影响淀粉糖浆熬糖温度的液化工艺因素探讨

硬糖在糖果市场中占据重要位置,而作为硬糖生产原料之一的淀粉糖浆质量指标,特别是熬糖温度指标会直接影响硬糖成品的质量。本文通过试验探讨影响淀粉糖浆熬糖温度的液化工艺因素,得出在液化高温酶添加量为0.18～0.20kg/吨干基粉、液化温度为114～117℃、液化层流保留时间为1.8～2.0h的范围时,淀粉糖浆熬糖温度最佳。     

月饼糖浆熬制工艺条件对其质量的影响

在单因素试验基础上,采用正交试验,对月饼糖浆熬制工艺条件进行了研究。结果表明:加水量和柠檬酸添加量是影响糖浆浓度和转化率的主要因素,而影响糖浆质量的主要因素是熬制时间,其次是柠檬酸添加量和熬制温度,加水量影响最小。熬制糖浆最佳工艺条件为:柠檬酸添加量1.1%、加水量60%、熬制时间23min、熬制温度116℃,糖浆糖浓度92%,化率94.2%。     

淀粉糖浆对硬糖品质的影响

为获得透明度高、贮藏性能佳的优质的硬糖产品,研究了不同蔗糖—淀粉糖浆配比对于硬糖品质的影响。通过常压熬糖,按不同蔗糖-糖浆配比制备硬糖,利用差示量热扫描法(DSC)测定其玻璃化转变温度(Tg),并结合透光率、色度、贮藏稳定性等各项指标,确定蔗糖—淀粉糖浆(43DE)的最优质量比为6∶4。该条件下制得硬糖Tg为43.01℃,透明度好,白度高且贮藏稳定性最好。     

转化糖浆组成对月饼质量的影响研究

本文主要研究了柠檬酸添加量、水分添加量、熬制温度对转化糖浆中糖分组成的影响,以及不同糖分组成的转化糖浆对广式月饼回软、回油快慢的影响,最后对月饼饼皮进行全质构测试,分析硬度、粘聚性和咀嚼性的变化。结果表明:柠檬酸添加量为0.20%时,蔗糖转化率为96.0%,继续增加柠檬酸对蔗糖的转化作用甚微;水分添加量对提高蔗糖转化率较柠檬酸慢;熬制温度为110℃时,蔗糖转化率较熬制温度为100℃和90℃时低,仅为48.6%。蔗糖转化率越高,月饼回软越快;而柠檬酸添加量为0.20%时月饼回油较好。柠檬酸添加量为0.05%时,饼皮油脂含量呈下降趋势。相关性分析表明,水分含量、油脂含量与果糖、葡萄糖均表现为正相关,与蔗糖负相关;水分活度与果糖、葡萄糖呈负相关,与蔗糖呈正相关。月饼硬度与果糖、葡萄糖表现为负相关,与蔗糖正相关;而粘聚性、咀嚼性与果糖、葡萄糖表现为正相关,与蔗糖负相关。蔗糖含量越少,月饼回软、回油越快,所以提高蔗糖转化率对月饼制作极为重要。     

木糖醇对小麦淀粉和复配面粉糊化性质及回生特性影响的研究

本文以小麦淀粉为原料,把谷朊粉按10%、12%、15%质量浓度添加到小麦淀粉中配成三种复配面粉,研究不同添加量木糖醇对小麦淀粉、复配面粉糊化性质和回生特性的影响。结果表明：添加木糖醇后,小麦淀粉糊化温度升高;峰值黏度随着木糖醇添加量的增加呈上升趋势;添加15%、20%、25%木糖醇时,小麦淀粉的衰减值、回生值增加。添加木糖醇后,复配面粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度增加。随复配面粉中谷朊粉含量的增加,添加相同含量木糖醇的复配面粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度呈下降趋势。在不同天数添加木糖醇的小麦淀粉硬度增加,且随添加浓度的增加,硬度呈上升趋势;而添加木糖醇的复配面粉硬度降低,且随添加浓度的增加,硬度呈下降趋势。     

赤藓糖醇特性及其硬糖研究

以赤藓糖醇为主要原料,在研究赤藓糖醇加工特性的基础进行无糖硬糖工艺研究。对赤藓糖醇加工特性研究的结果表明:赤藓糖醇在200℃条件下比较稳定,不会发生分解、变色。经由配方及加工工艺优化试验考察液体麦芽糖醇添加量、熬糖温度、熬糖时间对赤藓糖醇硬糖感官品质、硬度和脆度的影响,得到赤藓糖醇硬糖的最优工艺为:液体麦芽糖醇添加量为80%,熬糖温度为165℃,熬糖时间为20 min。     

木糖醇对小麦淀粉和复配粉糊化及回生特性影响

以小麦淀粉为原料,把谷朊粉按小麦粉添加量的10％、12％、15％添加到小麦淀粉中配成3种复配粉,研究不同添加量木糖醇对小麦淀粉、复配粉糊化性质和回生特性的影响.结果表明:添加木糖醇后,小麦淀粉糊化温度升高;峰值黏度随着木糖醇添加量的增加呈上升趋势;添加15％、20％、25％木糖醇时,小麦淀粉的衰减值、回生值增加.添加木糖醇后,复配粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度增加.随复配粉中谷朊粉含量的增加,添加相同含量木糖醇的复配粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度呈下降趋势.在不同天数添加木糖醇的小麦淀粉硬度增加,且随添加量的增加,硬度呈上升趋势,说明木糖醇促进了小麦淀粉的老化;而添加木糖醇的复配粉硬度降低,且随添加量的增加,硬度呈下降趋势,表明对于复配粉,木糖醇具有保湿和抗老化作用.     

汉赛尔硬糖连续制造设备

汉赛尔(Hansella)硬糖连续制造设备主要用来连续生产可塑性好、透明度高的硬糖或含乳硬糖,成品的最终含水量可低于1％,无糖浆损失。在整个生产过程中,可以方便地调节生产量、真空度、熬糖温度和时间、冷却水温度及冷却速度等。该设备主要由连续熬糖装置和调温捏和输送装置二个部分组成,如图1所示,以连续完成熬糖、加香、冷却等工序。     

淀粉糖中熬糖温度的控制技术研究

熬糖温度是淀粉糖的质量指标之一,不同的产品对糖浆熬糖温度的要求不同,生产硬糖时需要糖浆具有高熬糖温度。研究了液化和糖化过程使用的酶制剂及不同水解程度对糖浆熬糖温度的影响。结果表明,相同条件下,水解程度越高,熬糖温度越高;液化阶段使用杰能科耐高温α-淀粉酶,糖化阶段使用杰能科β-淀粉酶有助于糖浆熬糖温度的提高。     

韧化处理对甘薯淀粉糊化特性的影响

本文采用差示扫描量热分析、快速粘度分析等现代仪器分析方法研究了不同韧化时间、韧化温度和含水量等韧化处理方法对甘薯淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明,不同韧化温度处理后,甘薯淀粉的起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度和终止糊化温度均呈升高趋势,其中起始糊化温度升高趋势明显,由甘薯淀粉的62.47℃升高到70.37℃,糊化温度范围变窄,糊化热焓值增加;其峰值黏度呈下降趋势,55℃时为1342 cp比甘薯淀粉下降了321 cp,破损值降低、回生值升高。不同韧化时间处理后,甘薯淀粉To升高,糊化温度范围变窄,由甘薯淀粉的21.35℃减少到60 h的15.09℃,回生值上升了29.89%。不同水分含量韧化处理后,85%时糊化热焓值提高了36.20%,峰值黏度比甘薯淀粉下降了378 cp。甘薯淀粉经韧化处理后糊化温度、热焓值升高,黏度下降,回生值增加。     

蛋白质水解度测定方法综述

对目前国内外常用的蛋白质水解度测定方法进行了综述，其中pH—state方法是通过滴定水解过程中释放的质子测定DH；OPA、TNBS及国内常用的水合茚三酮和甲醛等测定方法是利用游离氨基的反应测定DH。     

SEROLOGIC IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES OF ORIGIN OF SAUSAGE MEATS

SUMMARY: A partially purified immunoglobulin G (lgG) solution prepared from the serum of species to be tested was heated to the specifications for sausages. The resulting supernatant fluid was decanted and the precipitate washed with saline and used to immunize rabbits. The supernatant fluid was used to sensitize tanned sheep red blood cells. The immune serum was rendered monospecific by absorptions with heterologous, heated lgG precipitates. A sample of monospecific immune serum was absorbed with a washed homogenate of sausage. Aliquots of the monospecific immune serum, both untreated and sausage absorbed, were tested with cells sensitized with the homologous heated lgG supematant fluid. A significant reduction of titer by sausage absorption indicated that the sausages contained the meat homologous to the immune serum.     

BASIS OF STABILITY OF AMINE SALTS OF LINOLEIC ACID

SUMMARY— The mechanism and generality of the known stabilization against autoxidation conferred on linoleic acid by certain basic amino acids, such as lysine and arginine, was investigated. Basic amino acids were the only class of compounds found to confer the effect. However, the smallest basic amino acid, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, was not effective, nor was αβω-diaminc acid, 3,6-diaminohexanoic acid, although a simple isomer of lysine. The stabilization was observed only in the solid phase. Inclusion of sodium chloride in the solid matrix was deleterious to the effect. A large number of physical and chemical observations were made and correlated but it has not been possible to draw detailed conclusions about the mechanism of stabilization, nor can a detailed structure of the stabilized complex be suggested. The cause of the phenomenon appears to be closely associated with the physical arrangement of the ions in the crystal lattice.     

百年风尚

一场流光溢彩、赏心悦目的展览,一段百年风尚演进的传奇旅程,一次东西方文化艺术的完美对话。2013年9月13日,“博萃臻艺一中西方珍宝艺术展”在辽宁省博物馆举行了隆重的开幕仪式,法兰西共和国驻华大使白林女士、辽宁省文物局局长丁辉先生、辽宁省博物馆馆长马宝杰先生、卡地亚全球总裁兼首席执行官邓阁仕先生、卡地亚区域行政总裁（北亚洲）陆慧全先生、卡地亚中国区首席执行官陆意斯先生、辽宁省文物店总经理张春鹰先生,以及众多文化界与文博界的贵宾齐聚一堂,共同见证了这场文化艺术盛事。     

聚多元羧酸盐的合成及应用

研究了聚多元羧酸盐的合成方法及反应机理,将其应用于洗涤剂和PVC制品中分别代替三聚磷酸钠和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,证明有良好效果。     

DEVELOPMENT OF CHAINS OF CELLS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE DURING FERMENTATION

The lengths of chains of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied during fermentation. Pitching yeast generally contained about half of the total number of cells as two-celled chains. The chain lengths varied during the subsequent fermentation and the variations were characteristic of the strain. Electronic counting assessments of chain length were unreliable.     

STABILITY OF AQUEOUS EMULSIONS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF HOPS

Hop oil emulsions prepared from different varieties of hops have been found to exhibit enhanced physical stability on the addition of blends of the emulsifiers Span 20/Tween 80 or Span 60/Tween 60. Examination of the particle size and volume distributions of an emulsion by use of a Coulter Counter was found to be an excellent method of monitoring its stability. An indication as to the relative efficiency of emulsifiers can be obtained from Coulter Counter measurements on hop oil emulsions after storage for 4 days. The use of an ultracentrifuge provies a rapid means of testing emulsion stability and hence the effectiveness of emulsion stabilizers.     

EFFECTS OF TYPES OF FAT AND OF RATES AND TEMPERATURES OF COMMINUTION ON DISPERSION OF LIPIDS IN FRANKFURTERS

ABSTRACT— The effect of time, temperature and rpm of comminution of emulsions was determined on the dispersion of approximately 25% of beef fat, pork fat or cottonseed oil in frankfurters. The numbers of lipid particles 5 μ or less in diameter increased in frankfurters containing either beef or pork fat as comminution was continued to higher temperatures, with pork fat dispersed more thoroughly. Fat tended to separate from frankfurters containing beef fat in particles 200 μ or more in diameter. In contrast, no specific degree of dispersion of particles 5 μ or less in diameter consistently indicated emulsion stability, or its lack. Increased rpm during comminution produced an increased dispersion of beef or pork fat. Under the same conditions pork fat was dispersed more finely than beef fat. Dispersion of cottonseed oil produced finely dispersed particles beyond the resolution of light microscopy, as was confirmed by electron microscopy which showed a substantial number of particles to be less than 1 μ in diameter.     

矩阵乘积的行式,列式

给出了ｍ×ｍ矩阵与ｍ×ｎ矩阵的行（列）式的表达式．若Ａ＝ａ１１ａ１２…ａ１ｍａ２１ａ２２…ａ２ｍ……ａｍ１ａｍ２…ａｍｍＢ＝ｂ１１ｂ１２…ｂ１ｎｂ２１ｂ２２…ｂ２ｎ……ｂｍ１ｂｍ２…ｂｍｎ分别是ｍ×ｍ，ｍ×ｎ矩阵，则｜Ａ｜｜Ｂ｜＝｜ＡＢ｜＋∑ｉ１＜ｉ２＜…＜ｉｔｊ１＜ｊ２＜…＜ｊｔ１≤ｔ≤ｍｎ－ｔ≥ｍＮＢｉ１ｉ２…ｉｔｊ１ｊ２…ｊｔＮＡＢ１…ｍ（－１）ｓｔ＋１ｊｔ＋１…（－１）ｓｎｊｎ其中ｉ１，ｉ２，…，ｉｔ是１，２，…，ｍ中ｔ个数码；ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｔ＋１，…，ｊｎ是１，２，…，ｎ的一个排列；ｓｒ＝π（ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｒ）（ｒ＝１，２，…，ｎ）是排列ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｒ的反序数．     

ANALYTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PRODUCTS OF NONENZYMATIC GLYCOSYLATION OF LYSOZYME

The quantitative analysis of the reaction products of the water activity dependent nonenzymatic glycosylation of lysozyme was not straightforward. Difficulties arose in the determination of the number of bound glucose molecules because glycosylation leads to glucose mediated protein aggregation, and the likely presence of a mixture of relatively labile Schiff-base intermediates, and the more stable ketoamine products generated by Amadori rearrangement. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to monitor protein aggregation; periodate oxidation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and oxalic acid hydrolysis combined with HPLC, emerged as the most promising methods to quantitate the degree of glycosylation. Possible interpretations are advanced to explain the apparent discrepancies in degree of glycosylation suggested by the different analytical methods evaluated.