中学生“原子结构”相异构想的认知成因分析及转变策略

物质结构内容的抽象性导致学生产生大量的相异构想,影响着学生对化学概念的学习和深刻理解。通过整合国内外相关研究结果,从思维的视角分析了中学生“原子结构”相异构想产生的原因,并提出转变学生相异构想、促进概念理解的教学策略。     

“思想实验”的价值及在实验教学中的实践路径*

对“思想实验”的发展历程及其在科学和技术创新活动中的意义进行了综述。提出了将“思想实验”与化学实验教学结合的启发式教学策略,优化了现行的化学实验教学流程。采用引导学生对实验步骤的设计思路进行反向逻辑推理和分析的教学方法,能够提升学生的创新思维和创新实践能力。     

基于元认知理论的化学实验教学策略

实验是化学学习中获取知识、培养创新思维和实践能力的主要渠道。把元认知理论应用于化学实验教学实践来指导学生的学习可以解决“如何教会学生学习”及“如何提高元认知能力”等问题。对在化学实验教学中如何提高学生元认知水平提出了几点教学策略,以期元认知理论能与化学实验教学真正结合,对培养学生全面发展产生积极的影响。     

初高中化学实验教学有效衔接的思考——以“研究物质的实验方法”教学为例

以《化学1》"研究物质的实验方法"为例,分析了初高中化学实验教学的差异性,提出了要实现初高中化学实验教学的有效衔接,引导学生形成良好的实验习惯,根据学生的实际水平选择合理的教学方法,把握衔接点的差异性,引导学生突破思维障碍,加强实验思想观念的渗透等教学策略。     

基于POE教学策略和比较思维的教学——以“碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠的性质”为例

以POE教学策略组织教学,尝试用比较思维方法学习碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠的性质,并设计多组实验比较碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠的结构、性质等,以期学生学会用比较思维和化学科学研究的一般步骤。     

基于SOLO理论的思维导图建构三重表征整体关系的教学研究

以氯水的教学为案例,运用三重表征方式多元角度认识和理解物质,并用思维导图直观表示三重表征之间的联系。研究结果表明,SOLO分类理论可有效指导教师确定学生的学习最近发展区及有效的教学策略;运用思维导图可直观表示化学知识三重表征之间的逻辑关系,促进学生建构起三重表征的有机整体关系,加速以符号表征为桥梁进行三重表征之间的互译转换,促使学生将多点知识结构发展为关联知识结构、抽象拓展结构水平。因此,在教学中应用思维导图建构化学三重表征的整体关系,有利于提高学生学习结果的质量。     

难溶电解质的溶解平衡学习问题浅析

基于学生在学习难溶电解质溶解平衡中的问题,从实际案例出发深入分析了问题产生的原因,通过对“难溶电解质溶解平衡”知识在现象、概念、方法、价值4个水平和事实性、概念性、方法性和价值性4个层面的解读,提出了通过实验理解难溶电解质的溶解平衡、依据平衡常数解读溶液中的定量关系、建构浓度变化对平衡影响的思维模式这3种解决学生学习问题的具体教学策略。     

难溶电解质溶解平衡的学习问题的解决策略

基于学生在学习难溶电解质溶解平衡中的问题,从实际案例出发深入分析了问题产生的原因,通过对“难溶电解质溶解平衡”知识在现象、概念、方法、价值4个水平和事实性、概念性、方法性和价值性4个层面的解读,提出了通过实验理解难溶电解质的溶解平衡、依据平衡常数解读溶液中的定量关系、建构浓度变化对平衡影响的思维模式这3种解决学生学习问题的具体教学策略.     

以举办化学实验竞赛为契机,推动化学实验教学发展

第10届大学生化学实验竞赛在北京化工大学成功举行,大学生化学实验竞赛能检验学生掌握化学实验技能和操作水平的情况,促进学生更好地了解和掌握实验仪器,锻炼学生的动手能力和创新意识,培养学生严谨科学的态度。通过"北京市大学生化学实验竞赛"这个平台,高校之间更好地交流了化学实验教学的经验,并以此为契机促进化学实验教学的改革,提高化学实验教学水平。     

设计系列化学实验优化化学实验教学的研究和实践

在化学实验教学中,结合现代教育理论,探讨了“阶梯式”、“精深式”、“激趣式”和“创新式”系列化学实验的设计,以支持和促进学生的学习,努力构建一种从实验中连贯建构知识意义的教学过程,提高化学实验教学的有效性。     

Di­methyl­phenyl­sulfonium tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate and methyl­di­phenyl­sulfonium tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate

The bonding geometry of sulfur in the cations of the title compounds, C₈H₁₁S⁺·CF₃SO₃^? and C₁₃H₁₃S⁺·CF₃SO₃^?, respectively, is similar and is independent of the ratio of the Me/Ph substituents. As expected, in both cations, the S—Ph bonds are somewhat shorter than the S—Me bonds. In both crystal structures, the interaction between cations and anions is similar.     

2,4‐Di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazones of 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benz­aldehyde, 2,4‐di­hydroxy­aceto­phenone and 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benzo­phenone

In 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benz­aldehyde 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate {or 4‐[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)­hydrazono­methyl]­benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate}, C₁₃H₁₀N₄O₆·C₃H₇NO, (X), 2,4‐di­hydroxy­aceto­phenone 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­form­am­ide solvate (or 4‐{1‐[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)hydrazono]ethyl}benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­form­amide solvate), C₁₄H₁₂N₄O₆·C₃H₇NO, (XI), and 2,4‐di­hydroxy­benzo­phenone 2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl­hydrazone N,N‐di­methyl­acet­amide solvate (or 4‐­{[(2,4‐di­nitro­phenyl)hydrazono]phenyl­methyl}benzene‐1,3‐diol N,N‐di­methyl­acet­amide solvate), C₁₉H₁₄N₄O₆·C₄H₉NO, (XII), the molecules all lack a center of symmetry, crystallize in centrosymmetric space groups and have been observed to exhibit non‐linear optical activity. In each case, the hydrazone skeleton is fairly planar, facilitated by the presence of two intramolecular hydrogen bonds and some partial N—N double‐bond character. Each molecule is hydrogen bonded to one solvent mol­ecule.     

Bis(μ‐hexa­methyl­enetetr­amine)­bis(aqua­di­bromo­cadmium)­di­aqua­di­bromo­cadmium dihydrate

The title compound, poly­[[di­aqua­di­bromo­cadmium‐μ‐(1,3,5,7‐tetra­aza­tri­cyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]decane‐N¹:N⁵)‐aqua­cad­mium‐di‐μ‐bromo‐aqua­cadmium‐μ‐(1,3,5,7‐tetra­aza­tri­cyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]decane‐N¹:N⁵)‐di‐μ‐bromo] dihydrate], [Cd₃­Br₆­(C₆­H₁₂­N₄)₂­(H₂O)₄]·­2H₂O, is made up of two‐dimensional neutral rectangular coordination layers. Each rectangular subunit is enclosed by a pair of Cd₃(μ₂‐Br)₆(H₂O)₃ fragments and a pair of (μ₂‐hmt)Cd(H₂O)₂Br₂(μ₂‐hmt) fragments as sides (hmt is hexa­methyl­enetetr­amine). The unique Cd^II atom in the Cd₂Br₂ ring in the Cd₃(μ₂‐Br)₆(H₂O)₃ fragment is in a slightly distorted octahedral CdNOBr₄ geometry, surrounded by one hmt ligand [2.433 (5) Å], one aqua ligand [2.273 (4) Å] and four Br atoms [2.6409 (11)–3.0270 (14) Å]. The Cd^II atom in the (μ₂‐hmt)Cd(H₂O)₂Br₂(μ₂‐hmt) fragment lies on an inversion center and is in a highly distorted octahedral CdN₂O₂Br₂ geometry, surrounded by two trans‐related N atoms of two hmt ligands [2.479 (5) Å], two trans‐related aqua ligands [2.294 (4) Å] and two trans‐related Br atoms [2.6755 (12) Å]. Adjacent two‐dimensional coordination sheets are connected into a three‐dimensional network by hydrogen bonds involving lattice water mol­ecules, and the aqua, bromo and hmt ligands belonging to different layers.     

Specific heat on Sr<Subscript>2</Subscript>Nb<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript> and Sr<Subscript>2</Subscript>Ta<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript>

Summary Specific heats on the single crystals of Sr₂Nb₂O₇, Sr₂Ta₂O₇ and (Sr_1-xBa_x)₂Nb₂O₇ were measured in a wide temperature range of 2-600 K. Heat anomalies of a λ-type were observed at the incommensurate phase transition of T_INC (=495 K) on Sr₂Nb₂O₇ and at the super-lattice phase transition of T_SL (=443 K) on Sr₂Ta₂O₇; the transition enthalpies and the transition entropies were estimated. Furthermore, a small heat anomaly was observed at the low temperature ferroelectric phase transition of T_LOW (=95 K) on Sr₂Nb₂O₇. The transition temperature T_LOW decreases with increasing Ba content x and it vanishes for samples of x>2%.     

Glass formation in the CaO-Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-B<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> and SrO-Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-B<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> systems

A physicochemical study of glasses based on the MO-Bi₂O₃-B₂O₃ and SrO-Bi₂O₃-B₂O₃ systems was performed. Glass formation regions were found. The structural and optical properties, as well as the thermal behavior of the glasses, were studied.     

3,3,10,10‐Tetra­methyl‐1,2‐di­thia‐5,8‐di­aza­cyclo­deca‐4,8‐diene

The title compound, C₁₀H₁₈N₂S₂, acts as an important precursor for the synthesis of the pharmaceutically important di­amine­di­thiol ligand system. The mol­ecule has a local twofold axis and the arrangement of the S₂N₂ donor atoms in the macrocycle is anticlinal.     

4‐Hydro­xy‐3‐methoxy­benz­aldehyde 4,5‐di­azafluoren‐9‐yl­idene­hydrazone

The whole mol­ecule of the title compound, C₁₉H₁₄N₄O₂, is essentially planar, with a highly conjugated π system. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are packed as chains along the [011] direction connected by O—H?N intermolecular hydrogen bonds.     

Preparation and characterization of Pb<Subscript>0.56</Subscript>Sr<Subscript>0.44</Subscript>Zr<Subscript>0.52</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>0.48</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> inverse opal

Pb_0.56Sr_0.44Zr_0.52Ti_0.48O₃ (PSZT) inverse opal photonic crystals (PCs) have been synthesized by a process of self-assembly in combination with a sol–gel procedure. PSZT inverse opals show pure perovskite structure with good orders in three dimensions. The evident photonic band gaps have been observed in the transmittance spectra with a blue-shift phenomenon due to the decrease of opal template periods. PSZT inverse opals also exhibit the reflection peaks in basic agreement with the calculated results. This three-dimensional (3D) ordered PSZT inverse opals have shown interesting optical characteristics and potential applications in optoelectronic and photonic devices.     

Tetra­phenyl­phos­phonium 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetra­methyl­piperidinyl­oxy‐4‐sulfonate

The title compound, C₂₄H₂₀P⁺·C₉H₁₇NO₅S⁻, consists of an organic monovalent cation and an organic monovalent anion, the latter being derived from the TEMPO radical (TEMPO is 2,2,6,6‐tetra­methyl­piperidin‐1‐oxyl). Two inversion‐related anions interact via two –O—H⃛O—S– hydrogen bonds, forming a dimer in which there are no short contacts between the spin centres (–N—O) of the TEMPO(OH)SO₃⁻ anions. Furthermore, no significant magnetic interaction is observed between the dimers because the dimer is surrounded by cations. These results are consistent with the paramagnetic behaviour of the title salt.