冷轧极薄规格带钢羽痕缺陷生成机理与控制

针对双机架平整机生产极薄规格带钢时表面出现的羽痕缺陷生成机理进行了分析。通过研究发现,羽痕生成是由于极薄规格带钢在宽度方向上由轧制力和张力共同作用下出现不均匀变形,该变形产生的分界线在平整过程中出现了不均匀延伸;而在平整过程中由于弯辊和窜辊的预设定参数不合理、单位张力设定偏低、平整过程中弯辊力与轧制力不匹配等因素导致带钢局部延伸偏大,形成了明显的浪形,此浪形若经过平整机辊缝碾压则生成羽痕缺陷。通过将平整机设定张力提高30%、调整板形曲线为1~8 IU的大边浪、依照带钢厚度调整平整机板形预设定参数以及开发轧制力弯辊力跟随控制模型等措施,极薄规格带钢羽痕缺陷带出品由 206降至51 t/月,基板表面质量满足了国内外多家高端用户的要求。     

全硬薄宽镀锌带钢的拉伸弯曲矫直工艺

建筑用全硬彩涂薄宽钢板是一种具有高附加值和高技术含量的高等级冷轧板带产品,但其在热镀锌工序中的板形控制是一个生产技术难题.通过对全硬钢的力学性能的测定和拉矫变形行为的有限元仿真,发现屈服应力大、屈强比高以及断裂时塑性延伸小等特性是造成镀锌后全硬带钢拉矫困难和板形难以控制的根本原因.基于仿真分析和现场调试,提出了针对全硬钢生产的包括拉矫参数设定的全套工艺对策,取得了良好的效果,可以稳定生产多种宽度和厚度规格的全硬彩涂钢板.     

不锈钢/碳钢复合板平整轧制过程板形翘曲行为

 针对不锈钢/碳钢复合板在平整轧制过程中极易出现不均匀延伸并导致板形翘曲的行为,建立了不锈钢/碳钢复合板平整轧制过程的有限元数值模拟模型,对已实现工业化批量生产的不锈钢/碳钢复合板平整轧制过程的不均匀变形行为及其可能导致的板形翘曲缺陷进行数值模拟研究。在此基础上,对比分析了均质板、非对称不锈钢/碳钢复合板以及对称不锈钢/碳钢/不锈钢复合板平整轧制过程板形的遗传与演变规律,发现仅非对称不锈钢/碳钢复合板在平整轧制过程中极易产生板形翘曲缺陷,同时对比分析了平整和常规轧制对非对称不锈钢/碳钢复合板轧后翘曲缺陷的影响。揭示了不锈钢/碳钢复合板厚向分层特征以及复合板尺寸参数、平整工艺和平整机设备参数等对其板形翘曲缺陷的影响规律,研究表明,对复合板尺寸参数而言,平整过后翘曲高度与厚度比呈正比。对于平整工艺而言,当等张力平整轧制时,平整过后翘曲高度与张力呈正比;当不等张力平整轧制时,前张力的变化对平整过后翘曲缺陷的影响较大;同时平整过后翘曲高度与轧辊和碳钢层表面摩擦因数呈反比。对平整设备参数而言,平整过后翘曲高度与碳钢层表面接触的轧辊辊径、入口侧防皱辊抬起高度以及不锈钢层表面接触轧辊偏向入口侧的距离均呈正比关系。最后,采用轧制试验对数值模拟结果进行了验证,证明了复合板平整轧制模型的准确性。基于上述研究结果,提出了相应的工艺对策,为金属复合板平整轧制过程的板形翘曲控制提供了理论依据。     

DR9镀锡板板形控制技术研究与应用

针对DR9镀锡板在二次冷轧和镀锡拉矫过程中存在的边浪及翘曲等板形问题,分别在二次冷轧、卷取、拉矫等3个镀锡板板形控制的关键工艺环节开展二次冷轧机的板形控制能力与辊形配置及辊端压靠现象、卷取过程带钢板形缺陷变化、镀锡拉矫机对带钢板形翘曲缺陷的调控性能等方面的分析研究。确定了该边浪及翘曲板形缺陷产生的原因与规律,提出了全流程DR9镀锡板板形控制策略与系列板形控制技术,并在首钢京唐镀锡板生产线投入生产应用,使二次冷轧后DR9镀锡基板的板形缺陷由原来20 IU的边浪改善为5 IU的中浪,边浪板形缺陷完全消除,镀锡拉矫后DR9镀锡板的板形缺陷也明显改善,带钢翘曲高度由35降至10 mm以内。     

宽带钢拉弯矫直工艺参数关系模型研究

运用MARC有限元软件对宽带钢拉伸弯曲矫直变形过程进行大量工况的数值仿真计算,然后应用逐步回归法对数值仿真计算结果数据进行拟合,获得带钢在拉伸弯曲矫直变形中伸长率和张力与各个相关设备及工艺参数的关系数学模型.将在宝钢酸轧机组的拉矫机上实测记录的有关数据代入所建模型,计算所得的伸长率和张力值与生产实际数据吻合良好.所建模型已用于对此拉矫机工艺参数设定值的优化调整.     

A kinematic analytical approach to predict roll force,rolling torque and forward slip in thin hot strip continuous rolling

Abstract

A kinematic analytical approach has been developed to predict the roll force, rolling torque and forward slip in thin hot strip continuous rolling under various rolling conditions. The approach is based on formulating a velocity field in the roll bite zone that expresses the effect of interfacial friction on the distribution of axial velocity and longitudinal stresses across the strip thickness. The results obtained from the proposed approach are in fair agreement with finite element simulation results, whereas available analytical methods, which are usually valid for billets and thick plates, have given considerable error in the results. The proposed approach is applied to study the effect of thickness reduction ratio, coefficient of friction, work roll diameter and front and back tensions on the roll force, rolling torque and forward slip in thin hot strip rolling. The main merit of the proposed analytical approach, as compared to finite element simulation, lies in the drastic reduction in the computational time required in finite element simulation, which favours its use in online control of rolling thin strips.     

连退过程带钢张力横向分布模型及其影响因素

 针对以往连退过程中对带钢内部应力横向分布情况无法在线预测,从而对连退过程中的跑偏、瓢曲以及带钢在各工艺段的板形演变无法在线预警、容易造成断带缺陷的问题,充分结合连退机组的设备与工艺特点,在研究了带钢横向温度差、来料板形、炉辊辊型、炉辊水平度与垂直度误差对带钢内部单元变形影响模型的基础上,建立了一套适合于连退过程的带钢内部张力横向分布模型,给出了相应的计算策略,并以宝钢不锈钢有限公司某连退机组为研究对象,定量分析了炉辊原始辊型、来料板形、横向温差以及炉辊水平度与垂直度误差、设定张力等因素对连退过程带钢内部张力横向分布的影响,编制出了相应的“连退机组通板过程带钢内部应力横向分布及板形演变预报软件”,并将其应用到生产实践,取得了良好的效果,具有进一步推广应用的价值。     

Effects of Ca and B on the Strip Deformation of Cold Rolled Duplex Stainless Steel Type 2205 during Continuous Annealing

The effects of Ca and B on the strip deformation of duplex stainless steel Type 2205 under continuous annealing conditions were investigated. For the creep test, the stresses were calculated from the line tension applied to hot rolled and cold rolled Type 2205 strip during continuous annealing. It was found that the cold rolled Type 2205 steel showed more prominent superplasticity as compared with the hot rolled steel, which could be attributed to the fine grain size of the cold rolled steel. The creep rate of cold rolled Type 2205 steel decreased with the Ca and B additions due to the grain boundary segregation of B. It is suggested that the rate controlling mechanism for the strip deformation of cold rolled Type 2205 steel seems to be grain boundary diffusion in γ phase.     

热轧带钢纵向亮带产生原因分析

根据热轧带钢表面出现的纵向亮带特征及发生规律,结合热轧生产过程工艺特点,分析了其产生的主要原因是带钢与卷取张力辊的局部接触,在张力辊压力、张力辊与卷筒间的张力共同作用,使接触区域的带钢发生塑性变形造成的。并提出了消除缺陷的措施。     

双机架在线平整机组过焊缝技术应用

双机架平整机组二次冷轧过程中,极易发生断带情况。分析了首钢京唐公司在线双机架平整机组过焊缝过程中月牙区域断带的原因,一是局部浪形过大,导致部分形成应力集中;二是在线DCR平整过程中张力较大,局部应力集中,导致带钢屈服失稳,拉断带钢。通过调整辊系的水平度和垂直度,制定无带钢标定和轧制力偏差异常的临时控制措施;同时开发过焊缝自动降低张力程序,将机组过焊缝平整机前后张力降低20%,机组的断带率从2次/月降至0次/月。     

A Study on the Buckling Behaviour of Strips and Plates with Residual Stresses

During and after rolling or flattening of metal strips and plates the permissible deviations from flatness are described by the permissible absolute wave height and the flatness index. Both values can be determined on a measuring table while the material is not subjected to global tension. Because this procedure is expensive, time‐consuming and allows measurement only at discrete positions along the strip length, on‐line flatness measuring systems are used which can detect the distribution of longitudinal tensile stresses distributed across the strip width allowing for the calculation of the flatness index. This value does not always agree with the value obtained directly by measuring on the table even when the measurement of the longitudinal tensile stress distribution operates perfectly. It can be shown that the measurement of the tensile stress distribution does not give a direct indication on the wave height in the tension‐free state determined on the measuring table. To explain the relationship between tensile stress distribution in the strip and the flatness measurement on the measuring table, the buckling behavior is analysed both with and without dead load for simple symmetrical residual stress distributions resulting, e.g., from the rolling process. Based on the knowledge of the distribution of the longitudinal residual stresses across the strip width, the flatness index and the wave height can be determined by using a specialized finite element model. If the direct measurement is performed under action of dead load, large differences between the directly and indirectly obtained flatness index are observed. Below a certain limit of the intensity of the residual stress distribution the strips and plates lie flat on the measuring table. Above this limit the strip lying on the table exhibits post‐bucking deformations. In the latter case, the wave height increases with strip thickness and intensity of residual stresses.     

超薄镀锡基板局部浪形控制技术研究与应用

某厂在生产超薄规格镀锡基板时带钢边部出现局部浪形,在使用时出现重影、卡机现象,严重影响客户使用。通过对热轧板轮廓、硬度和组织的分析,产生局部浪形主要是由于带钢横向组织存在较大差异,在冷轧过程中由于延伸不均导致带钢边部局部浪形的产生。通过提高热轧终轧温度弥补带钢横向温度差异导致组织的变化,另外结合冷连轧辊形优化,UCM轧机中间辊采用单侧锥度辊形,减小带钢边部压下,使得带钢延伸更均匀,使带钢边部局部浪形由10IU降低至-2IU。     

Stress levels for elastic buckling of rolled strip and plate

Abstract

Elastic buckling of a thin plate is considered in the context of flat rolling of metal plate and strip. The residual stress in the plate some distance away from the roll gap can have regions of high compression and tension whose average value is quite moderate. These are induced by mismatches between the inlet strip profile and the outlet profile defined by the roll gap. In this paper the stress levels at which elastic buckling will occur are predicted together with the form of the buckling. A fast solution technique is described in which the actual stress is replaced by piecewise constant stresses within elements across the strip. Exact solutions for the deflection due to constant stresses are employed, along with the continuity conditions at the element junctions. Various known buckling solutions are reproduced to validate the technique. Stress distributions typical of those expected to occur in flat rolling are considered and both edge and centre buckling solutions are presented.     

极薄带轧制变形区轧辊压扁试验与有限元模拟

 极薄带在轧制及平整过程中,工作辊的弹性压扁对轧制压力的分布有很大影响,传统的轧制力模型已经不再适用。为了在极薄带板形板厚控制过程中得到准确的轧制力,Fleck提出了新的轧辊压扁模型。针对Fleck模型进行试验研究,同时进行有限元模拟分析。试验过程中使用合金工具钢轧辊,轧制不同厚度的轧件,通过显微镜测量变形区各部位的厚度,得到变形区轧辊的近似轮廓形状。试验与有限元模拟结果表明,随着轧件厚度的减小,变形区出现了明显的中性区,但是很难出现Fleck模型中提到的弹性卸载区,因此计算极薄带轧制力时可以忽略中性区内的弹性卸载区以简化轧制力模型。     

无取向电工钢线状表面缺陷分析

采用扫描电镜观察了W600冷轧无取向电工钢表面"黑线"和纵向发裂缺陷的形貌。成品带钢表面"黑线"缺陷的成因是连续退火炉均热段(SF段)内炉辊结瘤划伤带钢下表面,高温下异物嵌入划伤处,并被涂层覆盖;冷硬带钢和成品带钢纵向发裂缺陷则是连铸坯中的铝酸盐复合夹杂物在热轧、冷轧过程中由于变形而破碎并被压出至表面导致的。为了减少"黑线"缺陷,要定期更换碳套辊;将通入H2+N2+H2O湿混合气由原来的6段通入改为4段,并将各段的炉温上限调整为880℃。为减少纵向发裂缺陷,在精炼及连铸工序严格控制钢中夹杂物,保证结晶器内液面波动在±3 mm～±5 mm。     

Analysis of lattice parameter changes following deformation of a 0.19C-1.63Si-1.59Mn transformation-induced plasticity sheet steel

Austenite and ferrite lattice parameters were monitored using X-ray diffraction subsequent to deformation in uniaxial and biaxial tension and plane straining of a 0.19C-1.63Si-1.59Mn transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) sheet steel. Details from peak position results suggest the presence of stacking faults in the austenite phase, especially after deformation in uniaxial tension. The results also indicate residual stress or composition effects (through changes in the average carbon concentration due to selective transformation of lower carbon regions of austenite). Compressive residual stresses in the ferrite matrix were measured, and found to increase with increasing effective strain in specimens tested in biaxial tension and plane strain. Strain partitioning between softer ferrite and harder austenite (and possibly bainite or martensite) may be responsible for these residual compressive stresses in the ferrite, although volume expansion from the γ → α′ transformation and texture gradients through the sheet thickness are also possible contributors.     

辊式矫直机矫直过程有限元仿真

建立了辊式矫直机的有限元模型,对其矫直过程进行动态有限元仿真。对不同规格的钢板分别进行仿真,将模型中的压下量按实际参数设定,并将其计算结果与实际情况进行比对,检验了模型的可靠性。对其残余应力分布进行分析,得出消除板坯翘曲必须控制长度方向上节点之间的纵向残余应力差值的结论。建立的辊式矫直机的参数化模型,能够方便地调整矫直工艺参数,并对其矫直效果进行分析,对辊式矫直机工艺参数的设定具有一定的指导意义。     

冷弯成型过程的有限元模拟

利用MARC软件对角钢板坯进行了三维大变形模拟，分析了在辊弯成型过程中不同道次辊压所造成的角钢各部位应变的分布情况，揭示了角钢在成型过程中金属的变形规律，其结果在一定程度上反映了实际的冷弯成型过程，对实际生产有一定的参考价值。     

Manufacturing residual stresses during the production of zirconium sheets

The experimental-and-theoretical method of determining residual stresses in strip metal wares made of zirconium alloys, which manifest the transversal-isotropic properties after cold rolling, is investigated. The results show that considerable transverse and longitudinal residual stresses appear on the strip surface. The character of their distribution agrees qualitatively with the known regularities of the distribution of these quantities during rolling.     

Elastoplastic 3D Deformation and Stress Analysis of Strip Rolling

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