛、TiO₂、SiO₂和椰壳活性炭载体上制备7种负载型杂多酸催化剂,并对催化苯羟基化制苯酚的反应活性进行研究。结果表明,制备的负载型杂多酸催化剂具有催化活性,且催化活性与负载方式和载体的种类有关,椰壳活性炭是硅钼钒杂多酸最好的载体,负载率达16.3%,苯酚收率7.4%,苯酚选择性97.1%。     

VO@g?C3N4-T可见光催化苯羟基化制苯酚

以尿素和乙酰丙酮氧钒为原料制备了钒氧化合物络合在纳米薄片石墨化氮化碳上的光催化剂(VO@g?C3N4-T),并与石墨化氮化碳（g?C3N4）、钒氧化合物负载在石墨化氮化碳上催化剂（VO/g?C3N4）进行了对比。采用N2吸附、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱（EDS）、电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)分析手段对制备的催化剂进行了表征。考察了所得催化剂可见光催化苯羟基化制 苯酚的性能。结果表明,高比表面积、纳米薄片状的VO@g?C3N4-T催化剂具有合适的带差,导致可见光催化苯的C-H键活化及羟基化具有较好的催化性能,转化率和选择性可以达到98.4%、91.1%。由于石墨化氮化碳和钒具有较强的相互作用,这减少了钒的溶脱,所以该催化剂具有很好的可重复使用性,连续使用五次后,苯的转化率和苯酚的选择性没有明显降低。     

Transition Metals Supported on Activated Carbon as Benzene Hydroxylation Catalysts

The direct conversion of benzene to phenol by hydroxylation with hydrogen peroxide was carried out over catalyst containing various transition metals impregnated on activated carbon. Iron and vanadium impregnated catalysts gave better yields of phenol compared to copper impregnated catalysts. The activity of transition metals supported on activated carbon catalyst in the production of phenol was V > Fe > Cu. In addition to the role of transition metals in catalyzing the hydroxylation reaction, the hydrophobic nature of the activated carbon surface and also the surface acidity and basicity seems to have enhanced the performance of these catalysts.     

Oxidation of benzene to phenol on supported Pt-VOx and Pd-VOx catalysts

Gas-phase oxidation of benzene using a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen has been carried out on silica-supported vanadium oxide catalysts modified with platinum or palladium. Catalyst activity and phenol selectivity were studied as a function of the precious metal used, the vanadium oxide loading as well as of temperature. The binary catalysts have been characterized by TPR and TEM. Pt-VO_x/SiO₂ catalysts were more active than Pd-VO_x/SiO₂ catalysts. By using platinum catalysts benzene conversion amounted to 1.0% (S_phenol=97%) at 413 K, whereas palladium catalysts reached a conversion of only 0.2% (S_phenol=86%) for the same contact time and temperature. The most active catalyst for the oxidation of benzene to phenol was a low vanadium loaded 0.5 wt.% Pt–3 wt.% V on silica catalyst. At temperatures above 413 K phenol selectivity decreased strongly because of enhanced total oxidation. Active catalysts need both components: a dispersed transition metal oxide such as VO_x as well as small precious metal particles such as platinum. The activity of the catalysts arises from a close interaction between the redox-active compound VO_x and the electron mediator and hydrogen activator platinum as was confirmed by correlation of catalytic results and catalyst properties. Highly dispersed platinum particles are exclusively located on the vanadium oxide covered surface as demonstrated by TEM investigations. TPR studies showed and enhanced reducibility of a part of vanadium(V) oxide indication a close neighborhood of VO_x and platinum.     

Effects of vanadium supported on ZrO2 and sulfolane on the synthesis of phenol by hydroxylation of benzene with oxygen and acetic acid on palladium catalyst

The catalyst system consisting of Pd, transition metal-modified ZrO₂ and acetic acid was found to catalyze the hydroxylation of benzene with molecular oxygen without hydrogen and phenol was formed. Of transition metals employed, only vanadium additive was found to be effective for improving the rate of phenol formation as well as the selectivity, while any other transition metals such as iron, molybdenym, tungsten and yttrium were not promotive. Support effects on vanadium were in the order: V/ZrO₂> V/Al₂O₃> V/SiO₂. The highest rate of phenol formation was obtained at 0.5wt%V/ZrO₂ catalyst. Phenol selectivity was dramatically improved by the addition of sulfolane, while benzene conversion and STY of phenol formation decreased. It is assumed that Pd(II) and Pd(IV) intermediates derived from acetic acid, oxygen and palladium acetate could play an important role in hydroxylation of benzene.     

金属改性的FSM-16分子筛催化苯与过氧化氢合成苯酚

研究了金属改性的FSM-16分子筛在催化苯与过氧化氢合成苯酚反应中的应用,其中钒改性的FSM-16分子筛显示了较好的活性和高的选择性。当温度为323 K,反应时间为10 h,n(H2O2)∶n(C6H6)=1∶1,乙酸作溶剂,在催化剂V-FSM-16上得到苯的转化率为5.8%,苯酚的选择性为98.8%。催化剂的红外光谱和XRD的表征表明,钒进入了分子筛的骨架中。     

Influence of temperature on hydroxylation of benzene to phenol using molecular oxygen catalyzed by V/SiO2

Effect of temperature on hydroxylation of benzene to phenol with molecular oxygen as an oxidant was studied over V/SiO₂ using different reductants. The V/SiO₂ with highly dispersed vanadium species was prepared by a sol–gel process and characterized by diffuse reflectance UV–Vis and ESR. This work shows that the onset temperature range of benzene hydroxylation and the temperature reaching the maximum phenol yield differ corresponding to each reductant. The reducing capacity of reductant can be shown by changing temperature and affects, in turn, benzene conversion, product selectivity, and the amount of leaching of V species.     

Direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol on Cu–V bimetal modified HMS catalysts

A series of mesoporous Cu_x–V-HMS catalysts with different copper content were prepared by the co-synthesis method. The addition of copper improves the benzene adsorption ability of the catalyst and the redox property of vanadium species, which facilitate the benzene hydroxylation reaction. Among the catalysts studied, Cu_0.90–V-HMS exhibited the best catalytic activity with a phenol yield of 29.0% compared with 20.7% over V-HMS catalyst.     

不同氧化剂下苯直接催化氧化制苯酚的研究

苯直接催化氧化制苯酚反应具有高原子经济性、环境友好性等优点,介绍了N2O、H2O2,O2和H2O作为氧化剂催化苯氧化制苯酚反应的研究动态,分析了各类方法的优缺点,还介绍了催化剂类型主要有金属氧化物催化剂、负载型催化剂、杂多酸催化剂、生物催化剂等.     

甲醇-水体系中苯羟基化制苯酚的研究

多步法合成苯酚中需加入酸及有机试剂,容易造成环境污染。在TS-1分子筛与过氧化氢形成的体系中苯一步羟基化合成苯酚的方法,由于反应条件温和,绿色环保,引起了研究者的关注,但目前的文献报道都基于单一溶剂体系,研究结果各有差异。在甲醇-水两元混合体系中,通过改变两者比例来调整溶液极性,采用TS-1分子筛为催化剂,双氧水为氧化剂,研究了TS-1分子筛直接催化苯羟基化制苯酚的反应。结果表明,当n(水)∶n(甲醇)=0.78、反应时间4h、催化剂用量TS-1/苯为17.5g/mol、n(过氧化氢)∶n(苯)=4.76、反应温度为60℃,苯酚的收率在甲醇-水体系中明显优于单一溶剂,并在此条件下,加入冰醋酸量为n(冰醋酸)∶n(苯)=0.31时,苯酚收率可达12.82%。