T型三电平与两电平功率开关器件损耗计算与分析

研究两种逆变器拓扑的功率开关器件损耗,通过器件特征参数,建立一种同时考虑工作电压、驱动电阻和结温的简单曲线拟合方法,推导出三次谐波注入调制算法下T型三电平和两电平拓扑的损耗计算模型,发现损耗与调制系数、开关频率、功率因数角、输出电流有关。在相同逆变工作条件下,当开关频率大于6.8 kHz时,在全电流范围内可使得T型三电平拓扑比两电平拓扑损耗更小,发挥其三电平优势。该损耗研究理论可推广至其他拓扑结构,为并网逆变器设计、效率提升奠定基础。     

基于SiC器件的三电平ANPC牵引变流器损耗分析

在大功率牵引变流器中,采用具有开关速度快、耐高温、开关损耗低等诸多优势的SiC器件替代Si器件,并构建基于SiC器件的三电平ANPC变换器,可以大大减轻变流器的散热系统负担,有助于实现牵引系统轻量化,提升变流器的功率密度和整体效率。对4种三电平ANPC变换器拓扑（2种SiC+Si的混合型三电平ANPC拓扑、全SiC型三电平ANPC拓扑和全Si型三电平ANPC拓扑）及适用于不同拓扑结构的调制策略进行了详细的分析。结合4种拓扑工作于各自最优调制策略下的换流过程,对不同拓扑的功率损耗和热平衡特性等方面通过仿真验证进行了定量分析比较。结果表明,全SiC型三电平ANPC拓扑损耗分布最均衡,工作效率最高;2-SiC混合型三电平ANPC拓扑在保证性能的基础上成本更低,可以作为采用SiC器件的牵引变流器的一种较高性价比的选择。     

2-SiC混合型三电平ANPC变流器损耗均衡策略

提出一种针对2-SiC混合型三电平有源中性点箝位(3L-ANPC)变流器的损耗均衡策略,通过设计新的开关状态和切换顺序,使得SiC器件承担更多的开关事件,在零电平状态时两条零电平回路同时导通,降低系统导通损耗。同时通过合理分配开关时序,实现一半Si开关管在全开关周期的零电流开关(ZCS),进一步提高变换器效率。提出器件损耗分析模型,评估所提出方法的器件损耗分布情况。最后,搭建单相ANPC逆变器实验平台,实验结果验证了该调制方法的有效性。与现有调制方法相比,所提2-SiC 3L-ANPC变流器调制方法能够实现更高的系统效率和更好的损耗均衡效果。     

结构简单的并联谐振直流环节型逆变器及其调制策略研究EI北大核心CSCD

针对一种新型并联谐振直流环节逆变器的辅助换流电路存在的电流应力高、导通损耗大、元器件数目多等问题,该文提出一种优化改进调制策略,其由3部分组成:基于1型不连续的脉冲宽度调制策略,且以斜率正负交替的锯齿波作为载波,在此二者基础上施用分流死区。在所提调制策略下可以对原拓扑的辅助换流电路进行化简,减少一组谐振电路,以降低硬件成本。与原调制策略相比,所提调制策略在不改变辅助换流电路动作频率的前提下,不仅可以实现所有开关器件的软开关动作,而且可以避免辅助换流电路工作过程中产生的谐振电流与负载电流的叠加,从而有效降低辅助换流电路的导通损耗及其内部开关器件的电流应力。文中对所提调制策略的原理进行详细叙述,由此推导简化拓扑的工作模式,并分析其电压/电流应力、元器件数目、参数设计等特性,最后通过一台通用实验样机(SiC MOSFET,5kW/40kHz),对比于原拓扑及原调制策略,以验证所提理论的有效性。     

中点钳位型三电平逆变器脉宽调制时的损耗特性

随着多电平逆变器的大量应用,电力电子开关器件的损耗问题也越来越得到重视.对开关器件的损耗研究,不单是提高效率的前提,更是保证器件安全工作的首要条件.三电平逆变器的开关器件多,导通与换流模式复杂,损耗分析比两电平逆变器困难.本文在分析三电平逆变器导通与换流模式的基础上,利用器件的损耗特征参数,在SPWM调制策略下对逆变器的通态损耗和开关损耗进行了计算,给出了该调制策略下的器件损耗对于调制度和功率因数角的分布曲面,并对其他调制策略下的损耗进行了计算分析,最后实验验证了该损耗计算方法的有效性.本文给出的损耗模型和结论为进一步降低损耗的调制策略研究奠定了基础.     

新型中点钳位三电平电池储能变流器设计及控制系统

基于新型中点钳位(A-NPC)拓扑结构的三电平变流器可以提高输出电压波形质量,有利于降低绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)耐压,以减小开关器件成本、IGBT损耗和电感损耗,来提高系统整体效率,因此在电力储能领域具有广泛的应用前景。基于A-NPC三电平拓扑结构,设计了电池储能变流器主电路,开发了变流器系统控制器软硬件,研究了变流器中点电压控制机理。样机实验结果表明:所搭建的A-NPC三电平电池储能变流器系统运行良好,与当前储能系统常用的两电平拓扑相比,在略微增加综合成本的基础上,实现了输出电流波形畸变小和输出电流谐波小、效率高等特点,应用在储能系统中,获得了很小的稳态总谐波畸变率和非常好的功耗特性。     

电流型多电平变流器拓扑分析

对电压型和电流型多电平变流器的研究主要集中在拓扑结构和相应的开关控制策略方面.分析了一种新型的单相5电平电流型变流器的拓扑结构.将新拓扑结构和原先的拓扑结构进行比较分析,可以看出新拓扑结构有许多突出的优点,如所需开关器件和均流电感数目少,结构更加简单.在对开关的控制上采用载波位置相反分布型控制策略,控制简单且容易执行.为了使负载输出电流谐波减少,可以通过对输出电平的宽度进行调节,以得到更平滑的负载输出电流.Matlab仿真波形验证了新拓扑结构的正确性和谐波消除法的可行性.     

一种新型超导储能多模块并联的电流型多电平变流器

提出一种新型的超导储能多模块并联的电流型多电平变流器结构,该类拓扑结构是由多个三相六开关变流器模块和若干个分流电感组成,通过分流电感将直流侧总电流分成若干个电流等级来获得多电平的输出电流。为说明新拓扑的工作原理和结构性能,文中针对该类5电平变流器电路的开关状态、均流方法以及SPWM调制策略均进行了详细的分析。结果表明,该类拓扑具有冗余开关组合,并且变流器直流侧分流电感电流的均衡问题可以通过检测电感电流大小以及交流侧线电压极性来选择合适的冗余开关组合得以解决。文中采用载波相移SPWM技术对新拓扑进行调制,使得该类变流器在较低的开关频率下获得输出等效高频载波的效果,最后给出了该类5电平变流器的实验结果。     

中点钳位型三电平逆变器通态损耗分析

研究了中点钳位型三电平逆变器通态损耗的一种简单计算方法.根据电流、电压关系确定器件导通规律,进而计算出器件导通占空比,由此推导出用于分析计算的导通损耗表达式.该表达式与器件静特性、功率因数、调制度及负载电流有关,利用其计算不同载波调制下通态损耗时只需改动导通占空比.另外,采用该损耗模型对正弦波调制和三次谐波注入法调制下的三电平逆变器通态损耗进行了分析比较,所得结论为三电平逆变器损耗研究奠定了基础.     

并联多电平注入式电流源型变换器的新型拓扑

根据多电平注入交直流变换原理,设计了一种新的并联多电平注入式电流源型变换器拓扑结构,注入开关的导通电流为直流输出电流与电平数的比值.新型拓扑中每个注入支路单元由2个等效开关和1个独立电抗器构成;同一注入单元的开关交替通断;不同注入单元的开关采用状态遍历的开关控制方法,使处于通态的各单元开关平均分配直流输出电流.以三电平为例,对系统电压、电流波形及开关控制方法进行了论述,并在PSCAD/EMTDC软件环境下进行了仿真,分析与仿真结果表明了新型拓扑的良好特性.与现有的并联多电平注入式电流源型变换器拓扑结构相比,新型电路结构中注入单元开关器件的电流容量和开关通断时的电流变化率降低;各注入单元支路开关通态时间延长.     

(23期已送排）一种基于最近电平调制方式的MMC电压均衡改进方法

最近电平逼近是模块化多电平换流器的主要调制策略之一,在电平数较多的换流器中具有明显的优势。为保证均压效果,通常都需要实时采集各个子模块的电容电压进行排序,在实际工程中则需要大量的电压采集模块来实现。针对上述问题,提出了一种替换方法,即通过桥臂电流对各个子模块投入时间的积分量来进行排序,间接实现了电容电压排序的效果,这种方法可以有效的减少传感器的数量。同时,在提出的替换方法的基础上,引入子模块间允许的电压最大偏差,在系统输出特性允许范围的前提下,大大的降低了因排序而导致的IGBT开关频率。最后通过RT-LAB仿真平台搭建了21电平的的MMC仿真模型,对两种电压均衡方法下IGBT开关频率和子模块电容电压进行比较,仿真结果验证了所提方法的可行性及有效性。     

A high step‐up half‐bridge DC/DC converter with a special coupled inductor for input current ripple cancelation and extended voltage doubler circuit for power conditioning of fuel cell systems

This paper presents a high step‐up soft switched dc–dc converter having the feature of current ripple cancelation in the input stage that is specialized for power conditioning of fuel cell systems. The converter comprises a special half‐bridge converter and a rectifier stage based upon the voltage‐doubler circuit, in which the coupled‐inductor technology is amalgamated with switched‐capacitor circuit. The input current with no ripple is the principal characteristics of this topology that is achieved by utilizing a small coupled inductor. In addition, the low clamped voltage stress across both power switches and output diodes is another advantage of the proposed converter, which allows employing the metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistors with minuscule on‐state resistance and diodes with lower forward voltage‐drop, and thereby, the semiconductors' conduction losses diminish considerably. The inherent nature of this topology handles the switching scheme based on the asymmetrical pulse width modulation in order for switches to establish the zero voltage switching, leading to lower switching losses. Besides, because of the absence of the reverse‐recovery phenomenon, all diodes turn off with zero current switching. At last, a 250‐W laboratory prototype with the input voltage 24 V and output voltage 380 V is implemented to verify the especial features of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new switched-capacitor/switched-inductor–based converter with high voltage gain and low voltage stress on switches

In this paper, a nonisolated transformerless switched-capacitor/switched-inductor–based dc-dc converter with high voltage gain is proposed. The proposed converter has low voltage stress on switches and diodes which leads to decrease the switching losses. The voltage gain of the proposed converter can be increased by adding more diode-capacitor modules at output side; therefore, the proposed converter has expandable structure. The proposed converter has higher voltage gain and lower voltage stress on switches comparing with the other similar switched-capacitor–based converters. The proposed converter uses two switches with the same switching pattern. Therefore, its switching pattern is not complicated. In this paper, the proposed converter is analyzed during a switching period which has two operating modes. Moreover, the average current through the switches, diodes, and inductors; voltage stress on switches and diodes; voltage gain; maximum and minimum current of switches and diodes; and the efficiency curve are calculated. Finally, in order to verify the accuracy performance of the proposed converter, a 530-W 40 to 920-V prototype is implemented practically.     

二极管箝位式三电平VSC损耗分析

用二次多项式表征特定温度下IGBT和二极管的通态压降、开关损耗与电流的非线性关系,方法简单且准确度高.通过分析二极管箝位式三电平电压源换流器的工作机理,依据电压、电流关系分析确定开关器件的导通规律和导通占空比.采用多项式方法拟合IGBT器件手册提供的特性曲线,建立多项式损耗模型,给出了一种基于曲线拟合理论计算损耗的方法...     

新型两电平单相功率因数校正器的研究

在传统单相功率因数校正器（PFC）中,当IGBT导通时,升压电感输出端对地之间电压接近零,单相电源交流通过电感短路,电感电流上升而储能。当IGBT关断时,电感续流,向电解电容释放能量。通过控制IGBT的占空比规律,获得网侧单位功率因数和稳定直流输出电压。因此提出一种当IGBT导通时,升压电感输出端对地之间电压为负电压的两电平PFC方案,进而提出一种两级交错PFC、一种单相有源电力滤波器和一种升降压AC-DC变换器方案。由于采用负电压短路,可以减少交越失真,获得更好的功率因数校正效果。在简要理论分析的基础上,利用MATLAB/IMULINK进行了仿真分析,所得结果验证了所提方案的正确性。     

异步电机弱磁区转矩最大化策略

异步电机工作在弱磁区时,转矩随着转速的升高急剧下降,在转子磁场定向系统中,充分利用电机和逆变器的最大电压、电流限制,无需d轴电流控制器,通过调节q轴分量,稳定高速失步状态,实现弱磁区转矩最大化。异步电机在电压极限状态遇到干扰时,通过旋转定子电压矢量产生动态电压边缘,提高系统的瞬态响应。当异步电机运行在弱磁区,铁损增大,影响电机的磁链水平和转矩输出,引入铁损补偿机制,确保弱磁区的转矩最大化。仿真和实验证明,该控制系统能实现异步电机弱磁区转矩最大化,且具有很强的鲁棒性。     

基于DSP实现对称SVPWM矢量控制的变频调速系统

介绍了DSPTMS32 0LF2 4 0 7的性能特点及其在变频调速系统中的特殊应用。讨论了对称SVPWM的基本原理以及基于LF2 4 0 7的矢量控制变频调速系统。用这种方法能减少逆变器输出电压的谐波成分和功率器件的开关损耗,可以更有效地利用电源电压。并给出了变频调速控制系统原理图、程序软件设计的SVPWM中断服务子程序流程图以及实验结果。     

A new parallel ZVS converter with less power switches and low current stress components

A new direct current (DC)/DC converter with parallel circuits is presented for medium voltage and power applications. There are five pulse‐width modulation circuits in the proposed converter to reduce current stress at low voltage side for high output current applications. These five circuits share the same power switches in order to reduce switch counts. To reduce the converter size, conduction loss, and voltage stress of power semiconductors, the series connections of power metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) with high switching frequency instead of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) with low switching frequency are adopted. Thus, the voltage stress of MOSFETs is clamped at half of input voltage. The switched capacitor circuit is adopted to balance input split capacitor voltages. Asymmetric pulse‐width modulation scheme is adopted to generate the necessary switching signals of MOSFETs and regulate output voltage. Based on the resonant behavior at the transition interval of power switches, all MOSFETs are turned on under zero voltage switching from 50% load to 100% load. The circuit configuration, operation principle, converter performance, and design example are discussed in detail. Finally, experimental verifications with a 1.92 kW prototype are provided to verify the performance of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three-phase step-up/step-down isolated dc-dc converter with wide-range duty cycle for low dc renewable energy sources applications

Renewable sources of low voltage are an important resource in power generation systems. Many provide high output current at low voltage, as the photovoltaic modules and fuel cells systems, therefore, become more popular considering the safety requirements. In this paper, a novel current-fed three-phase dc-dc converter with high-frequency isolation transformer is proposed. This one has the main features as high dc voltage gain, reduced switches count, minimize the volume of the output/input filters, the frequency ripple of the input current and output voltage are three times higher than the switching frequency, best losses distribution and reduced stresses in the circuit. Moreover, it operates with wide-range duty cycle, the soft-start can be used, which allows the input current and the output voltage to be started gradually. Operating with a duty cycle of 1/3 and 2/3, the input current ripple is canceled. The proposed converter is studied qualitatively and quantitatively, being presented the operation principle in continuous and discontinuous conduction mode, dc voltage gain in each operation mode, and the voltage and current stresses for the power components sizing. To validate the operation of the proposed converter, the laboratory design example and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance and validate the claims of the converter for wide load variation. Experimental results are presented for a 4-kW prototype, operating in R2 region for continuous conduction mode. Additionally, experimental results in R1 and R3 regions are obtained.     

单电感E2类软开关DC/DC变换器

介绍了一种只用一个电感的单端E^2类软开关DC／DC变换器。IGBT（MOSFET或BJT）的零电压开关和整流二极管的零电流开关能够降低逆变器和整流器中的损耗。提出了一种分析和设计方案,确定了最佳工作状态下的性能参数。如电流和电压波形,最大集电极电流和最大集-射极电压以及功率输出能力,并对IGBT和整流二极管的功耗进行了估算。实验证明,在频率f=-100kHz,输出功率Po=2kW的情况下变换器的整体效率可达到91％。