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Nearly 700,000 tonnes of peanuts are consumed annually in Europe. In the last 5 years, peanuts imported from China exceeded legal European Union (EU) aflatoxin limits more than 180 times. To prevent and mitigate aflatoxin contamination, the stages of the peanut chain most vulnerable to contamination must be assessed to determine how to interrupt the movement of contaminated produce. This paper discusses effective approaches for early identification and proactive mitigation of aflatoxins in peanuts to reduce a contaminant that is an impediment to trade. We consider (i) the results of the EU Commission's Directorate-General (DG) for Health and Food Safety review, (ii) the Code of Practice for the prevention and reduction of aflatoxins in peanuts issued by Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, (iii) the results from previous EU–China efforts, and (iv) the latest state-of-the-art technology in pre- and postharvest methods as essential elements of a sustainable program for integrated disease and aflatoxin management. These include preharvest use of biocontrol, biofertilizers, improved tillage, forecasting, and risk monitoring based on analysis of big data obtained by remote sensing. At the postharvest level, we consider rapid testing methods along the supply chain, Decision Support Systems for effective silo management, and effective risk monitoring during drying, storage, and transport. Available guidance and current recommendations are provided for successful practical implementation. Food safety standards also influence stakeholder and consumer trust and confidence, so we also consider the results of multiactor stakeholder group discussions.  相似文献   

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真菌毒素污染是影响全球食品安全问题的重要因素之一。真菌毒素是真菌产生的次级代谢产物,对人体、动植物皆可产生危害。自然条件下,真菌毒素分子可与葡萄糖、丙二酸或谷胱甘肽等极性较强的基团结合,生成结合型真菌毒素。由于毒素结构发生改变,现有的常规检测手段不能有效地检测其存在,因此称其为隐蔽型真菌毒素(masked mycotoxins)。已有文献报道,隐蔽型真菌毒素往往与其原型同时存在于粮食中,而隐蔽型毒素在进入人和动物体内后,经水解、氧化还原等代谢过程,可释放出有毒的毒素原型分子,给食品安全、人和动物健康造成严重隐患。因此对隐蔽型真菌毒素的形成机制、污染状况和毒理研究应尽快展开。本文综述了国内外近几年以来几种常见隐蔽型真菌毒素的最新研究进展,为隐蔽型真菌毒素的研究提供有价值的参考。  相似文献   

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Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone are of significant public health concern as they can cause serious adverse effects in different organs including the liver, kidney, and immune system in humans. These toxic secondary metabolites are produced by filamentous fungi mainly in the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. It is challenging to control the formation of mycotoxins due to the worldwide occurrence of these fungi in food and the environment. In addition to raw agricultural commodities, mycotoxins tend to remain in finished food products as they may not be destroyed by conventional processing techniques. Hence, much of our concern is directed to chronic health effects through long‐term exposure to one or multiple mycotoxins from contaminated foods. Ideally risk assessment requires a comprehensive data, including toxicological and epidemiological studies as well as surveillance and exposure assessment. Setting of regulatory limits for mycotoxins is considered necessary to protect human health from mycotoxin exposure. Although advances in analytical techniques provide basic yet critical tool in regulation as well as all aspects of scientific research, it has been acknowledged that different forms of mycotoxins such as analogs and conjugated mycotoxins may constitute a significant source of dietary exposure. Further studies should be warranted to correlate mycotoxin exposure and human health possibly via identification and validation of suitable biomarkers.  相似文献   

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The impact of climate change on agriculture and food safety is certain. This may affect mycotoxin concentrations as fungi with higher temperature optima for growth and mycotoxin production will dominate in regions with currently cooler climates, or become less prevalent as the temperatures become too high in areas where the temperature is already hot. In Serbia, recent drought and then flooding confirmed that mycotoxins are one of the foodborne hazards most susceptible to climate change. This paper ams to discuss the weather influence on the mycotoxicology situation and to point out the possibility of prediction and prevention of such future problems.  相似文献   

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Mycotoxins are naturally occurring fungal metabolites that are associated with health hazards and are widespread in cereals including maize. The most common mycotoxins in maize that occur at relatively high levels are fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone, and aflatoxins; furthermore, other mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A are frequently present in maize. For these toxins, maximum levels are laid down in the European Union (EU) for maize raw materials and maize-based foods. The current review article gives a comprehensive overview on the different mycotoxins (including mycotoxins not regulated by EU law) and their fate during secondary processing of maize, based on the data published in the scientific literature. Furthermore, potential compliance with the EU maximum levels is discussed where appropriate. In general, secondary processing can impact mycotoxins in various ways. Besides changes in mycotoxin levels due to fractionation, dilution, and/or concentration, mycotoxins can be affected in their chemical structure (causing degradation or modification) or be released from or bound to matrix components. In the current review, a special focus is set on the effect on mycotoxins caused by different heat treatments, namely, baking, roasting, frying, (pressure) cooking, and extrusion cooking. Production processes involving multiple heat treatments are exemplified with the cornflakes production. For that, potential compliance with FB maximum levels was assessed. Moreover, effects of fermentation of maize matrices and production of maize germ oil are covered by this review.  相似文献   

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Mycotoxins are a potential health threat in cereals including wheat. In the European Union (EU), mycotoxin maximum levels are laid down for cereal raw materials and final food products. For wheat and wheat‐based products, the EU maximum levels apply to deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone, aflatoxins, and ochratoxin A. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the different mycotoxins and their legal limits and on how processing of wheat can affect such contaminants, from raw material to highly processed final products, based on relevant scientific studies published in the literature. The potential compliance with EU maximum levels is discussed. Of the four mycotoxins regulated in wheat‐based foods in the EU, most data are available for DON, whereas aflatoxins were rarely studied in the processing of wheat. Furthermore, available data on the effect of processing are outlined for mycotoxins not regulated by EU law—including modified and emerging mycotoxins—and which cover DON derivatives (DON‐3‐glucoside, mono‐acetyl‐DONs, norDONs, deepoxy‐DON), nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins, enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, and fumonisins. The processing steps addressed in this review cover primary processing (premilling and milling operations) and secondary processing procedures (such as fermentation and thermal treatments). A special focus is on the production of baked goods, and processing factors for DON in wheat bread production were estimated. For wheat milling products derived from the endosperm and for white bread, compliance with legal requirements seems to be mostly achievable when applying good practices. In the case of wholemeal products, bran‐enriched products, or high‐cereal low‐moisture bakery products, this appears to be challenging and improved technology and/or selection of high‐quality raw materials would be required.  相似文献   

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Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites produced by certain types of filamentous fungi or molds, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria spp. Mycotoxins are natural contaminants of agricultural commodities, and their prevalence may increase due to global warming. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, approximately 25% of the world's food crops are annually contaminated with mycotoxins. Mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed pose a high risk to both human and animal health. For instance, they possess carcinogenic, immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and neurotoxic effects. Hence, various approaches have been used to assess and control mycotoxin contamination. Significant challenges still exist because of the complex heterogeneous nature of food and feed composition. The potential of antigen-based approaches, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow injection immunoassay, chemiluminescence immunoassay, lateral flow immunoassay, and flow-through immunoassay, would contribute to our understanding about mycotoxins' rapid identification, their isolation, and the basic principles of the detection technologies. Additionally, we address other emerging technologies of potential application in the detection of mycotoxins. The data included in this review focus on basic principles and results of the detection technologies and would be useful as benchmark information for future research. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

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脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)是由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物过程中产生的一种有毒次级代谢产物,主要污染小麦、大麦、燕麦、黑麦和玉米等谷物。DON在植物和微生物作用下会转化形成各种衍生物,且这些衍生物可与DON原型同时存在,增加了谷物及其相关制品的安全风险。谷类辅食是婴幼儿膳食中的重要组成部分,且婴幼儿对毒素的敏感性更强,应严格限制DON及其衍生物在谷类辅食中被检出。已有研究表明谷物类食品的制作加工方式会对DON及其衍生物的含量水平产生影响,但专门针对婴幼儿消费人群的谷类辅助食品的加工过程如何影响DON及其衍生物水平还鲜有报道。目前婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中DON及其衍生物含量存在超标问题,严重影响婴幼儿这类特殊人群的生长发育和健康。本文从婴幼儿谷类辅食中DON及其衍生物的污染状况及其在加工过程中的含量变化等方面进行较为详细的阐述,以期为婴幼儿谷类辅食中DON的风险评估及防控策略的制定提供有利参考。  相似文献   

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Mycotoxins are considered to be heat‐stable molecules. Because of their toxic effects, information about their stability in thermal processes and potential inactivation procedures is needed. Numerous reports in the literature over a number of years have described the fate of mycotoxin during thermal food processing, including cooking, boiling, baking, frying, roasting and pasteurization. This review focuses on the effects of various thermal treatments on mycotoxins, while the fate of mycotoxins during extrusion processing, which is one of the most important technologies employed in the food industry, will also be reviewed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

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真菌毒素是由曲霉菌、青霉菌和镰刀菌等丝状真菌在适当的环境条件下产生的有毒次生代谢产物,是谷物、水果、坚果等食品中常见的污染物,可引起广泛的毒性效应,主要表现为致癌性、致突变性、肝毒性、肾毒性、免疫毒性、神经毒性、致畸性等,对人类和动物的健康构成威胁。近些年来,由于自然气候的改变及检测技术的创新发展,一些新出现的真菌毒素逐渐引起大家的广泛关注,如已报道的交链孢毒素、新兴镰刀菌毒素等。这些尚未得到监管,并且如何产生、浓度水平和毒理数据有限的真菌毒素被定义为“新兴”真菌毒素。本文综述了两大类12种新兴毒素的结构性质、检测分析技术进展及在食品中的污染状况,以期为真菌毒素污染的全面评估及防控提供思路。  相似文献   

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真菌毒素是真菌产生的次级代谢产物, 食品极易受到真菌的污染产生各种真菌毒素, 对于食品安全和人体健康有很大的威胁。食品种类多、基质复杂, 直接检测食品中的真菌毒素容易受到基质效应的影响, 因此建立快速、灵敏的检测方法监测、控制食品中的真菌毒素含量具有重要意义。共价有机骨架材料(covalent organic frameworks, COFs)是一种多孔有机材料, 具有比表面积大、稳定性好、孔径可调节和易于功能化的特点, 是一种优异的吸附材料。近年来COFs已经成为真菌毒素检测研究的热门材料。本文根据COFs材料的合成方法分类, 综述了其在真菌毒素的检验领域的研究进展, 以期为共价有机骨架材料在真菌毒素检测中的应用研究提供参考。  相似文献   

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目的了解我国市售婴幼儿营养米粉中真菌毒素污染的种类和程度。方法在2015—2016年间采集141份市售(包括进口和国产)婴幼儿营养米粉,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定9种真菌毒素,并对检测结果进行分析。结果婴幼儿营养米粉中检出率相对较高的主要为脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,检出率为12.8%(18/141),含量范围21.13~207.12μg/kg;黄曲霉毒素B1检出率为6.4%(9/141),含量范围0.11~0.25μg/kg;玉米赤霉烯酮检出率为1.4%(2/141),含量范围65.32~78.55μg/kg;我国南方省份的样品真菌毒素检出率相对较高。结论我国市售婴幼儿营养米粉存在真菌毒素污染的情况,应加强市场监控监管。  相似文献   

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随着现代食品的快速发展,食品添加剂已经成为食品产业中必不可少的角色,并成为食品工业技术进步和科技创新的重要推动力。然而,同时由食品添加剂带来的对消费者身体健康和生命安全的食品安全问题凸显了出来。一些企业为降低生产成本,超范围、超限量地使用食品添加剂,危害食品安全,或在食品生产和食品添加剂生产中违法添加非食用物质,影响人们的身体健康。掌握食品添加剂的正确使用方法,按国家相关法律法规、国家标准严格控制使用量,才能使食品添加剂在发挥最大功效的同时保证食品安全。本文综述了食品添加剂的使用要求及原则,并对食品添加剂在加工中存在的问题进行了初步的分析与探讨,提出了相应的解决对策,旨在确保食品的质量和食用安全。  相似文献   

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真菌毒素污染是造成食品安全问题的主要因素之一。目前,常用的真菌毒素检测方法主要有薄层层析法、高效液相色谱法、超临界液相色谱法、气相色谱—质谱联用法、免疫传感器法、试剂盒法、速测卡法等,其中电化学免疫传感器法具有快速、灵敏、特异性强等优势,在真菌毒素快速、准确、现场化或在线检测方面具有广阔的发展前景。综述了电化学免疫传感器的原理、分类、抗原/抗体固定方法,简述了黄曲霉毒素免疫传感器、赭曲霉毒素免疫传感器、伏马毒素免疫传感器、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇免疫传感器和玉米赤霉烯酮免疫传感器在粮油食真菌毒素快速检测中的应用,分析了存在的问题并提出了有关建议。  相似文献   

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In this study, the efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oil (GEO) in reducing A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production was investigated. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that the major components of GEO were α‐zingiberene (23.85%) and geranial (14.16%). Mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus was reduced significantly at a GEO concentration of 150 μg mL?1, and complete inhibition of conidial germination was observed at a concentration of 10 μg mL?1. Statistically significant inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis was detected at a GEO concentration of 10 μg mL?1. GEO was capable of fully inhibiting aflatoxin production by A. flavus at a concentration of 15 μg mL?1. The results suggest that low concentrations of GEO are capable of inhibiting aflatoxin production; such ability could be valuable in the upcoming future for agricultural companies to better control aflatoxigenic fungi in agricultural products.  相似文献   

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The effects of autoclaving, baking, extrusion, frying, and roasting on the stability of moniliformin (MON) in spiked (5 μg/g of MON) corn‐based food products were investigated. Roasting corn meal at 218 °C for 15 min had the most significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on the reduction of MON (44.6%). Autoclaving creamed corn at 121 °C for 65 min resulted in only 10% reduction of MON. Reductions of MON ranging from 5.4 to 28.9% were observed when corn chips were prepared from spiked masa. MON was reduced by 42.2% when corn muffins were baked and by 26.7% when corn grits were extruded. Overall, MON showed heat stability similar to or greater than other Fusarium mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1  相似文献   

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上海市闵行区部分食品镉污染暴露评估   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
目的 通过分析上海市闵行区居民膳食消费量及食品中镉污染物含量,了解我区居民通过膳食的镉暴露量,评估膳食的安全性.方法 采用食品类别选择性研究的方法,将2009年上海市居民食品消费量调查(闵行区)的数据和2007-2010年上海市闵行区8类食品污染物监测数据相结合,获得不同人群膳食镉暴露量,并对由膳食摄入的镉进行安全性评估.结果 (1)8类130件食品样品中镉的检出率为91.54%,超标率5.62%,超标食品主要是食用菌、猪肾及海水贝类;(2)平均每月镉的暴露量为0.441 1 mg/人,占每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)的39.20%,每月暴露镉量的第90百分位值为1.096 4 mg/人,占PTMI的97.46%;(3)食用菌对镉暴露量的贡献率最高,为42.67%,其次是动物内脏,为20.39%,二类食品对镉暴露的贡献率占到63.06%;(4)各类人群所摄食品对镉暴露的贡献率有所不同,3岁以下儿童摄食的动物内脏对镉暴露的贡献率较高,而其他人群则为食用菌.结论 闵行区人群膳食总体处于安全状态;膳食中食用菌、猪肾、海水贝类对镉暴露的风险较大,应采取针对性措施,提高食品安全性.  相似文献   

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食品中农药残留的膳食暴露与累积性暴露评估研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
袁玉伟  王静  叶志华 《食品科学》2008,29(1):374-378
农药残留超标是消费者比较关心的问题,关系到消费者身体健康与国际贸易.开展农药残留的膳食暴露评估对我国的食品质量安全控制有重要意义.本文就最大残留限量和日允许摄入量的关系,农药残留膳食暴露评估的模式和累积性暴露评估进行了阐述,并对我国农药残留的膳食暴露评估提出几点建议.  相似文献   

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