内镜下射频消融术治疗食管和胃低级别上皮内瘤变的临床研究

目的探讨内镜下射频消融术治疗食管和胃的低级别上皮内瘤变的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析解放军总医院消化内镜中心2014年10月至2015年1月行内镜检查,经病理证实为食管或胃低级别上皮内瘤变的21例患者纳入研究,经门诊行内镜下射频消融治疗,其中食管部病变射频消融2次,胃部病变射频消融3次,术后采用Wang-Baker面部表情量表进行疼痛评分,治疗后1个月进行内镜复查。结果 21例共计31个低级别上皮内瘤变病灶纳入研究。16例共计23个低级别上皮内瘤变病灶进行了复查,其中14例患者,21个病灶经射频治疗后消失,病灶消除率91.30%(21/23);2例患者2个低级别上皮内瘤变病灶出现残留,病灶残留率8.70%(2/23)。16例复查患者病灶治疗部位黏膜均愈合,术后腹痛为主要并发症。结论内镜下射频消融术治疗食管和胃低级别上皮内瘤变是安全、有效、并发症小、可门诊治疗的一种新方法。     

内镜碘染色在早期食管病变中的诊断价值

目的评价内镜下食管碘染色在诊断高危人群食管黏膜异型增生与早期食管癌诊断中的意义及应用价值。方法选择食管肿瘤高发区的高危人群,对其中内镜下的食管糜烂等病变116人,进行碘染色。根据染色后食管黏膜的颜色变化,可疑病灶进行有针对性地活检送病理检查。结果 116例患者食管黏膜碘染色后有不着色区或明显淡染区,病理显示85例为轻度不典型增生,15例为中度不典型增生,12例为重度不典型增生,早期食管癌4例。结论内镜下食管碘染色在早期食管癌及异型增生的诊断中敏感性高,漏诊率低,人群的顺应性较好,在食管高危人群的早期病变诊断中具有较高的应用价值。     

染色内镜联合黏膜切除术对胃黏膜上皮不典型增生及早期胃癌诊断价值的研究

目的研究内镜下黏膜染色联合经内镜黏膜切除术对胃黏膜上皮不典型增生及早期胃癌诊断价值.方法将145例患者随机分为内镜下黏膜染色联合经内镜黏膜切除术组(实验组)和单纯染色活检组(对照组),实验组用0.5%美蓝溶液染色后对异常着色区行内镜下黏膜切除术并送病检;对照组美蓝溶液染色后对异常着色区域常规方法取活检.结果实验组发现不典型增生31例(43.7%),早期胃癌8例(11.3%);对照组发现不典型增生23例(31.1%),早期胃癌4例(5.4%),实验组不典型增生、早期胃癌发现率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论内镜下黏膜染色联合经内镜黏膜切除术可进一步提高胃黏膜上皮不典型增生及早期胃癌的诊断率.     

心房颤动射频消融术中联合内镜检查64例的临床分析

[目的]探讨心房颤动射频消融术中联合内镜检查的应用价值。[方法]选取因心房颤动行射频消融术并接受了术中内镜检查的64例患者，回顾性分析其一般资料以及射频消融术中内镜检查结果。[结果]64例中62例(96.8%)恢复了窦性心律，2例(3.1%)恢复了窦性心律后再次出现了心房颤动。术中内镜检查发现了6例射频消融相关食管损伤，包括3例(4.7%)食管出现血疱样隆起、3例(4.7%)食管出现红斑，总体发生率为9.4%。术中内镜检查在发现射频消融相关食管损伤的同时，也检查出来了一些合并的胃部病变。[结论]心房颤动射频消融术中联合内镜检查有助于早期发现食管损伤，有利于及时采取防治措施，在追求治疗效果的同时避免严重并发症的发生，能够为接受射频消融的心房颤动患者提供精准治疗，具有一定的临床应用价值。     

内镜下碘染色对诊断食管癌及癌前病变的价值

[目的]探讨内镜下碘染色在诊断食管癌及癌前病变中的价值.[方法]在我市食管癌高发地区对239例40～69岁人群进行内镜下食管碘染色,观察食管黏膜染色情况,并取碘染异常区或贲门脊根部活检送病理组织学检查.[结果]239例接受内镜检查者其中有92例碘染色后出现不着色区或淡染区,病检示食管癌5例,检出率为2.09％,不典型增生病变46例（其中轻度不典型增生17,中重度不典型增生29例）,检出率为19.25％,慢性炎症33例,正常鳞状上皮8例.[结论]内镜下食管碘染色结合黏膜活检有助于早期食管癌及癌前病变的诊断,且操作简便,具有推广价值.     

中国巴雷特食管及其早期腺癌筛查与诊治共识(2017万宁)

中国巴雷特食管(Barrett’s Esophagus,BE)、食管下段柱状上皮化生(Columnar Lined Esophagus,CLE)和食管腺癌的发病率在逐渐增加,巴雷特食管的癌变率约0.61%。食管癌病人的预后与诊断时肿瘤的分期密切相关,中国31位消化病学及消化内镜学专家在查阅相关文献及临床经验的基础上共同制订了中国的巴雷特食管及其早期腺癌筛查与诊治共识,旨在规范国内对巴雷特食管及其早期腺癌的筛查诊断及治疗,提高国人的健康水平。本共识定义巴雷特食管为胃食管反流病的并发症,内镜下可见食管鳞柱交界相对于胃食管结合部上移≥1 cm,并病理证实有覆层鳞状上皮被柱状上皮取代。而发生于巴雷特食管黏膜的腺癌称为巴雷特食管腺癌,局限于黏膜层者为早期巴雷特食管腺癌,并根据肿瘤浸润深度将其分为M1、M2、M3及M4期。因为中国食管癌以鳞癌为主,占90%以上,所以本共识主张在进行食管鳞癌筛查的同时注重巴雷特食管及其腺癌的筛查。对于巴雷特食管及其腺癌的诊断应内镜结合病理,并且应用窄带成像技术、内镜智能分光比色技术、高清智能电子染色内镜等电子染色内镜以及超声内镜等技术来综合客观地评估病变,指导制定治疗方案的选择。巴雷特食管及其早期腺癌的治疗应以内镜下病变切除术为主,包括内镜下黏膜剥离术和内镜下黏膜切除术,应慎重选择内镜下病变毁损治疗(内镜下射频消融术、光动力疗法、冰冻疗法、氩离子束凝固术)。术后应通过规范化的病理结果来评估治疗,判定是否需要进一步的追加治疗以及制定随访方案。建议用高分辨率内镜监测;对于BE3 cm,不伴有肠上皮化生或异型增生(上皮内瘤变)者,经重复4个象限内镜下黏膜活检证实没有肠上皮化生,建议退出监测;BE3 cm伴有肠上皮化生者,建议每3~5年行1次内镜检查;对于≥3 cm BE患者,建议每2~3年行1次内镜检查。     

美蓝染色对提高胃黏膜不典型病变活检阳性率的价值

目的探讨内镜下美蓝染色对胃黏膜不典型病变中早期胃癌及其癌前病变的诊断价值。方法将326例胃黏膜表现不典型的成人患者随机分成染色内镜组和普通内镜组，分别在病变部位活检送病理组织学检查。结果染色内镜组166例患者中，印例胃黏膜上皮有肠化、50例上皮呈轻度-中度不典型增生、8例为重度不典型增生、8例为早期胃癌且经手术及术后病理证实病灶仅限于黏膜层且无淋巴结转移。普通内镜组160例，病理检查结果为伴有肠上皮化生40例、轻-中度不典型增生20例、重度不典型增生2例，无早期胃癌。染色内镜组早癌及癌前病变总检出率为75．9％，其中早期胃癌检出率为12．1％，均明显高于普通内镜组。结论内镜下美蓝染色指导活检可提高胃黏膜不典型增生和早期胃癌的检出率。     

超声内镜联合染色内镜在早期食管癌诊断中的应用价值

目的:分析超声内镜联合染色内镜技术诊断早期食管癌的准确性,评价其临床应用价值.方法:2009-08/2011-09行普通白光内镜(WLE)检查发现食管黏膜可疑病变67例,患者72处病灶纳入研究,可疑病变包括食管黏膜粗糙、糜烂、颜色异常、微隆起等.所有病变行活组织病理检查,分析超声内镜联合染色内镜诊断早期食管癌的准确性.结果:72处局灶性病变中,病理组织学证实癌性病变16处(9处病变行内镜下黏膜切除术或内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗,7处病变行手术治疗).非癌性病变56处,为慢性炎症、轻-中度不典型增生.WLE诊断早期食管癌的敏感度、特异度和准确性分别为:81.3%、66%、62.5%;超声内镜联合染色内镜对应值分别为:87.5%、98.2%、95.8%.结论:超声内镜联合染色内镜对食管病变有较高的诊断价值,尤其是对诊断早期食管癌及癌前病变有重要意义.     

射频消融术在Barrett食管治疗中的应用研究

HALO系统分步环周和局灶性射频消融术是一种应用前景广阔的内镜治疗Barrett食管（BE）的新技术。环周消融通过球囊辅助的双极性电极完成,局灶性消融则由内镜头端帽状结构的分节状电极完成。研究表明射频消融术可安全、有效地治疗不伴或伴有异型增生的BE并可克服其他消融术的诸多不足。本文就射频消融术的设备与操作方法、临床应用、疗效、安全性以及并发症等作一综述。     

内镜下氩离子凝固术治疗消化道病变的临床应用

目的探讨氩离子凝固术(APC)在消化道病变内镜介入治疗中的临床应用。方法2005年3月～2009年3月,采用内镜下APC单独或联合治疗509例消化道病变患者,并观察其治疗效果。结果353例胃肠道广基、扁平息肉及息肉残迹经APC治疗后3个月内复查内镜,黏膜色泽正常,原治疗部位无复发。68例成熟型疣状胃炎患者治疗后1月临床症状明显改善,内镜复查病灶好转或消失。17例Barrett食管患者6个月后内镜及病理检查示14例恢复为鳞状上皮,12个月后复查未见复发。38例消化道出血经APC治疗后均未再出血。12例食管支架植入术后再狭窄晚期食管癌患者经APC治疗后实现再通。15例食管中重度不典型增生患者经APC治疗病灶消除。6例联合黏膜切除术早期癌患者治愈。均无严重并发症。结论APC在消化道病变内镜介入治疗中效果显著,且简便易行,并发症少,有较高的临床应用价值。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.