全珊瑚骨料海水混凝土力学性能试验研究

为了探讨全珊瑚骨料海水混凝土的基本力学性能,并比较其与普通混凝土和轻集料混凝土的差异,通过实验系统测定了珊瑚混凝土的基本力学性能,建立了其轴心抗压强度(f_(c,m))、劈裂抗拉强度(f_(sp,m))、抗折强度(f_(t,m))与立方体抗压强度(f_(cu,m))之间的线性关系与计算公式。结果表明:在强度等级C20~C50的范围内,珊瑚混凝土的f_(c,m)和f_(sp,m)分别比普通混凝土的f_(c,m)和f_(sp,m)高出10%~48%和9%~33%,随着强度等级的提高,两种混凝土之间的差距在减小。珊瑚混凝土的f_(t,m)与普通混凝土的ft,m之间的差异规律与强度等级有关,较低强度等级的C30珊瑚混凝土ft,m比普通混凝土的f_(t,m)要高4%,而较高强度等级的C55珊瑚混凝土f_(t,m)比普通混凝土的f_(t,m)低13%。较高强度等级的C50珊瑚混凝土f_(c,m)、f_(sp,m)和f_(t,m)分别比页岩陶粒轻集料混凝土的f_(c,m)、f_(sp,m)和f_(t,m)低11%、0.9%和4%。     

C60全珊瑚海水混凝土的钢筋锈蚀行为研究

采用线性极化电阻法,测试了C60全珊瑚海水混凝土（coral aggregate seawater concrete,简称CASC）的线性极化曲线、自腐蚀电位（E_corr）和极化电阻（R_p）,研究了不同暴露时间、不同种类钢筋CASC的钢筋腐蚀行为,提出了提升岛礁CASC结构耐久性的建议措施。结果表明：随着暴露时间的延长,CASC的E_corr和R_p均逐渐降低,钢筋的耐蚀性能逐渐减弱。不同种类钢筋CASC耐蚀性能规律为：316不锈钢筋优于有机新涂层钢筋,优于普通钢筋。即使暴露0 d,CASC中普通钢筋仍会发生锈蚀,表明普通钢筋在不附加任何防腐措施的条件下不适用于岛礁CASC结构。综合分析阻锈效果和成本因素,316不锈钢筋的性价比明显低于有机新涂层钢筋,建议岛礁CASC工程优先选用有机新涂层钢筋。     

基于骨骼特征的2种深海六放海绵的描述

作者记述了两种深海海绵薄管海绵属一种(Chonelasma sp.)和绢网海绵科一种(Farreidae sp.),其中薄管海绵属为新记录属。由于采集时海绵已经死亡,骨针脱离海绵,只具有骨骼形态,缺乏骨针形态,所以两种海绵只能鉴定到属或科。薄管海绵属一种(Chonelasma sp.)隶属于真网海绵科(Euretidae),薄管海绵属(Chonelasma),由"蛟龙号"于2013年7月7日采集于南海3 551 m处。绢网海绵科一种Farreidae sp.隶属于绢网海绵科(Farreidae),由"科学号"于2014年4月18日采集于冲绳海槽1 190 m处。文中描述了两个种的外部形态特征和骨骼形态,丰富了中国六放海绵纲(Hexactinellida)的研究资料。     

混凝土船形鱼礁的礁体设计与沉降计算

根据人工鱼礁礁体设计的基本理论和原则,考虑实地投放条件和投放要求,对船形混凝土人工鱼礁进行结构设计和沉降计算。计算得到礁体的横稳心高度(?)约为0.56 m,满足一般船舶在海面的稳性设计要求;船形礁于海面4 kn拖速下所受拖曳阻力R_F值为318.04 N;礁体在水深30 m海域投放,最终速度为2.49 m/s,沉降时间13.41 s;通过计算礁体着底时的底冲力为150.00 kN,换算得出鱼礁结构强度均布荷重q(213.78 kN/m),为礁体建造时的强度要求提供依据。     

海南新村湾海草促生菌株分离及多样性

海草植株共附生大量具有合成植物激素、促进植物营养物质吸收和拮抗病原菌作用的促生菌,对海草的健康生长具有重要作用。本研究利用固氮、溶磷培养基从海南省新村湾泰来草(Thalassia hemperichii)和海菖蒲(Enhalus acoroides)植株中获得细菌131株,分布于36属61种,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势属。通过可培养细菌的多样性分析发现,从泰来草分离获得细菌的OTU(Operational Taxonomic Unit)数目、Chao和Shannon指数均高于海菖蒲,其具有更高的细菌多样性;而三种培养基中,应用PSM培养基获得的细菌的多样性最低。另外,对包括17株溶磷菌和12株固氮菌在内的61株菌进行促生特性分析,结果显示菌株L-2以C_2H_4计的固氮酶活性达14.27nmol/(h·m L),有3株菌溶磷活性在29.91～44.86 mg/L之间,6株菌产铁载体能力很强,8株菌氨化能力很强,10株菌吲哚乙酸(IAA)产量在50μg/m L以上。基于促生能力的综合分析,我们筛选出5株具有较强促生潜能的菌株,16S rRNA鉴定结果显示其中2株为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.),1株克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.),1株拉乌尔菌(Raoultella sp.)和1株Breoghania sp.。它们适合进一步开发研制为微生物菌剂,可应用于促进移植海草生长发育和退化海草床生态保护修复中。     

2010年夏南极半岛邻近海域的浮游植物群落

基于2010-01-02农业部首次南极磷虾探捕所获的浮游植物网采样品,分析了2010年夏季南极半岛以北南大洋海域的浮游植物群落.鉴定浮游植物27属49种,硅藻是主要的浮游植物类群.总细胞丰度变化在387～1.04×107个/m3,平均9.51×105个/m3,在南奥克尼群岛以北的海域出现高值分布.优势种为南极海毛藻(Thalassiothrix antarctica)、裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sp.)、角毛藻(Chaetoceros sp.)、细条伪菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia lineola)、克格伦拟脆杆藻(Fragilariopsis kerguelensis)、蛇形角毛藻(Chaetoceros criophilus)、无刺环毛藻(Corethron inerme)和短拟脆杆藻(Fragilariopsis curta).生态类型多为南大洋特有种.南设得兰群岛以西海域,浮游植物群落的多样性程度较高.温度与积分叶绿素a、总细胞丰度皆呈极显著正相关性(p＜0.01),是影响调查区浮游植物分布的重要环境因子.     

基于遗传算法-支持向量机模型在热带气旋强度预报中的应用

利用遗传算法对支持向量机(SVM)模型参数进行寻优,找到最优参数组合后代入SVM模型中,得到基于遗传算法的支持向量机模型(GA-SVM),利用此模型对热带气旋强度进行预报实验。该模型对热带气旋强度12 h、24 h和48 h的预报平均绝对误差分别为3.01 m/s、4.46 m/s和6.57 m/s;比最小二乘回归法的预报精度分别提高了12%、11%、14%。     

泉州湾污损生物生态研究

2001年12月—2002年11月在泉州湾海域进行了污损生物周年挂板试验,共记录污损生物112种,以近岸暖水种为主,其中长鳃麦秆虫(Caprella equilibra)和网纹藤壶(Amphibalanus reticulates)是该海域最具代表性的优势种,其次为裂片石莼(Ulva fasciata)、中胚花筒螅(Tubularia mesembryanthemum)、薮枝螅(Obeliasp.)、纵条矶海葵(Haliplanella luciae)、外伪角涡虫(Pseudoceros exoplatus)、柄涡虫(Stylochus sp.)、僧帽囊牡蛎(Saccostrea cucullata)、翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)、巴西地钩虾(Podocerus brasiliensis)、强壮板钩虾(Stenothoe valida)、镰形叶钩虾(Jassa falcata)和角突麦秆虫(Caprella scaura)等种类。该海区污损生物全年均可附着,种类丰富且附着强度大,附着盛期在4—11月,月板、季板、半年板和周年板的平均附着生物量分别为2 624g/m2、5 309g/m2、6 210g/m2和8 247g/m2,夏季可达11 295g/m2。随着试板浸海时间的延长,试板上污损生物群落的多样性明显增加,且结构也趋于稳定。     

中国渤海的微口线虫属(线虫动物门)一新种

描述了中国渤海自由生活海洋线虫一新种,奥氏微口线虫Tershellingia austenae sp.nov ,奥氏微口线虫与同属相近种马尔代夫微口线虫的区别特征是:体长(前者为770～950μm,后者为2370μm)、亚头刚毛的位置(前者位于化感器的两边,后者位于化感器之后)及长度(前者明显长于后者),化感器宽度与相应体直径的比例在新种中也更大一些(50～60 vs 45).提供了一个表格式检索表,以助鉴定和比较该属缺乏明显界定食道后球的一个种组.模式标本存放于英国伦敦自然历史博物馆.     

南黄海西部日照至连云港海域的春季温跃层和化学跃层

利用2016年5月5个站位的温盐深(CTD)和海流(ADCP)同步测量资料,分析南黄海西部日照至连云港海域温跃层和化学跃层的日内生消过程及强度变化,探讨深层水温度、盐度的周期性变化及其与潮流的关系。结果表明:南黄海西部海域在5月已存在日内生消的温跃层和溶解氧(DO)、pH跃层。温跃层厚度为2～4 m,层位水深为4～7 m至7～10 m之间波动,跃层强度最大可达0.80℃/m。DO跃层和pH跃层位于温跃层之下,水深为10～14 m,两者的形成在时间上和深度上具有一定的同步性,且不受温跃层控制。在DO跃层之上,氧浓度在白天都保持在相当高的水平,甚至处于过饱和状态,但存在显著波动,其峰值并不出现在表层(0～2 m),而是位于次表层(2～14 m)。在DO跃层之下,氧浓度低且稳定,约为4 mg·L-1,向下呈缓慢降低的趋势。pH跃层表现为垂向上的快速跳变,包括向下的正跳变和负跳变,强度最大值可达0.03～0.04个pH单位。小潮期间,温跃层稳定,强度较大;大潮期间,温跃层强度明显减弱,稳定性变差;这表明潮流的增强对温跃层有明显的抑制和破坏作用。深层水的温度、盐度等参数存在日内周期性变化,与潮位变化同步,是潮流驱动下水体水平对流的结果。     

Strength Characterization of Sand-Bentonite Mixtures and the Effect of Cement Additives

This article studies the strength properties of compacted sand-bentonite landfill barrier material with and without cement addition at different periods of aging. Test results indicated that strength values, both in compression and tension, increased up to threefold in cement added samples, as well as enhancing the ductile behavior. Cubic modulus, described as the slope of the elastic portion of the cubic compressive stress versus strain curves, is determined along with initial and flexural moduli, and all the strength and moduli values were correlated with each other. Finally, it is concluded that there is a marked improvement in strength properties and moduli with cement inclusion and that the effect of aging has been very effective.     

Strengthening of Soft Marine Clay Using Bioencapsulation

Dredged or excavated soft marine clay can be improved by mixing it with cement or lime. However, these treatments are usually expensive. It is shown in this paper that soft marine clay can be strengthened through a bioencapsulation method in which the shear strength of clay aggregates can be substantially increased after the aggregates are treated with urease-producing bacteria, calcium chloride, and urea. We found that the bioencapsulation had increased the unconfined compressive strength of marine clay aggregates with a size of 5 mm from almost zero to more than 2 MPa. The strength of the bioencapsulated clay aggregates decreases with the increase in the size of the aggregate when the size is greater than 5 mm.     

Strength Characteristics of the Cement-Stabilized Surface Layer in Dredged and Reclaimed Marine Clay,Korea

ABSTRACT

A series of tests in both laboratory and field were performed to investigate the engineering and mechanical properties, especially flexural strength, of cement-stabilized soils. The strength of cement-stabilized soils mainly depends on water-to-cement ratio and curing temperature. The higher curing temperature and the longer curing time, the higher strength in cement-stabilized soils generates. The high ratio of water-to-cement results in lower strength. The compressive strength observed in the field is similar to the strength in the laboratory. Field tests on a cement-stabilized soil layer indicate that the strength is significantly affected by the thickness of the improved layer, which is directly related to the moment of inertia. In addition, the failure shape observed in a cement-stabilized layer in the field looks likes a bending failure type, because the flexural tensile strength, rather than the compressive strength, mainly dominates the failure of cement-stabilized layer. The flexural tensile strength is closely related to the moment of inertia. Therefore, the flexural tensile strength should be considered for determining the thickness and strength in improvement of soft clay.     

Strength Characteristics of the Cement-Stabilized Surface Layer in Dredged and Reclaimed Marine Clay, Korea

A series of tests in both laboratory and field were performed to investigate the engineering and mechanical properties, especially flexural strength, of cement-stabilized soils. The strength of cement-stabilized soils mainly depends on water-to-cement ratio and curing temperature. The higher curing temperature and the longer curing time, the higher strength in cement-stabilized soils generates. The high ratio of water-to-cement results in lower strength. The compressive strength observed in the field is similar to the strength in the laboratory. Field tests on a cement-stabilized soil layer indicate that the strength is significantly affected by the thickness of the improved layer, which is directly related to the moment of inertia. In addition, the failure shape observed in a cement-stabilized layer in the field looks likes a bending failure type, because the flexural tensile strength, rather than the compressive strength, mainly dominates the failure of cement-stabilized layer. The flexural tensile strength is closely related to the moment of inertia. Therefore, the flexural tensile strength should be considered for determining the thickness and strength in improvement of soft clay.     

辽东湾东岸海冰抗压强度特征分析

本文利用辽东湾东岸鲅鱼圈、营口和长兴岛三地实测海冰抗压强度资料，分析了海冰破坏应力与破坏时间的关系，应变率和冰温对海冰抗压强度的影响，以及海冰生成环境对海冰抗压强度的影响。综合分析表明，三地破坏应力随破坏时间变化的整体趋势一致，应变率对三地海冰抗压强度有显著的影响，三地海冰抗压强度随温度降低总体有增大的趋势，冰龄、盐度、含沙量的差异是造成辽东湾东岸海冰抗压强度不同的主要原因。     

Laboratory study on cement admixed marine silt bricks

For the purpose of efficient utilization of sediments dredged from harbor, a new method was proposed in this study. Marine silt bricks were made by mixing sediments with cement and gypsum, placing it in a cubic mold with 240 mm in length, 115 mm in width, and 53 mm in height, and curing for certain days. To investigate the effects of cement and initial water content of soil on the mechanical behavior of marine silt bricks, unconfined compressive and flexural strength tests were carried out. Given the same curing time and cement content, the higher the initial water content, the lower the compressive and flexural strength. After 60 days of curing, the compressive strength of marine silt bricks with cement content = 20% and water content = LL (liquid limit) reached approximately 5 MPa. The flexural strength was relatively low. The flexural strength of marine silt bricks with 20% cement and water content = LL was around 1.5 MPa. The compressive and flexural strength decreased with the increase of water/cement ratio. As for the curing time, longer curing time had a positive impact on the compressive strength. The ratio of flexural to compressive strength varied slightly in the range of 0.4–0.5.     

Strength characteristics of cemented sand–bentonite mixtures with fiber and metakaolin additions

Compacted sand–bentonite mixtures have been used as a good alternative hydraulic barrier material to compacted clays. This study presents the results of a laboratory investigation on the strength characteristics of cement-stabilized sand–bentonite (CSB) mixtures and the effects of adding small amounts of fibers and metakaolin to the mixture material for strength improvement. The strength characteristics of the mixture materials were examined using unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests and splitting tensile strength (STS) tests, with emphasis on evaluating the effects of different proportions of bentonite, fibers, and metakaolin within the CSB mixtures with a constant value of cement content. The test results indicated that the maximum improvements in UCS and STS were all attained in the CSB mixture with 10% bentonite content, and the inclusion of fibers and metakaolin of 1% each within the same CSB mixture led to an increase in UCS of about 40 and 70%, respectively. The addition of fibers also increased the ductility of the mixture material and was more effective for the improvement of tensile strength compared to that of metakaolin. The contribution of metakaolin to early-age strength (i.e., 3 and 7 days) of CSB mixture was found to be small due to the relatively low cement content in the mixture.     

新型海冰调查设备--冰样压缩机

介绍了海冰观测中冰样压缩机的重要作用;阐述了冰压机各组成部分的设计原理和操作步骤;列出了表征海冰单轴抗压强度性能的部分参数和计算方法;对整机标定的方法提出了设计方案。