白洋淀典型持久性有机污染物污染特征与风险评估

对白洋淀表层水体和表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)三类典型持久性有机污染物(POPs)的污染特征进行综合调查和分析。结果表明:(1)白洋淀水体中PAHs、OCPs和PBDEs浓度范围分别是71.32~228.27、2.62~6.13和0~6.5 ng·L-1;沉积物中PAHs、OCPs和PBDEs含量范围分别是163.20~861.43ng·g-1、2.25~6.07ng·g-1和230.96~1224.13pg·g-1。与历史数据相比,白洋淀沉积物PAHs和OCPs含量均有明显下降;与国内外湖泊相比,白洋淀沉积物中PBDEs含量处于较低水平。(2)水体和沉积物PAHs污染来自于油类排放和木材、煤炭燃烧的共同作用;白洋淀水体和沉积物中OCPs组成均以HCHs为主(93.76%,63.10%),水体中HCHs主要来源于工业HCHs的降解,部分地区来源于大气的远距离传输和林丹的使用,DDTs则主要来源于历史残留。沉积物中HCHs主要来源于新的林丹的使用,也有少量工业HCHs的输入,DDTs则以历史残留为主,可能部分地区存在新的DDTs输入;白洋淀水体中PBDEs组成以BD1E-2为主(65.80%),可能主要来源于大气远距离传输和高溴代联苯醚的降解,沉积物中PBDEs组成以BDE-209为主(63.82%),主要来源为商用的十溴联苯醚。(3)生态风险评价结果表明,白洋淀尚无明显生态风险,但部分采样点存在生态风险的可能性,应加强监控。     

白洋淀典型持久性有机污染物污染特征与风险评估

对白洋淀表层水体和表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)三类典型持久性有机污染物(POPs)的污染特征进行综合调查和分析。结果表明:(1)白洋淀水体中PAHs、OCPs和PBDEs浓度范围分别是71.32~228.27、2.62~6.13和0~6.5 ng·L-1;沉积物中PAHs、OCPs和PBDEs含量范围分别是163.20~861.43ng·g-1、2.25~6.07ng·g-1和230.96~1224.13pg·g-1。与历史数据相比,白洋淀沉积物PAHs和OCPs含量均有明显下降;与国内外湖泊相比,白洋淀沉积物中PBDEs含量处于较低水平。(2)水体和沉积物PAHs污染来自于油类排放和木材、煤炭燃烧的共同作用;白洋淀水体和沉积物中OCPs组成均以HCHs为主(93.76%,63.10%),水体中HCHs主要来源于工业HCHs的降解,部分地区来源于大气的远距离传输和林丹的使用,DDTs则主要来源于历史残留。沉积物中HCHs主要来源于新的林丹的使用,也有少量工业HCHs的输入,DDTs则以历史残留为主,可能部分地区存在新的DDTs输入;白洋淀水体中PBDEs组成以BD1E-2为主(65.80%),可能主要来源于大气远距离传输和高溴代联苯醚的降解,沉积物中PBDEs组成以BDE-209为主(63.82%),主要来源为商用的十溴联苯醚。(3)生态风险评价结果表明,白洋淀尚无明显生态风险,但部分采样点存在生态风险的可能性,应加强监控。     

广州南沙红树林湿地水体和沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征

红树林湿地对保护海岸生态环境起着重要作用,为研究有机氯农药(OCPs)在广州南沙红树林湿地水体和沉积物中的残留水平、来源和生态风险,于2015年3月采集该地区10个表层水体样品和7个表层沉积物样品,并采用GC-ECD测定其中OCPs的含量.结果表明,水体中OCPs含量为1.89~90.19 ng·L~(-1),平均值为30.16 ng·L~(-1);沉积物中OCPs含量为3.10~16.02 ng·g~(-1),平均值为8.58 ng·g~(-1).与其他河口、海湾地区相比,研究区有机氯农药污染处于中等水平.研究区水体和沉积物间HCHs和DDTs的分配系数平均值分别为857和368;在分配系数较高的区域,沉积物成为水体二次污染源的潜力较大.来源分析表明,研究区水体和沉积物中近期仍存在HCHs和DDTs输入,HCHs主要来源于林丹的使用,DDTs来源于三氯杀螨醇与工业DDT的混合输入;与水体相比,沉积物中的OCPs可能包含更多历史残留组分.风险评价结果显示,水体中OCPs的生态风险较小,但沉积物中OCPs存在较高的生态风险,可能危害红树林生态系统.     

辽河和太湖沉积物中PAHs和OCPs的分布特征及风险评估

于2009年6月分别采集辽河和太湖表层沉积物样品,测定了多环芳烃(PAHs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量.结果表明,辽河表层沉积物中∑PAHs含量(干重)为120.8~22120ng/g,平均值为3281ng/g,处于较高的水平;太湖∑PAHs的含量为256.6~1709ng/g,平均值为829.0ng/g,处于中等水平.两采样区的PAHs以4环和5~6环为主,荧蒽含量最高,PAHs主要因热解产生.辽河和太湖表层沉积物中OCPs的含量均处于较低水平,且均以β-HCH为主.利用相平衡分配法建立了15种PAHs和8种OCPs的沉积物基准值,对沉积物中PAHs和OCPs进行了生态风险评估,结果显示辽河流域的浑河段均有∑PAHs、∑DDTs和∑HCHs超标点位,具有较大的生态风险;太湖流域未发现超标点位,沉积物中各类污染物中含量均未超过基准值,生态风险较小.     

家庭室内PM2.5中POPs污染状况及其与儿童哮喘的关系

为了探讨家庭室内PM_(2.5)中POPs的污染状况及其与儿童哮喘的关系.于2014年12月—2015年3月对上海市29个哮喘患儿童及31个健康儿童的家庭室内PM_(2.5)进行采样.采用GC-MS测定了样本中13种PBDEs、17种PAHs及27种PCBs的质量浓度,用GC-μECD测定了9种OCPs的质量浓度,并用SPSS19.0进行数据的统计学分析.家庭室内PM_(2.5)中持久性有机污染物污染状况的结果表明,所有样本∑PBDEs的浓度平均值为32.2 pg·m~(-3),其中,BDE-209占比最大(61.7%);∑PAHs浓度平均值为52.3 ng·m~(-3),7种致癌多环芳烃占比51.8%;∑OCPs浓度平均值为1016.4 pg·m~(-3),HCHs占比最大(43.7%),其次为DDTs,占比29.1%;∑PCBs浓度平均值为72.7 pg·m~(-3),以PCB-82、PCB-99、PCB-8及PCB-49为主.分析污染状况与哮喘的关系发现,病例组样本的∑PBDEs浓度和∑PAHs浓度高于对照组,两者间的差异具有统计学意义(p0.05);病例组样本的∑OCPs浓度和∑PCBs浓度低于对照组,仅∑OCPs浓度在两组间的差异具有统计学意义(p0.05).研究表明,家庭室内PM_(2.5)中POPs污染普遍存在,且哮喘儿童患者家庭室内PM_(2.5)中部分PBDEs、PAHs、OCPs浓度与对照组之间存在显著差异.     

固城湖及出入湖河道表层水体、沉积物和鱼体中有机氯农药分布及风险评估

为研究固城湖环境中有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)时空分布、来源与生态风险,采用GC-μECD定性定量分析了固城湖及其出入湖河道12个监测点夏、冬两季水体、沉积物和鱼类体内19种OCPs的含量.结果表明,固城湖表层水、沉积物和鱼类中(以干重计)有机氯农药总量范围分别是26.74～48.12 ng·L~(-1)、 9.01～35.34 ng·g~(-1)和13.39～124.29 ng·g~(-1).水中有机氯农药污染特征表现为夏季含量高于冬季,出入湖河道高于养殖塘和湖区;沉积物中季节性污染特征不明显.从组成特征上看,夏、冬两季水体、沉积物和生物体内19种OCPs均有不同程度地检出,均呈现以HCHs和DDTs为主的污染特征,其中,夏冬两季各监测点表层水和沉积物中HCHs以α-HCH为主,占HCHs总含量的21%～42%;表层水中DDTs以p,p′-DDD为主,占DDTs总含量的30%～76%,沉积物中以p,p′-DDT为主,占DDTs总含量的68%～93%.分析固城湖环境中OCPs来源,根据异构体比值,可以推断环境中HCHs和DDTs主要来源于近期新的农药输入,且主要发生厌氧分解.生态风险评价显示,固城湖水体中OCPs的健康风险不大,沉积物中的有机氯农药残留量有一定的生态风险.固城湖各监测点所采生物样均在可接受的潜在致癌风险范围内.     

台州电子垃圾拆解区水和沉积物中多溴联苯醚污染特征与生态风险

以台州某电子垃圾拆解工业园为圆心,在半径为16 km的范围内,由近及远设计了C(3 km)、S(5~10 km)和R(10~16km)三圈共30个采样点,研究了该区域水及沉积物中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染特征与生态风险.结果表明,水中PBDEs含量为9.4~57.2 ng·L~(-1),平均值为25.9 ng·L~(-1);沉积物中PBDEs含量为3.7~38 775 ng·g~(-1),平均值为2 779 ng·g~(-1);BDE-209均为主要成分.水及沉积物中PBDEs含量的空间分布态势均为:C圈S圈R圈,沉积物中PBDEs含量和离工业园区中心的距离呈极显著负相关(P0.01).与国内外其它地区相比,该调查区PBDEs污染较为严重,电子垃圾拆解是PBDEs污染的主要来源.经推算,该区域近40年的拆卸活动向该地输入的PBDEs总量达30.7 t,其中BDE-209为28.9 t.采用商值法对PBDEs进行初步的生态风险评估表明,拆解核心区(半径为1.5 km)沉积物中五溴联苯醚(Penta-BDEs)的污染程度已达高风险等级,对该地区的生态安全和人群健康可能造成严重影响.     

白洋淀典型持久性有机污染物污染特征与风险评估

对白洋淀表层水体和表层沉积物中多环芳烃（PAHs）、有机氯农药（OCPs）和多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）三类典型持久性有机污染物（POPs）的污染特征进行综合调查和分析.结果表明：①白洋淀水体中PAHs、OCPs和PBDEs浓度范围分别是71.32~228.27、2.62~6.13和0~6.5 ng·L^-1;沉积物中PAHs、OCPs和PBDEs含量范围分别是163.20~861.43 ng·g^-1、2.25~6.07 ng·g^-1和230.96~1224.13 pg·g^-1.与历史数据相比,白洋淀沉积物PAHs和OCPs含量均有明显下降;与国内外湖泊相比,白洋淀沉积物中PBDEs含量处于较低水平.②水体和沉积物PAHs污染来自于油类排放和木材、煤炭燃烧的共同作用;白洋淀水体和沉积物中OCPs组成均以HCHs为主（93.76%和63.10%）,水体中HCHs主要来源于工业HCHs的降解,部分地区来源于大气的远距离传输和林丹的使用,DDTs则主要来源于历史残留.沉积物中HCHs主要来源于新的林丹使用,也有少量工业HCHs的输入,DDTs则以历史残留为主,可能部分地区存在新的DDTs输入;白洋淀水体中PBDEs组成以BDE-2为主（65.80%）,可能主要来源于大气远距离传输和高溴代联苯醚的降解,沉积物中PBDEs组成以BDE-209为主（63.82%）,主要来源为商用的十溴联苯醚.③生态风险评价结果表明,白洋淀尚无明显生态风险,但部分采样点存在生态风险的可能性,应加强监控.     

黄土高原北洛河表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布、来源及生态风险评估

为探明有机氯农药(OCPs)在沉积物中的空间分布、来源及生态风险,以黄土高原典型河流北洛河为研究对象,于2021年6月采集了17个表层沉积物样品,利用气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪(GC-MS/MS)对OCPs浓度进行测定。在此基础上,通过同分异构体比值法揭示OCPs的来源,并利用熵值法对OCPs生态风险进行评估。结果表明：北洛河表层沉积物中25种OCPs均有不同程度检出,∑OCPs含量范围为0.53～61.68 ng/g(干重,下同),平均含量为8.68 ng/g。其中,DDTs的平均含量最高,占∑OCPs的50.11%,其次为DRINs,占∑OCPs的23.01%。与国内其他流域相比,北洛河表层沉积物中OCPs处于中等偏低水平。表层沉积物中HCHs污染主要来自农业用品林丹的使用,以及农业用品林丹与工业HCHs的混合输入;DDTs主要在好氧环境下降解为DDE,其污染主要来自工业DDTs的使用,以及工业DDTs与三氯杀螨醇的混合输入,且OCPs主要为环境中的历史残留,近期输入的OCPs较少。生态风险评估结果显示,硫丹I和狄氏剂对北洛河流域所造成的生态风险较为严重,有关部门应给予足够的重...     

柘林湾表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征及生态风险评价

考察了柘林湾11个位点表层沉积物中20种有机氯农药含量分布及污染状况,采用风险商RQ和NOAA的SQG沉积物质量标准评价了沉积物中OCPs的生态风险和各位点的综合生态风险,初步分析了沉积物中HCHs、DDTs的来源以及沉积物中OCPs与沉积物性质参数的相关性.结果表明,柘林湾沉积物中DDTs的含量较高,尤其是p,p'-DDD,沉积物中DDTs含量超出中国海洋沉积物质量标准;沉积物中ΣOCPs的浓度在14.14~306.88 ng·g-1之间,平均值为78.37 ng·g~(-1),其中S8位点的ΣOCPs含量最高.p,p'-DDD、p,p'-DDT在多数研究位点具有必然的不利生物效应和高度生态风险,S8、S10位点处于强影响生态风险状态.柘林湾沉积物中HCHs主要来源于林丹类农药的使用;S1、S2、S10、S11位点均有近期的DDTs输入,其它位点DDTs主要来自早期残留或施用农药长期风化后的沉积物.沉积物中HCHs、硫丹、氯丹、狄氏剂之间存在极显著正相关性,它们与沉积物TOC间存在负相关,TOC的存在促进了生物降解;p,p'-DDD与Ca的明显正相关揭示了早期施用DDT随生物碳酸盐沉积;沉积物中颗粒物逐渐增大不利于OCPs在沉积物中的积累和富集.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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