三峡水库地震活动特征研究

在已有速度模型的基础上,选取三峡水库区529个地震重新确定了速度模型和台站校正,并利用该结果对2 138次地震进行了定位。研究表明,在不同区域震源深度存在明显的差异,仙女山断裂附近的地震平均震源深度为5.6km,而巴东地区的地震平均震源深度为2.6km。以震源深度5km为界,浅于5km的地震的b值为1.16,而深于5km地震的b值为0.90,不同深度地震的频次变化与水位关系差异明显     

岫岩Ms5.4地震前后视应力时空变化特征

本文从视应力的定义出发，介绍了采用振幅和震中距计算地震矩，进而实现用区域地震模拟资料计算视应力的方法。利用该方法，计算了1999年11月29日辽宁岫岩Ms5．4地震前后视应力的时空变化情况，并检验了该方法的可靠性和实用性。     

三峡水库首区重力固体潮观测资料分析

介绍了中国科学院测量与地球物理研究所的LCR-ET20重力仪和中国地震局地震研究所的DZW-9重力仪在三峡水库首区的重力固体潮比对观测.获得了该地区高精度的重力固体潮潮汐参数,估算了DZW-9重力仪的格值,其值为（-756.06plusmn;0.05）times;10-8（mbull;s-2）/v. 分析了相应仪器的重力观测残差, 数值结果表明DZW-9重力仪的长期漂移具有线性特征, 观测精度与LCR-ET20重力仪在同一量级. 本文提供的相关结果可为该地区地表和空间大地测量观测提供有效的重力潮汐改正模型.      

CHARACTERISTICS OF TECTONIC STRESS FIELD OF THE XIAOWAN RESERVOIR BEFORE AND AFTER THE IMPOUNDMENT

Using the seismic waveform data of Xiaowan seismic network and Yunnan seismic network, we determined the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015 by generalized polarity and amplitude technique. We inverted tectonic stress field of the Xiaowan reservoir before impounding, using the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and CAP solutions of 58 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 4.0)collected and the solutions in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor(GCMT)catalog; We inverted local stress field of the reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area, using 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015. Focal mechanisms statistics show that, the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault is the seismic fault. Focal mechanisms were strike-slip type in initial stage, but normal fault type in later stage. Focal depths statistics of 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)show that, the average value of focal depths in period Ⅰ, period Ⅱ and period Ⅲ are 8.2km, 7.3km and 7.8km respectively and the standard deviations are 4.3km, 3.5km and 6.0km respectively. The average value of focal depths is basically stable in different period, only the standard deviation is slightly different. Therefore, there is not positive connection between focal depth and deviation of focal mechanisms. What's more, there are 2 earthquakes(number 46 and number 47 in Fig.5 and Table 3)with almost the same magnitude, epicenter and focal depth, but they have different faulting types as normal and strike-slip. The focal mechanism of event No.46 is strike:302°, dip:40° and rake:-97° for plane Ⅰ, however, the focal mechanism of event No.47 is strike:292°, dip:82° and rake:140° for plane Ⅰ. Likewise, earthquake of number 3 and number 18 have similar characteristic. Therefore, the obvious focal mechanism difference of similar earthquake pair indicates the complexity of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault. Considering the quiet-active character of reservoir-triggered earthquakes, we discussed the change of local stress field in different period. The σ₁ of tectonic stress field was in the near-south direction, with a dip angle of 14° before the impoundment, however, the direction of σ₁ of local stress field changed continuously, with the dip angle getting larger after the impoundment. The direction of σ₁ of local stress field of reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area is close to the strike of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault, and reservoir impoundment increased the shear stress in the fault, so the weakening of fault was beneficial to trigger earthquakes. Comprehensive analysis suggests that fluid permeation and pore pressure diffusion caused by the water impounding, and the weakening of fault caused by local stress field are the key factors to trigger earthquake in the Xiaowan reservoir.     

大桥水库4.6级地震前后的库水加卸载响应比变化特征

多年的实测数据表明,大桥水库的坝前水位年变化约40m,库水对库盆的静压变化大约为4×105Pa,比固体潮的作用大2个量级,水库的蓄水和放水是对库区影响最大的加卸载力源。根据加卸载响应比理论(LURR),用库区的地震频次和能量分别研究在大桥水库诱发M_S4.6地震前后加卸载响应比的变化。结果表明:在大桥水库及附近相对较大的范围和水体附近相对较小的范围内,当库水加载过程中发生小震群时,地震频次加卸载响应比Y_n和C_r值显示高值异常,表明研究区岩石处于临近破裂状态,其后发生4.6级水库诱发地震;蓄水前后地震频次库水加卸载响应比Y_n和C_r值的平均值有明显差异;在大桥水库诱发的4.6级地震前,库水加卸载作用导致的地震频次及能量的加卸载响应比在震前存在明显的高值异常,震后异常消失。大桥4.6级震例表明库水加卸载响应比可有效应用于水库诱发地震的监测预报     

内蒙古中西部地区视应力特征分析

本文利用呼和浩特数字地震遥测台网7个子台记录的119个质量较高的地震事件资料,基于遗传算法,采用Atkinson方法、Moya方法,反演得到了地震的震源谱参数、震源参数。在此基础上,从视应力的定义出发,根据反演得到的震源谱参数以及地震能量与震级的相互关系,计算得到了119个地震的视应力。并对它们之间的相互关系进行了讨论,结果显示,应力降、视应力与震级具有较好的线性关系,震源半径、应力降与视应力具有一定的相关关系。内蒙古中西部地区的高应力降和视应力区域主要集中在研究区的西南部。     

永登5.8级地震前后的重力变化

着重分析了１９９５年７月２２日永登５．８级地震前后的重力异常变化及其与地震的对应关系，对这次地震的探讨性分析，进一步说明流动重力测量对一些较大地震作出一定的预报是可行的。     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON UPPER CRUSTAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE IN THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR AREA

In this paper, using the double difference tomography method, the P wave and S wave velocity structures of the earth's crust beneath the Three Gorges Reservoir are inversed based on the high-resolution seismic data of seismological stations recorded from March 2009 to December 2010. According to the research results, the P wave and S wave crust velocity zones in the Three Gorges Reservoir area show a high V_P value area and a V_S value area with value low in the lower part and high in the upper part, distributing respectively at both sides of Shennongxi River to western Xietan in the north of Badong and near the outlet of the Xiangxi River at the northern section on Xiannvshan Fault. In the region from the two sides of Shennong River in the north of Badong to the western Xietan, microseisms are distributed in three zones in near east-west direction, with steep and north-dipping sections, spreading along the high-to-low velocity transition zone of the P and S wave. On the northern section of Xiannvshan Fault, small earthquakes are distributed along the NNW-trending Xiannvshan Fault, and the geological section reveals a steep and linear distribution along the transitional zone between the high V_P value area and the V_S value that is low in the upper and high in the lower part. Joint inversion results show a good consistency of the planes of the microseisms with the distribution of active faults.     

龙滩库区水库地震震源机制及应力场特征

文中使用龙滩水库地震监测台网记录的波形数据,采用P波初动、SH波和P渡位移振幅比数据计算震源机制解的FOCMEC方法,获取了龙滩库区2006年9月蓄水至2008年底发生的73次M_L2.0以上地震的震源机制解,并在此基础上反演了库区应力场。龙滩库区2006年10月蓄水以来发生的2级以上地震以逆断层型为主,由震源机制解获得的2个地震丛集区应力场的主压应力都近于水平,取向都为NWW-SEE。反映出蓄水后库区仍为以水平NWW-SEE向压应力为主的应力场结构,且最大主压应力倾角更为水平。而最大主张应力及中等应力轴的分布则不一致,显示出在近水平的主压应力背景下,龙滩库区局部应力场的非一致性。通过对龙滩水库地震机制解特征及应力场的认识和讨论,初步提出了龙滩水库诱发地震的发震机理,认为载荷作用所引起的剪应力增大不是龙滩水库蓄水诱发地震的主要因素,而蓄水所产生的孔隙压力作用和库水渗透的润滑弱化作用的耦合作用可能是主要的成因     

唐山地震前后的应力变化

在距唐山地震震源约百公里的大港油田,以水压致裂法,在深度1000——4000米之间,测定了69次地应力值,对比了1973——1980年大地震前后八年内的应力值变化.在主震前,构造应力场出现明显变化:(1)水平应力梯度降低,即在最大与最小水平主应力方向呈现应力松弛;(2)水平应力与深度的相关系数降低,即构造应力场受到扰动;(3)断层滑动系数增高,断层出现无震蠕动.此外,结合地质构造与应力测量结果,对唐山地震发生过程中的一些异常现象,如无震蠕动、地下水位变化、浅层和外围地区的应力松弛,以及应力沿断层面向深层和闭锁区的转移等,进行了分析和讨论.     

共和地区四次5.5级以上地震前后的Y值变化

研究了青海共和7．0级地震前后孕震区域加卸载响应比的时间变化特征。Y值在7．0级主震之前异常明显。主震之后Y值的异常变化可用来预报近期强余震。     

辽阳灯塔5.1级地震前后辽宁地区前兆资料研究

2013年1月23日辽阳灯塔突发5.1级地震,打破了辽宁13年来未有5级地震的平静,研究很有意义。针对此次地震通过扫描震前和震后辽宁区域各学科测项,排除观测系统和观测环境等原因,筛选出不明原因异常,试图找到地震前兆异常,在以后的震例中去验证。     

张北-尚义地震前后电阻率的变化及分析

在张北－尚义地震区震前已有大地电磁资料测点（５１１点）进行了两次重复观测,在震中区测点（ＭＭＣ点）进行了连续４昼夜的观测。测量结果显示：（１）与震前资料相比,５１１测点沿电性构造走向方向（ＮＮＷ）在０．２～４ｓ周期范围内的视电阻率减小,垂直走向方向的视电阻率增大;（２）ＭＭＣ测点两个方向在０．２～１０ｓ周期范围内的视电阻率随测量时间逐渐增大;（３）５１１测点两次重复观测和ＭＭＣ的观测可能都反映出震后电阻率正在逐渐恢复。此外,还对地震前后地下结构的变化进行了分析。初步推测,观测到的电阻率变化是由于地下流体活动引起的     

三峡水库首次蓄水引起的重力变化及其机制的初步研究

介绍了三峡工程蓄水前后的精密重力测量和坝区库水荷载、地壳变形、地下水位变化以及降雨等各种因素引起的重力效应. 研究表明:①库坝地区:水荷载的重力效应最为显著， 最大重力变化约为200times;10-8m/s2； 地壳变形的重力效应存在，但量级和范围均有限，其影响范围离库岸约5 km；地下水位变化的重力效应则只存在于局部地带，不具区域性；降雨对精密重力测量结果的影响不容忽视. ②库首地区:最大重力变化区域在香溪附近，蓄水后的重力场变化需要继续监视和深入研究.      

丽江7.0级地震前后滇西实验场的重力异常变化特征

１９９６年２月３日，在云南省西北部的丽江县境内发生了一次Ｍｓ７．０级强烈地震。此次地震前后滇西实验场重力网共进行２７期流动重力观测，其重力变化的总体特征为：１．震中附近地区的丽江－剑川－洱源－带震前为下降变化，下降变化的幅值平均约３０×１０＾－８ｍｓ＾－２左右，震后重力变化继续下降；２．距震中稍远一点的渡口附近地区震前为持续上升变大，累计上升变化的最大幅值达１２３×＾－８ｍｓ＾－２，震后重力变化下     

GRAVITY VARIATION BEFORE AND AFTER THE MS5.4 EARTHQUAKE IN CANGWU IN 2016

Based on the mobile gravity observation data in 2014-2016 in Guangxi and its adjacent areas, this paper systematically analyzed the changes of regional gravity field and its relation to the M_S5.4 Cangwu, Guangxi earthquake on July 31, 2016, and combined with GPS observation data and seismic geological survey results, discussed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the changes of regional gravity field and its mechanism. The results show that:(1) Before and after the M_S5.4 Cangwu earthquake, the gravity anomaly changes near the earthquake area were closely related to the major faults in space, which reflects the crustal deformation and tectonic activities that caused the surface gravity change along the seismogenic fault in the period of 2014-2016; (2) The gravity changes near the epicenter before and after the M_S5.4 Cangwu earthquake showed an evolution process in which the positive gravity anomaly zone changed to the negative gravity anomaly zone, a gravity gradient belt appeared along NNE direction and the earthquake occurred in its reverse change process; (3) The epicenter of the M_S5.4 Cangwu earthquake located both near the gravity gradient belt and in the zero transition zone of the surface strain gradient and the edge of the high maximum shear strain rate area, the observational fact further proved that the dynamic image of gravitational field and deformation field have important instruction significance to the location prediction of strong earthquakes; (4) in recent years, the gravity dynamic change in northwestern Guangxi presented a four-quadrant distribution pattern, and there is the risk of generating earthquake of magnitude about 5 in the center of the quadrants.     

广西地区中强地震前后环境应力场的时空演变特征

应用P波初动半周期和地震震级资料测定环境应力值的方法，利用广西台网30多年地震观测记录资料，测算了广西及其邻区大量中、小地震震源处的相对剪切应力强度值．在此基础上研究了广西地区8个中强地震序列主震前后环境应力值的时空变化特征．     

STUDY ON CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY VARIATION BEFORE AND AFTER HUTUBI MS6.2 EARTHQUAKE

The Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake of December 8, 2016 is a pure thrust event in the northern Tianshan thrust fold belt. The earthquake occurred between the Qigu Fault and the Junggar southern margin fault, which are both thrust faults. Based on mobile gravity measurements from 2013 to 2018 in the northern Tianshan, the gravity net adjustment was accomplished using Urumqi absolute gravity observation point as the datum, and the absolute gravity value of surface observation points were obtained. In order to eliminate the seasonal effect on gravity variation, the paper uses the observation data in May per annual as studying objects and obtains the temporal-spatial dynamic evolution images of gravity field differences in the northern Tianshan at different time scales as well as the time series of gravity variation of some points in the adjacent area of the epicenter. The characteristics of regional gravity variation before and after the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake on December 8, 2016 and their relations are analyzed systematically. The results show that: 1)The gravity variations in the study area are dramatic in generally, and the contours of gravity variation are consistent with the main faults basically. There was a four-quadrant distribution near the epicenter before the earthquake, and the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake occurred near the center of the four-quadrant distribution and at the turn of the gravity variation contour. The three years' cumulative gravity variation before the earthquake and the gravity variation after the earthquake are inversed, and the variation amplitudes are equivalent, suggesting that the M_S6.2 earthquake has released the stress and the energy accumulated before the earthquake. 2)This paper focuses on the analysis of gravity variation at the observation points on both sides of the Junggar southern margin fault near the epicenter. Regional gravity variation and gravity time series show that gravity variations at the same side of the Junggar southern margin fault are basically consistent, however, gravity variations at the different sides of the Junggar southern margin fault are different from each other obviously, indicating the difference of material migration laws in different structural regions. In addition, the strain energy accumulated in the epicenter is basically released after the earthquake, and the area nearby the epicenter tends to be stable. 3)The Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake occurred near the center of the four-quadrant and at the turn of the high-gradient zone of gravity variation, reflecting the location of strong earthquake is related to the distribution of four-quadrant of regional gravity variation, the high-gradient zone of regional gravity variation and its turn. It has a unique advantage in determining the location of strong earthquake using gravity variation results. The regional spatial-temporal gravity variation before the earthquake is manifested as a systematic evolution process of “steady state→regional gravity anomaly→four-quadrant distribution→earthquake occurring in the reverse process”. Studying the temporal-spatial evolution characteristics of gravity field before and after Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake has important practical significance for understanding the occurrence law of large earthquakes and capturing the precursory information of earthquakes.     

2001年昆仑山口西8.1级大地震前后震源区应力水平估计a

提出了估计地震前后震源区应力水平的方法. 以2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震为例, 估算了地震前后震源区的应力水平. 结果表明：地震前震源区的应力值为6.3~8 MPa;地震发生后,震源区的应力值为5~6.7 MPa. 震后震源区的应力仅下降了20%左右.     

天祝地震前后地震的谱结构变化

利用天祝地震前后的资料，采用了比普通频谱分析分辨率更高的最大熵谱方法进行处理，展示了主震前及余震的频谱结构变化，试图提取地震发生前的一些地球物理信息，这对于地震预报将是有益的。