三峡水库地震活动特征研究

在已有速度模型的基础上,选取三峡水库区529个地震重新确定了速度模型和台站校正,并利用该结果对2 138次地震进行了定位。研究表明,在不同区域震源深度存在明显的差异,仙女山断裂附近的地震平均震源深度为5.6km,而巴东地区的地震平均震源深度为2.6km。以震源深度5km为界,浅于5km的地震的b值为1.16,而深于5km地震的b值为0.90,不同深度地震的频次变化与水位关系差异明显     

CHARACTERISTICS OF TECTONIC STRESS FIELD OF THE XIAOWAN RESERVOIR BEFORE AND AFTER THE IMPOUNDMENT

Using the seismic waveform data of Xiaowan seismic network and Yunnan seismic network, we determined the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015 by generalized polarity and amplitude technique. We inverted tectonic stress field of the Xiaowan reservoir before impounding, using the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and CAP solutions of 58 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 4.0)collected and the solutions in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor(GCMT)catalog; We inverted local stress field of the reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area, using 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015. Focal mechanisms statistics show that, the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault is the seismic fault. Focal mechanisms were strike-slip type in initial stage, but normal fault type in later stage. Focal depths statistics of 51 earthquakes(M_L ≥ 2.5)show that, the average value of focal depths in period Ⅰ, period Ⅱ and period Ⅲ are 8.2km, 7.3km and 7.8km respectively and the standard deviations are 4.3km, 3.5km and 6.0km respectively. The average value of focal depths is basically stable in different period, only the standard deviation is slightly different. Therefore, there is not positive connection between focal depth and deviation of focal mechanisms. What's more, there are 2 earthquakes(number 46 and number 47 in Fig.5 and Table 3)with almost the same magnitude, epicenter and focal depth, but they have different faulting types as normal and strike-slip. The focal mechanism of event No.46 is strike:302°, dip:40° and rake:-97° for plane Ⅰ, however, the focal mechanism of event No.47 is strike:292°, dip:82° and rake:140° for plane Ⅰ. Likewise, earthquake of number 3 and number 18 have similar characteristic. Therefore, the obvious focal mechanism difference of similar earthquake pair indicates the complexity of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault. Considering the quiet-active character of reservoir-triggered earthquakes, we discussed the change of local stress field in different period. The σ₁ of tectonic stress field was in the near-south direction, with a dip angle of 14° before the impoundment, however, the direction of σ₁ of local stress field changed continuously, with the dip angle getting larger after the impoundment. The direction of σ₁ of local stress field of reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area is close to the strike of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault, and reservoir impoundment increased the shear stress in the fault, so the weakening of fault was beneficial to trigger earthquakes. Comprehensive analysis suggests that fluid permeation and pore pressure diffusion caused by the water impounding, and the weakening of fault caused by local stress field are the key factors to trigger earthquake in the Xiaowan reservoir.     

大桥水库4.6级地震前后的库水加卸载响应比变化特征

多年的实测数据表明,大桥水库的坝前水位年变化约40m,库水对库盆的静压变化大约为4×105Pa,比固体潮的作用大2个量级,水库的蓄水和放水是对库区影响最大的加卸载力源。根据加卸载响应比理论(LURR),用库区的地震频次和能量分别研究在大桥水库诱发M_S4.6地震前后加卸载响应比的变化。结果表明:在大桥水库及附近相对较大的范围和水体附近相对较小的范围内,当库水加载过程中发生小震群时,地震频次加卸载响应比Y_n和C_r值显示高值异常,表明研究区岩石处于临近破裂状态,其后发生4.6级水库诱发地震;蓄水前后地震频次库水加卸载响应比Y_n和C_r值的平均值有明显差异;在大桥水库诱发的4.6级地震前,库水加卸载作用导致的地震频次及能量的加卸载响应比在震前存在明显的高值异常,震后异常消失。大桥4.6级震例表明库水加卸载响应比可有效应用于水库诱发地震的监测预报     

内蒙古中西部地区视应力特征分析

本文利用呼和浩特数字地震遥测台网7个子台记录的119个质量较高的地震事件资料,基于遗传算法,采用Atkinson方法、Moya方法,反演得到了地震的震源谱参数、震源参数。在此基础上,从视应力的定义出发,根据反演得到的震源谱参数以及地震能量与震级的相互关系,计算得到了119个地震的视应力。并对它们之间的相互关系进行了讨论,结果显示,应力降、视应力与震级具有较好的线性关系,震源半径、应力降与视应力具有一定的相关关系。内蒙古中西部地区的高应力降和视应力区域主要集中在研究区的西南部。     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON UPPER CRUSTAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE IN THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR AREA

In this paper, using the double difference tomography method, the P wave and S wave velocity structures of the earth's crust beneath the Three Gorges Reservoir are inversed based on the high-resolution seismic data of seismological stations recorded from March 2009 to December 2010. According to the research results, the P wave and S wave crust velocity zones in the Three Gorges Reservoir area show a high V_P value area and a V_S value area with value low in the lower part and high in the upper part, distributing respectively at both sides of Shennongxi River to western Xietan in the north of Badong and near the outlet of the Xiangxi River at the northern section on Xiannvshan Fault. In the region from the two sides of Shennong River in the north of Badong to the western Xietan, microseisms are distributed in three zones in near east-west direction, with steep and north-dipping sections, spreading along the high-to-low velocity transition zone of the P and S wave. On the northern section of Xiannvshan Fault, small earthquakes are distributed along the NNW-trending Xiannvshan Fault, and the geological section reveals a steep and linear distribution along the transitional zone between the high V_P value area and the V_S value that is low in the upper and high in the lower part. Joint inversion results show a good consistency of the planes of the microseisms with the distribution of active faults.     

龙滩库区水库地震震源机制及应力场特征

文中使用龙滩水库地震监测台网记录的波形数据,采用P波初动、SH波和P渡位移振幅比数据计算震源机制解的FOCMEC方法,获取了龙滩库区2006年9月蓄水至2008年底发生的73次M_L2.0以上地震的震源机制解,并在此基础上反演了库区应力场。龙滩库区2006年10月蓄水以来发生的2级以上地震以逆断层型为主,由震源机制解获得的2个地震丛集区应力场的主压应力都近于水平,取向都为NWW-SEE。反映出蓄水后库区仍为以水平NWW-SEE向压应力为主的应力场结构,且最大主压应力倾角更为水平。而最大主张应力及中等应力轴的分布则不一致,显示出在近水平的主压应力背景下,龙滩库区局部应力场的非一致性。通过对龙滩水库地震机制解特征及应力场的认识和讨论,初步提出了龙滩水库诱发地震的发震机理,认为载荷作用所引起的剪应力增大不是龙滩水库蓄水诱发地震的主要因素,而蓄水所产生的孔隙压力作用和库水渗透的润滑弱化作用的耦合作用可能是主要的成因     

共和地区四次5.5级以上地震前后的Y值变化

研究了青海共和7．0级地震前后孕震区域加卸载响应比的时间变化特征。Y值在7．0级主震之前异常明显。主震之后Y值的异常变化可用来预报近期强余震。     

张北-尚义地震前后电阻率的变化及分析

在张北－尚义地震区震前已有大地电磁资料测点（５１１点）进行了两次重复观测,在震中区测点（ＭＭＣ点）进行了连续４昼夜的观测。测量结果显示：（１）与震前资料相比,５１１测点沿电性构造走向方向（ＮＮＷ）在０．２～４ｓ周期范围内的视电阻率减小,垂直走向方向的视电阻率增大;（２）ＭＭＣ测点两个方向在０．２～１０ｓ周期范围内的视电阻率随测量时间逐渐增大;（３）５１１测点两次重复观测和ＭＭＣ的观测可能都反映出震后电阻率正在逐渐恢复。此外,还对地震前后地下结构的变化进行了分析。初步推测,观测到的电阻率变化是由于地下流体活动引起的     

辽阳灯塔5.1级地震前后辽宁地区前兆资料研究

2013年1月23日辽阳灯塔突发5.1级地震,打破了辽宁13年来未有5级地震的平静,研究很有意义。针对此次地震通过扫描震前和震后辽宁区域各学科测项,排除观测系统和观测环境等原因,筛选出不明原因异常,试图找到地震前兆异常,在以后的震例中去验证。     

天祝地震前后地震的谱结构变化

利用天祝地震前后的资料,采用了比普通频谱分析分辨率更高的最大熵谱方法进行处理,展示了主震前及余震的频谱结构变化,试图提取地震发生前的一些地球物理信息,这对于地震预报将是有益的。     

三峡地区地震震源机制解初步研究

根据三峡与邻近地区实际天然地震数据,利用GMT软件绘制出三峡地区两次地震的震源机制解。绘制出了三峡地区1964年以来地震震中分布情况,以及频率变化。震源机制解以及三峡与邻近地区断层资料显示出该地区受到西藏块体、四川盆地、川滇块体与鄂尔多斯地块的共同挤压作用,三峡及邻区的现今水平构造应力场的主压应力轴为北东东向,是喜马拉雅期构造应力场的继续。近东西向的向东移动显示出该地区可能为青藏高原地幔物质向东"逃逸"的通道之一。根据水库蓄水前后震源机制解资料反映的震源机制变化,认为蓄水对于三峡及邻区应力场在垂向上有一定的影响。     

永登5.8级地震前后地震波频谱变化特征研究

研究了１９９５年７月２２日甘肃永登５．８级地震前后发生在该区的３２个小地震的地震波频谱变化特征,结果表明Ｐ、Ｓ波频谱的峰值频率、拐角频率、频谱峰值、零频谱值、高频段的谱线斜率绝对值等频谱特征量大多数在主震前后出现了明显的上升或下降异常变化,因而可作为地震预报指标。     

ANALYSIS OF SOIL EROSION CHARACTERISTICS AND SEDIMENT SOURCES FOR THE YANTZE THREE GORGES REGION

In this paper the researches made in 1981-1990 have identified that the annual soil loss in the Three Gorges region is 157 million t. and the annual incoming sediment load of the Three Gorges reservoir is 40 million t. Soil erosion increases with the destruction of vegetative cover and its subsequent evolution. The annual amounts of sediment erosion for forest land, shrub land, grassland and farmland make up respectively 6.19%, 10.76%, 23.05% and 60% of the total erosion of the Three Gorges region; the quantities of incoming sediment load to the Yangtze River from the above four types of land account for 5.95%, 12.42%, 35.46% and 46.1 % of the total amount of sediment transported to the reservoir. The farmland of offers the main source of sediment. Gravitational erosion produces more bed loads, which will present serious threat to the Three Gorges Project if entering the reservoir. Resettlement of people to the upper parts of the mountainous areas for agricultural production will increase the sediment yield of the Three Gorges region by 10-20 million t and increase the incoming sediment of the Yangtze River by 50-60 million t. Consequently, it is necessary to make a realistic assessment of the soil erosion in the Three Gorges region.     

龙羊峡震群前后的地形变特征

以龙羊峡附近的流动重力监测资料和精密水准复测资料为基础，分析了1996年12月－1997年3月龙羊峡震群前后该地区的重力场和地壳垂直变化特征。分析认为：震前重力场变化异常，临震前形成重力变化密集带，地震发生在重力变化密集带上，震后重力变化密集带消失，重力场变化平衡，垂直形变平缓。     

中国及其邻区地震深度的特征

系统地研究了中国及其邻区地震深度的一些时空变化特征后发现：５１％的地震发生在０－１９ｋｍ间，１０、１５、２０ｋｍ为几个地震多发层位；大陆地震的深度小于周邻地区地震的深度；大陆西部地震的深度大于东部地震的深度，这与大陆地壳西厚东薄的结果相吻合；中俄朝交界区及日本海、兴都库什－帕米尔、琉球群岛、缅印交界区和台湾地区地震的深度大，这与有关板块间的相互碰撞、挤压或俯冲等运动有关；兴都库什－帕米尔地区的地震     

三峡重点监视区构造地震与矿震时频谱特征分析

基于三峡数字遥测地震台网记录的数字化波形资料,利用谱图时频分析方法,研究了三峡地区构造地震和矿震波谱的时频特征,发现二者的时频谱特征存在着明显的差异:1)构造地震波主频高于矿震;2)构造地震波的频率成分比矿震丰富,能量密度频谱随频率轴展布较宽,前者带宽是后者的4倍;3)矿震能量强度的峰值在整个波列中出现的时间较构造地震早,且能量衰减较快     

玉树地区波速比和视速度变化特征研究

利用青海数字地震台网观测数据,采用多台和达法,研究了2009年1月1日至2012年12月31日玉树7.1级地震震中附近地区及其前后直达波波速比和视速度分布特征,结果显示:1该区平均波速比为1.693,平均P波视速度为6.184 km/s,平均S波视速度为3.652 km/s。2研究发现玉树7.1级地震前后波速比和视速度存在变化,表现为主震前几次地震的P波视速度存在低值现象。     

兴海6．6级地震前后地震波的变化

2000年9月12日在青海省海南州兴海县西南发生了6．6级地震。震后发现，青海省6个专业台站的地震波速比在震前出现了下降－低值－发震的过程。波速比空间分布在兴海地震前形成了一个椭圆形的异常分布区，异常波速比的地震占总地震的73％。另外，在武台的尾波持续时间在兴海地震前显示出了较为完整的异常过程。     

五原4.2级地震前后地震波形分析

通过仿真和各种滤波方法分析处理了2005年2月27日五原M84．2级地震前后震中附近几个台站的地震记录资料,对五原4．2级地震出现的波形异常现象分析后发现,仪器的幅频特性、不均匀构造以及传播路径很可能是主震波形出现异常的原因。     

临猗ML5.0级地震前后的重力场变化及预报过程

讨论了气压、地形变、降雨和地下水位变化对重力观测资料的影响,论证了观测资料的可靠程度,在此基础之上结合地质构造,地壳深浅构造等资料,讨论了１９９８年７月１１日临猗地震前后重力场的变化;依据临猗地震前重力场的变化,结合该地区的地震活动性,对这次地震作出了预报。