云南省中部3种森林土壤含水率、容重和细根重及其垂直分布

根据27个土壤剖面的405个土壤样品,研究云南中部地区华山松林、旱冬瓜林、云南松林的土壤含水率、容重和细根重及其垂直分布特征。结果表明：3种森林100em深土壤的平均含水率分别是（28．79±11．98）％、（24．66±9．89）％、（14．11±5．84）％,差异极显著;平均容重分别是（1．14±0．20）g／cm3、（1．26±0．18）g/cm3、（1．42±0．12）g／cm3,差异极显著;平均细根重分别为（0．1956±0．2144）g／100cm3、（0．0706±0．1066）g／100cm3、（0．1381±0．2989）g／100cm3,在0．05水平上差异显著。华山松林林下土壤的物理性质最好,旱冬瓜林次之,云南松林最差。3种森林里,随着土壤深度增加,土壤含水率增加,土壤容重和土壤细根重减少。华山松林与云南松林平均容重与平均细根重均显著负相关,旱冬瓜林平均含水率与平均容重显著负相关。华山松林下土壤细根量最大,0～20cm层根系占根系总重量的83％。     

水蚀作用下土壤抗蚀能力的表征

研究区为黄土高原南部淳化县泥河沟流域 ,在未经翻耕的自然或人工 (耕地 )坡面上 ,选择 5 6个 1m2样地 ,(土壤为黄土 ,体积含水率 7.1%～ 2 0 .1%,干容重 1.0 1g/cm3～ 1.2 9g/cm3) ,采用南京土工仪器厂出产的WI- 3型便携式直剪仪 ,对表层 0～ 5cm土层进行现场取样剪切 ,3次重复剪切的结果表明 ,表层土壤抗剪强度与土壤含水率及容重均密切相关。抗剪强度起初随含水率增加而缓缓增大 ,在含水率 12 %～ 14%时达最大 ,然后较迅速减弱。容重的影响表现为 :随容重增大 ,土壤抗剪强度呈直线趋势较快增大。通过室内降雨侵蚀实验 (坡面面积为0 .3m× 1.0m ,雨强分别为 1.39、1.49、1.88和 2 .6 6mm/min) ,经对收集的溅蚀物及冲刷物称重分析发现 ,无论击溅侵蚀还是径流击溅共同作用 ,在土壤干容重不变 ( 1.2 g/cm3)情况下 ,试验土壤含水率达 16 %时 ,其抗蚀能力最强。考虑到容重的影响 ,把抗剪强度作为抗蚀力指标还是较为合理的。对于表层为松散状态的坡面 ,将分别采自农耕地、荒地、草地、灌木地表层的原状土块 ( 2 5cm× 6cm× 2 .5cm)用水饱和后 ,置于长 10 0cm、宽 6 .2cm、高 6 .0cm的冲刷槽中 ,在坡度 15° ,流量 5L/min条件下进行等时冲刷。用冲刷前后同一土样重量之差除以流量 ,即可求出冲刷模数值。经对     

锡林河中游放牧的和被围封的湿草甸土壤理化性质研究

在锡林河中游河滨带放牧的和被围封的湿草甸中,于2016年7月31和8月1日,采集土壤样品,测定塔头和塔间0～100 cm深度土壤的理化指标,研究其分布规律。研究结果表明,在放牧的湿草甸中,塔头和塔间的土壤容重分别为0.54～1.67 g/cm3和0.54～1.79 g/cm3,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤容重逐渐增大,塔头和塔间土壤含水率分别为0.57%～0.17%和0.53%～0.17%,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤含水率逐渐减小,塔头土壤中的全氮、全磷、全钾、总有机碳、Fe、Mn和盐基离子含量分别为11.80 g/kg、2.03 g/kg、103.49 g/kg、130.07 g/kg、88.37g/kg、1.05 g/kg和41.42 cmol/kg,都大于其在塔间土壤中的含量,塔间土壤中的分别为8.67 g/kg、1.58 g/kg、100.45 g/kg、107.98 g/kg、74.39 g/kg、0.89 g/kg和30.64 cmol/kg;在被围封的湿草甸中,塔头和塔间的土壤容重分别为0.41～0.83 g/cm3和0.39～1.46 g/cm3,土壤含水率分别为0.34%～0.62%和0.20%～0.64%,塔间土壤中的全氮、全磷、总有机碳含量分别为20.93 g/kg、4.44 g/kg和260.01 g/kg,都大于其在塔头土壤中的含量。     

木荚红豆人工林细根生物量季节动态及分布

通过对34年生木荚红豆人工林细根生物量、季节动态与垂直分布进行为期3年(1999~2001)的研究,结果表明:木荚红豆人工林细根生物量为(3·01±0·47)t/hm2,其中活细根生物量为(1·70±0·77)t/hm2,死细根生物量为(1·31±0·52)t/hm2.活细根和死细根生物量不同季节间差异均达到显著水平(P<0·05),但年际间差异未达显著水平(P>0·05).活细根生物量一般在3月份出现极大值,11月份出现极小值.死细根生物量峰值出现在9~11月份间,最低值一般出现在3月份.活细根和死细根生物量均随土壤深度增加而下降.     

若尔盖泥炭沼泽土壤中可溶性有机碳含量对降水变化的响应

为了研究湿地土壤可溶性有机碳含量对降水变化的响应,于2016年7~9月,以若尔盖高寒湿地为研究区,开展了野外原位控制实验。设置了100%实际降水量、70%降水量和高、中和低3种降水频率共6种模拟情景,测定了各情景下不同深度土壤中的可溶性有机碳含量,分析了土壤中可溶性有机碳含量及其稳定性对降水变化的响应。研究结果表明,降水量和降水频率对土壤含水量有显著影响(n=648,p0.001)。0~15 cm、15~30 cm和30~50 cm深度土壤可溶性有机碳质量比分别为(477.46±18.65)μg/g、(442.39±13.93)μg/g和(341.92±20.91)μg/g。随着土壤深度增加,土壤可溶性有机碳含量减少。在100%降水量条件下,在低、中和高降水频率时,土壤可溶性有机碳质量比分别为(499±26.76)μg/g、(354.39±38.68)μg/g和(419.08±35.99)μg/g;在70%降水量条件下,在低、中和高降水频率时,土壤可溶性有机碳质量比分别为(479.14±14.93)μg/g、(397.81±23.04)μg/g和(373.98±10.81)μg/g。随着降水频率降低和降水量减少,土壤可溶性有机碳含量减少。在30~50 cm深度,在70%降水量和高降水频率下,土壤可溶性有机碳的稳定性最差(RS=0.32)。     

滇中不同植被恢复策略下土壤入渗性能及其影响因素

对按树林、荒坡灌草丛、云南松林、针阔混交林、次生常绿阔叶林5种不同植物群落恢复措施下,土壤入渗性及其相关影响因子进行研究,结果表明:土壤的饱和导水率在不同植物群落中的大小顺序为:次生常绿阔叶林＞针阔混交林和荒坡灌草丛＞云南松林＞桉树林,其值分别为0.64、0.52、0.52、0.20、0.14 mm/min;到达稳渗率的时间为云南松林和桉树林高于其他植被类型,土壤入渗过程符合Horton入渗模型.在不同的植物群落恢复下,随群落结构复杂程度的升高,土壤容重下降,总孔隙度及有机质含量递增;土壤入渗与土壤容重成负相关关系,与总孔隙度及有机质含量成正相关关系.在滇中地区以植物群落结构恢复为主要手段而间接的改善土壤性质,进而改变土壤入渗的影响因子,这样才能达到水源涵养的生态效应.     

极端干旱环境下的胡杨细根分布与土壤特征

以塔里木河下游的中龄胡杨为研究对象,采用开挖剖面分层取样法,对胡杨细根(D≤2 mm)的空间分布以及与土壤特征因子之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:①在长期干旱胁迫下,胡杨细根(D≤2 mm)根长密度(RLD)、根表面积密度(SAD)从表层到地下100 cm土层内,呈逐渐增加趋势,100~140 cm土层内表现为减少的波动分布趋势;细根RLD、SAD集中分布在60~120 cm土层内,约占0~140 cm土层总细根RLD和SAD的74%以上;在水平方向上,距树干0.75～2.5 m范围内,呈逐渐减少趋势,而在3.5～5.5 m范围内呈波动的增加趋势。②胡杨细根(D≤2 mm)RLD和SAD与土壤总盐、土壤有效养分含量之间呈显著负相关关系,适合乘幂模型,与土壤含水率之间呈一定程度的正相关关系,适合三次曲线模型。     

海南橡胶林土壤物理性质的空间变异性

以海南长期深沟盖草培肥后的橡胶园土壤为对象,分析土壤物理性质的空间分异特征。结果表明:施肥沟沟壁容重最低,平均为1.29 g/cm3,比施肥沟沟底低0.11 g/cm3,比萌生带低0.20 g/cm3;施肥沟沟壁毛管持水量最高,平均为51.43%;施肥沟沟壁渗透性系数最高,10℃时渗透系数K10平均为1.51;施肥沟沟壁大团聚体(>250μm)平均含量最高。深沟盖草培肥能够改善土壤团粒结构,增加土壤结构稳定性,使施肥沟沟壁土壤物理性状最好。     

大兴安岭多年冻土区森林土壤温室气体通量

多年冻土温室气体排放对全球气候变化有重要影响。采用静态暗箱—气相色谱法,于2016—2017年生长季（5—9月）,对大兴安岭多年冻土区兴安落叶松林、樟子松林和白桦林土壤二氧化碳（CO₂）、甲烷（CH₄）和氧化亚氮（N₂O）通量进行野外原位观测,对比分析温室气体通量的动态变化特征及其关键影响因子。结果表明：3种林型土壤CO₂通量范围为65.88~883.59 mg·m^-2·h^-1;CH₄通量范围为-93.29~-2.82 μg·m^-2·h^-1;N₂O通量范围为-5.31~45.22 μg·m^-2·h^-1。整个生长季兴安落叶松林、樟子松林和白桦林土壤均表现为CO₂、N₂O的排放源、CH₄的吸收汇,土壤CO₂和CH₄通量在不同林型和年际间差异显著。3种林型土壤CO₂通量与5 cm、10 cm和15 cm土壤温度呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）;CH₄通量受土壤含水量和10 cm、15 cm土壤温度的影响较大（P < 0.05）;兴安落叶松林和樟子松林土壤N₂O通量与气温呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）,而白桦林土壤N₂O则与15 cm土壤温度呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）。基于100 a时间尺度计算温室气体全球综合增温潜势,3种林型土壤温室气体的排放对气候变暖具有正反馈作用。     

基于SHAP值方法的乌拉特梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)林保护区土壤表层碳氮储量及其影响因素研究北大核心CSCD

土壤碳氮储量对陆地生态系统碳氮循环及全球变化研究具有重要意义。为了阐明乌拉特梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)林国家级自然保护区土壤碳氮储量分布与变化规律,利用相关性分析、随机森林与SHAP解释方法确定影响土壤碳氮储量的关键因子。本研究采用可通行路线网格布点法,在保护区内布设61个调查点,采集表层土壤(0~20 cm),测定土壤碳氮储量,分析其主要影响因素。结果表明:乌拉特梭梭林保护区内土壤全碳和全氮储量在空间上均呈现西高东低、北高南低的特点,其中核心区的全碳储量(1429.91 g·m^(-2))显著高于缓冲区(1194.09 g·m^(-2))和试验区(986.36 g·m^(-2));不同区域的全氮储量差异不显著(P>0.05),核心区、缓冲区、试验区分别为76.79、62.39、51.28 g·m^(-2);pH、电导率、梭梭树高度、物种丰富度、植被盖度和草本生物量在3个区域差异显著(P<0.05)。影响梭梭林保护区表层土壤全碳储量的关键因子为土壤全碳、土壤全氮、土壤含水率、电导率、容重、梭梭树高度、植物密度和pH,SHAP分析表明土壤容重、pH与土壤全碳储量呈负相关,其余因子与土壤全碳储量均呈显著性正相关;影响土壤全氮储量的关键因子为土壤全氮、土壤全碳、电导率、容重、土壤含水率、梭梭树高度、植被盖度、碳氮比和植物密度,SHAP分析表明土壤容重、碳氮比与土壤全氮储量呈负相关,其余因子与土壤全氮储量均呈显著性正相关;基于SHAP值计算的平均因子贡献率表明,保护区内较低的植物密度是限制土壤碳氮储量的关键因素。本研究同时发现,当梭梭树的平均高度高于2 m时对土壤碳氮储量的贡献有显著提升,因此加强对保护区内梭梭林的管理对提升土壤质量具有积极作用。     

论澳大利亚植被与中国林木引种的关系

中国和澳大利亚在气候、土壤、植被等方面具有一定程度的相似性，热量条件，降水类型以及冬季寒潮等决定了澳大利亚树种只能引种到我国的热带和亚热带地区，澳大利亚是中国外来树种的主要源地之一。约２１科４５属３２０种本本植物先后被引入中国，它们在中国南方的人工林营造、水土保持、陆地景观以及基因资源的异地保存中有极为重要的地位。现在，按树已成为中国最主要的造林树种之一。固氮的相思对中国南方的地力恢复和优良纸浆材     

SIGNS AS YARD ART IN AMARILLO,TEXAS

ABSTRACT. The city of Amarillo, Texas, is unusual in that more than 5,000 art objects in the form of signs are displayed on individual properties. These signs represent a unique partnership between the public and a wealthy individual, Stanley Marsh 3, who subsidizes them. Through a field survey of 723 signs and a questionnaire mailed to 98 residents with signs in their yards, we explored use of the signs for communal and individual expression. The field survey found a higher concentration of signs in low‐ and moderate‐income neighborhoods and in Hispanic areas than in high‐income and non‐Hispanic neighborhoods. The questionnaire revealed that residents used signs for both individual and communal expression and that most residents with signs liked them. Dissatisfaction among a small percentage of residents with signs suggested that the vast number of signs may have compromised their initial uniqueness.     

GEOGRAPHY AS MELODY IN MUTTUSVAMI DIKSHITA'sINDIAN MUSICAL WORKS*

ABSTRACT. The life and works of Muttusvami Dikshita (1775–1834), a luminary of South Indian Karnatak classical music, abound in spatiocultural symbolisms of integration and harmony. Dikshita'speregrinations symbolize a cultural circuit of Hindu pilgrimage. His studies of North Indian Hindustani music at Varanasi (formerly Benares), and his transplantation of them throughout South India, make him an active agent of cultural diffusion, harmonizing cultural traditions through spatiosymbolic anchors. The religious expression of his musical genius, his songs, and his melodies contributed to linking linguistically and politically disparate regions of eighteenth‐ and nineteenth‐century India. The works of Dikshita affirm India'scultural continuity and underscore its enduring cultural empathies and similarities.     

西北四省区不同季节降水,气温异常的时空分布与干旱的关系

利用西北四省区７３个台站１９６０～１９９０年逐月降水量和平均气温的距平资料，采用综合的经验正交函数（ＥＯＦ）分析方法，对西北四省区春（３～５月份）、夏（６～８月份）、秋（９～１１月份）３个季节降水、气温异常的时空分布特征进行了诊断研究，得到了几种降水和气温异常的典型配置及其反映这些典型场的年际演变规律的时间系数，并在此基础上进一步分析了降水、气温异常的时变特征以及与西北四省区出现较严重干旱年份之间的关系。结果表明，西北四省区不同区域发生较严重干旱的年份与某些时间系数出现极值的年份存在很好的对应关系。     

ENGLISH AS INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE IN GEOGRAPHY: DEVELOPMENT AND LIMITATIONS

ABSTRACT. The rise and spread of English as a language of international communication is discussed through an analysis of two bodies of data: languages used in twenty‐nine International Geographical Congresses (1871–2000); and utilization of supplementary abstracts or text in international languages in geographical periodicals and serials, from initial use of English in 1882 to widespread use of it in 2002. Five stages in the use of English are recognized: 1) no use of English; 2) provision of abstracts in English; 3) occasional inclusion of articles in English; 4) publication of special issues in English, particularly for international meetings; and 5) a shift to English as the basic language of the text. English provides a window into the geographical literature; but it is only a window, not the full panorama of the richly diverse geographical literature in the six main languages that have been used in International Geographical Congresses and in the fifty‐five languages that have been used in geographical serials.     

PLACE AS A SOURCE OF IDENTITY IN COLONIZING SOCIETIES: ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS IN GAZA

ABSTRACT. The tendency to reduce the role of places in the formation of sociospatial identities and to emphasize the impact of sociopolitical structures on place making is growing. We argue that, under certain conditions, places may become salient sources of identity formation. In addition, we suggest viewing different types of places on a continuum from mythical “big places,” to everyday‐life places, to parochial “little places.” We further suggest a distinction between mythical and everyday‐life senses of place. Following Zali Gurevitz, who describes the characteristics of West Bank Jewish settlers' mythical sense of place, we demonstrate how Gaza settlers only partially internalized their conception of place, adopting an everyday‐life conception of thereof. Yet place became a main source of identity for Gaza settlers, who viewed their experience in the settlements as an empowering process that helped them escape their marginality and join the national elite.     

作为旅游资源的澳门区博物馆开发

400多年的东西文化交汇，赋予澳门独特的文化资源，要展示其丰富的文化遗产，博物馆正是一个最好的宣传工具，它运用直观的展品和接近民众的语言，向当地市民和游客宣传其自身的文化和历史，成为保存文化的重要宝库，文章将澳门区博物馆作为旅游资源看待。通过文献检索和网络查询，运用博物馆学和旅游规划的一些理论，把区内12座博物馆分为历史，科学和艺术3类，归纳出区内博物馆的特色；立体历史书，文物建筑的博物馆化，动静结合的展陈方式，公共教育性质和人性关怀，从文化模式，建筑文化，历史文化名城以及旅游产业转型，展示文化，政府运行，延长旅游者逗留时间等方面论述博物馆在澳门区旅游业发展中的资源优势和行业优势。最后从5个层面提出相应的开发建议；人力资源，特色博物馆，区内资源，相关资源和展陈手段的科技化。     

THE CORPORATE INTERVIEW AS A RESEARCH METHOD IN ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY*

The open-ended corporate interview as a qualitative research method is proposed as a valuable component of an evidentiary strategy in economic geography. It is argued to be more sensitive than other survey methods to historical, institutional, and strategic complexity. The corporate interview method is particularly appropriate in periods of economic and social change that challenge traditional analytical categories and theoretical principles. Some problems inherent to the method, and strategies for minimizing their impact on the research project, are described.     

HILLS AS RESOURCES AND RESISTANCES IN SYRACUSE,NEW YORK*

In an example of what William Freudenburg and his colleagues called the “conjoint construction” of nature and society, hills may represent either assets or liabilities for urban settlement, depending on the period and the activities involved. The relationships between terrain and land use in Syracuse, New York, since the late eighteenth century fall into three major eras. The initial phase, in which settlement largely shunned the lowlands, gave way in the 1820s to one in which canals and railroads stimulated development of the lowlands and in which most land uses, save those of the classic urban fringe, avoided the uplands. A new pattern appeared in the late nineteenth century with the arrival of the electric trolley and the automobile and with provision of a municipal water supply able to reach the city's high ground. Development since then has been consistent with Ernest Burgess's 1929 model of “the poor in the valleys, the well‐to‐do on the hillslopes, and the rich on the hilltops.”