彩色双功能多普勒超声评价睾丸的血流特点及其意义

目的:应用高频率二维及彩色多普勒超声,探讨正常成人睾丸及其血流的彩色多普勒超声特点.方法:经阴囊超声检测120例正常成年男性的睾丸及其血流的彩色多普勒频谱,测睾丸动脉(TA)、包膜动脉(CA,即睾丸动脉主支)、睾丸内动脉(ITA,包括向心动脉和中央动脉)的收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)、舒张末期血流速度(EDV)、时间平均峰值血流速度(TAMX)、阻力指数(RI)和搏动指数(PI);分别计算左右侧睾丸大小和血流参数的均值,并作t检验进行分析.结果:120例正常成人左、右侧睾丸大小及其血管的PSV、EDV、TAMX、RI和PI测值无显著性差异.CA和ITA多普勒频谱波型变化较小,为低阻力型血流频谱;TA的波型变化较大,RI、PI值变异较大.结论:高频率彩色双功能多普勒超声敏感性高,可准确检测睾丸的形态结构及其血管的血流动力学参数,且左、右侧睾丸测值差异无显著意义(P>0.05).     

彩色多普勒检测多囊卵巢综合征患者子宫内膜分型的临床研究

目的对彩色多普勒超声检测多囊卵巢综合征患者子宫内膜分型的临床特点进行研究。方法选取我院收治的多囊卵巢综合征患者60例为观察组;同期体检健康者60例为对照组。均接受彩色多普勒超声检查并进行比较。结果观察组的子宫内膜厚度和PSV均高于对照组,PI和RI均低于对照组,组间各指标均存在显著差异,有统计学意义(P0.05)。肥胖和胰岛素患者的PSV均高于非肥胖和非胰岛素患者,且PI和RI均低于非肥胖和非胰岛素患者,差异均存在统计学意义(P0.05)。结论多囊卵巢综合征患者的子宫内膜厚度明显增加,且其血流动力学指标会受到肥胖、胰岛素抵抗的影响,彩色多普勒检测可以准确反映其变化,为子宫内膜的分型鉴别提供科学参考,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断子宫恶性滋养细胞肿瘤的探讨

目的 评价彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)及脉冲多普勒(PD)检测恶性滋养细胞肿瘤的早期诊断疗效观察及判断疾病转归的应用价值。方法 应用CDFI及PD检测恶性滋养细胞肿瘤患者32例,并以正常妊娠20例作对照。结果 CDFI恶性滋养叶肿瘤表现为丰富而敏感的彩色血流,PD为低速的动静脉血流。正常妊娠为不甚敏感的点状或多条状的不规则血流,PD为单相或双相的低速动脉血流。阻力指数(RI)显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论 CDFI和PD检测可做为一种新的方法,不仅可对滋养叶细胞肿瘤作出早期诊断,亦可用于观察化疗效果,判断疾病的转归。     

颈动脉彩色多普勒超声对老年高血压患者颈动脉病变情况诊断价值

目的探讨颈动脉彩色多普勒超声对老年高血压患者颈动脉病变情况诊断价值。方法抽取60例老年高血压患者与57例健康者分别设为病例组与对照组,均行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声,比较两组检查结果。结果病例组颈动脉狭窄率为88.3%,斑块形成率为80.00%,内膜中层厚度(IMT)、颈动脉内径(D)、阻力指数(RI)均较对照组高(P <0.05);病例组颈内动脉、颈总动脉最大剪切率(SR)以及收缩期峰值流速(PSV)均低于对照组(P <0.05)。结论颈动脉彩色多普勒超声对老年高血压患者颈动脉病变具有较高诊断价值,值得推广。     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断子宫肌瘤的对比研究

目的　探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声 (TVCDS)对子宫肌瘤的诊断价值 .方法　采用TVCDS检查子宫肌瘤患者 5 0例 ,测量子宫动脉的血流速度 ,阻力指数 (RI) ,观察肌瘤的血供情况 .5 2例健康妇女作为正常对照组 .结果　 5 0例子宫肌瘤患者子宫动脉平均RI低于正常对照组 (p <0 .0 1) .子宫肌瘤瘤体周边血供较瘤体内部丰富 ,肌瘤周边RI高于内部 .浆膜下肌瘤及粘膜下肌瘤的蒂部显示血流丰富 ,由子宫穿入肌瘤内 .结论　TVCDS具有高分辨率特点 ,并能提供高敏感性的血流信息     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断子宫肌瘤的对比研究

目的探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声(TVCDS)对子宫肌瘤的诊断价值.方法采用TVCDS检查子宫肌瘤患者50例,测量子宫动脉的血流速度,阻力指数(RI),观察肌瘤的血供情况.52例健康妇女作为正常对照组.结果 50例子宫肌瘤患者子宫动脉平均RI低于正常对照组(p<0.01).子宫肌瘤瘤体周边血供较瘤体内部丰富,肌瘤周边RI高于内部.浆膜下肌瘤及粘膜下肌瘤的蒂部显示血流丰富,由子宫穿入肌瘤内.结论 TVCDS具有高分辨率特点,并能提供高敏感性的血流信息.     

彩色多普勒超声与血清CK、AFP相关性在前置胎盘合并产前胎盘植入的诊断价值

目的 分析彩色多普勒超声与血清肌酸激酶（CK）、甲胎蛋白（AFP）相关性在前置胎盘合并产前胎盘植入的诊断价值。方法 选择2019年1月至2021年12月在深圳市龙岗区人民医院收治的96例疑似前置胎盘合并产前胎盘植入患者，年龄23～43岁，平均年龄32.35岁（标准差11.41岁）；孕周31～41周，平均孕周35.70周（标准差8.52周）。均行产前彩色多普勒超声检查并分组。行剖宫产，作病理检查。通过酶联免疫吸附分析（ELISA）法检测CK、AFP表达水平。比较两种收缩期峰值血流速度（PSV）水平、搏动指数（PI）、血管阻力指数（RI），分析彩色多普勒超声参数与CK、AFP的相关性。采用受试者工作特性（ROC）曲线分析PSV、PI、RI和三者联合诊断结果比较。结果 经彩色多普勒超声检测明确前置胎盘合并产前胎盘植入患者有48例，手术病理检测显示粘连型16例，植入型20例，穿透型12例。依据产前超声图像将其分为48例前置胎盘合并产前胎盘植入患者为研究组，48例非前置胎盘合并产前胎盘植入人员为对照组。两组年龄、孕周差异无统计学意义（P> 0.05）。与对照组相比，研究组PSV水平上升，P...     

彩色多普勒超声诊断子宫肉瘤的价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对子宫肉瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断的价值.方法 回顾性分析19例子宫肉瘤的声像图表现及多普勒血流频谱特点与手术及病理结果进行对照.结果 子宫肉瘤的二维声像图表现分为四类:子宫肌层实性占位(4例);子宫肌层囊实性占位(9例);子宫内膜占位(4例);宫颈占位(2例).血流特点是肿瘤表面和内部以血流丰富型为主(15/19),动脉阻力指数较低,15例RI平均值0.66.结论 子宫肉瘤的声像图和血流多普勒显示具有特征性表现,超声检查对子宫肉瘤的早期发现、早期诊断及鉴别诊断能为临床提供重要帮助.     

彩色多普勒超声评价桡动脉血管条件对自体动静脉造瘘术的临床价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声评价桡动脉血管条件对自体动静脉造瘘术的临床价值。方法利用彩色多普勒超声对拟行自体动静脉造瘘的133例终末期肾病患者桡动脉血管情况进行检测,与术后内瘘血管参数进行对比分析。结果 133例患者中术前桡动脉正常者95例,异常者38例;进行造瘘手术者131例,因桡动脉血管条件差放弃手术者2例,内瘘失败13例,桡动脉正常组术后成功率(95.8%)高于桡动脉异常组(75%)。桡动脉正常组各血流参数均明显优于异常组,且术后4周吻合口的血流量、血管内径优于术后1周及术前。结论彩色多普勒超声既可以提供术前桡动脉血管条件的多项数据,预测术后内瘘血管功能状态,又可以在术后动态监测内瘘血管情况,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

正常晚期妊娠与宫内发育迟缓胎儿动脉、静脉多普勒血流波形的比较

目的比较妊娠晚期正常妊娠与宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)胎儿动脉与静脉多普勒血流波形的差异.方法采用美国Acuson128xp/10彩色多普勒B超诊断仪对42例超声诊断IUGR胎儿以及59例正常胎儿测定脐动脉(UmA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)、静脉导管(DV)及下腔静脉(IVC)的多普勒血流波形.随访至分娩.42例IUGR中有23例出生体重符合低体重儿,59例正常胎儿均健康.对23例IUGR及59例正常胎儿的多普勒血流指数进行比较.结果 IUGR组MCA多普勒血流阻力指数RI(0.83(0.10)及S/D(5.18(1.73)小于正常组(RI=0.86(0.53, S/D=7.34(2.06. P值分别为 0.0289 and 0.0002).两组的UmA、 DV、 IVC多普勒血流指数无差异.结论 MCA是监测IUGR儿多普勒血流波形改变的最敏感血管.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.