微创穿刺一次性冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿26例分析

目的探讨应用微创穿刺一次性冲洗闭式引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)的手术疗效。方法选择YL-1型一次性使用颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针，在充电式手钻驱动下，于血肿最厚部位经皮锥颅，抬高引流管15cm引流血肿，用引流出血肿液的1／2～2／3量生理盐水注入血肿腔后再引流，反复冲洗，再闭式引流48～72h拔针。结果26例均为一次穿刺成功，全部治愈，无颅内感染、张力性气颅、颅内出血、癫痈等并发症。结论微创穿刺一次性冲洗闭式引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿，能显著减少创伤、缩短手术时间和住院时间，是一种安全有效的方法。     

微创穿刺引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿

目的探讨微创穿刺引流术在慢性硬膜下血肿治疗中的临床应用及治疗效果。方法用YL-1型一次性使用颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针微创穿刺引流慢性硬膜下血肿87例,不用生理盐水冲洗,穿刺成功后取头低足高位,适当补充液体,持续引流,适当延长引流时间。结果术后1～4个月随访并复查CT,85例完全消失,2例复发二次穿刺引流治愈。结论微创穿刺引流术在治疗慢性硬膜下血肿中,手术操作简便,治愈率高,不易发生并发症,治疗费用底,值得临床上推广应用。     

双针微创穿刺术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿（附37例）

目的介绍双针微创穿刺术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的方法及其优点。方法用YL-1型一次性颅内血肿穿刺针双针分别在37例慢性硬膜下血肿腔上、下两点穿刺,并在两针间行血肿腔冲洗。结果35例痊愈,2例因术前合并脑梗塞存有轻度偏瘫。无死亡病例。结论双针微创穿刺引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿具有操作简单、手术时间短、创伤小、并发症少和费用低等优点。     

微创闭式冲洗引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿46例疗效观察

目的探讨应用微创闭式引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)的手术疗效.方法采用YL-1型一次性使用颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针,在充电式手钻驱动下,于血肿最厚部位经皮锥颅,等压冲洗后留置穿刺针并接引流袋持续闭式引流,术后24～36h拔针.结果 46例中45例一次穿刺成功治愈,1例复发再穿刺治愈,无颅内感染、张力性气颅、颅内出血、癫癎等并发症.结论微创闭式冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿,能显著减少创伤及缩短手术时间,是一种有效而安全的方法.     

微创闭式冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿16例报告

目的 探讨应用微创闭式冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿（CSDH）的手术疗效。方法 选择YL-1型一次性使用颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针，在充电式手钻驱动下，于血肿最厚部位经皮锥颅，等压引流，延迟冲洗后留置穿刺针并接引流袋持续闭式引流，术后24-48h拔针。结果 16例均一次穿刺成功，全部治愈，无颅内感染，张力性气颅，颅内出血，癫痫等并发症。结论 微创闭式冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿，能显著减少创伤及缩短手术时间，是一种有效而安全的方法。     

微创穿刺术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿45例分析

目的观察微创穿刺术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿。方法使用YL-1型颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针进行45例慢性硬膜下血肿手术治疗的疗效观察。结果慢性硬膜下血肿患者经微创术穿刺血肿冲洗引流2～3d后,血肿完全或大部分清除,脑受压消失。结论微创术是治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的一种更简便、安全有效、经济的治疗方法。     

微创闭式冲洗引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿46例疗效观察

目的 探讨应用微创闭式引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)的手术疗效。方法 采用YL-1型一次性使用颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针，在充电式手钻驱动下，于血肿最厚部位经皮锥颅，等压冲洗后留置穿刺针并接引流袋持续闭式引流，术后24～36h拔针。结果 46例中45例一次穿刺成功治愈，1例复发再穿刺治愈，无颅内感染、张力性气颅、颅内出血、癫痫等并发症。结论 微创闭式冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿，能显著减少创伤及缩短手术时间，是一种有效而安全的方法。     

微创穿刺一次性冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿26例分析

目的　探讨应用微创穿刺一次性冲洗闭式引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿 (CSDH)的手术疗效。方法　选择YL 1型一次性使用颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针 ,在充电式手钻驱动下 ,于血肿最厚部位经皮锥颅 ,抬高引流管 15cm引流血肿 ,用引流出血肿液的 1/2～ 2 /3量生理盐水注入血肿腔后再引流 ,反复冲洗 ,再闭式引流 48～ 72h拔针。结果　 2 6例均为一次穿刺成功 ,全部治愈 ,无颅内感染、张力性气颅、颅内出血、癫等并发症。结论　微创穿刺一次性冲洗闭式引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿 ,能显著减少创伤、缩短手术时间和住院时间 ,是一种安全有效的方法。     

微创针治疗老年慢性硬膜下血肿

慢性硬膜下血肿多见于老年人,应用钻孔冲洗引流和开颅血肿清除加包膜切除法治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的报道较多,而应用YL-1型血肿粉碎针(以下简称微创针)治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的报道很少.     

微创穿刺治疗老年人慢性硬脑膜下血肿108例临床分析

目的采用微创穿刺术治疗老年人慢性硬脑膜下血肿（CSDH）。方法依据CT定位,确定血肿最大层面,应用YL-1型一次性颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针引流适量血肿后,用生理盐水等量冲洗,至冲洗液清亮后连接引流袋,开放引流,1～4d拔针。结果本组108例患者采用了微创手术均一次穿刺成功,术后全部患者颅内高压、偏瘫、失语、意识障碍迅速好转,脑疝消失,随访6个月未见复发和并发症。结论采用微创穿刺术治疗老年人CSDH,只需局麻,操作简单,安全,损伤小,值得推广。     

228例急性缺血性脑血管病动脉介入溶栓治疗的效果

目的 研究急性缺血性脑血管病动脉溶栓治疗的临床疗效,并对其并发症的防治进行讨论.方法 对228例急性缺血性脑血管病进行微导管超选择溶栓,起病距溶栓时间,前循环6h内,后循环12h内,尿激酶以1.0万U/min持续泵入,总量＜100万U,辅助其他常规治疗,并在治疗前后及起病15d内分别进行神经功能评定.结果 动脉介入溶栓总有效率为91.2％,显效率67.5％,血管再通率为70.6％,治疗后神经功能缺损评分较前显著降低(P＜0.01).结论 动脉内溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑梗死是一种安全有效的方法,可使大部分患者闭塞动脉再通,提高临床治疗效果.     

Environmental factors in the development and progression of late-onset Alzheimer＇s disease

Late-onset Alzheimer＇s disease （LOAD） is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by gradual loss of synapses and neurons, but its pathogenesis remains to be clarified. Neurons live in an environment constituted by neurons themselves and glial cells. In this review, we propose that the neuronal degeneration in the AD brain is partially caused by diverse environmental factors. We first discuss various environmental stresses and the corresponding responses at different levels. Then we propose some mechanisms underlying the specific pathological changes, in particular, hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis dysfunction at the systemic level; cerebrovascular dysfunction, metal toxicity, glial activation, and Aβ toxicity at the intercellular level; and kinase-phosphatase imbalance and epigenetic modification at the intracellular level. Finally, we discuss the possibility of developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of LOAD from the perspective of environmental stress. We conclude that environmental factors play a significant role in the development of LOAD through multiple pathological mechanisms.     

25例大面积脑梗死的外科治疗临床分析

目的 评价大面积脑梗死的外科治疗方法 及疗效.方法 回顾性分析我院2005年7月～2009年12月脑系科收治的25例大面积脑梗死病例外科救治方法 及疗效.结果 恢复良好15例,中残2例,重残3例,植物状态生存2例,死亡3例.结论 开颅去骨瓣减压术加颞肌贴敷不仅可明显降低大面积脑梗死患者的病死率,而且可以获得较好的功能预后.对高度怀疑大面积脑梗死的患者,应急时行CT或MRI检查,以便得到更积极的抢救性治疗.     

Total saponins of Panax ginseng effects on proliferation and differentiation of human embryonic neural stem cells and in a Parkinson’s disease mouse model

BACKGROUND： Total saponins of Panax ginseng （TSPG） exhibits neuroprotection against Parkinson＇s disease in the substantia nigra. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of TSPG on human embryonic neural stem cells （NSCs） proliferation and differentiation into dopaminergic neurons using in vitro studies, and to observe NSC differentiation in a mouse model of Parkinson＇s disease, as well as behavioral changes before and after transplantation. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： In vitro neural cell biology trial and in vivo randomized, controlled animal trial were performed at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University between September 2004 and December 2007. MATERIALS： TSPG （purity 〉 95%） was isolated, extracted, and identified by Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica. Recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF） and recombinant human epidermal growth factor （EGF） were purchased from PeproTech, USA. A total of 25 C57/BL6J mice, aged 18-20 weeks were included. Twenty were used to establish a Parkinson＇s disease model with i.p. injection of MPTP （1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine） and TSPG alone or combined with interleukin-1 （IL-1）-treated NSCs prior to transplantation into the corpus striatum. The remaining five mice were pretreated for 3 days with TSPG prior to MPTP injection, serving as the TSPG prevention group. METHODS： Primary NSCs were isolated, cultured and purified from embryonic cerebral cortex. Immunocytochemistry was employed to detect specific antigen expression in the NSCs. In vitro experiment： （1） to induce proliferation, NSCs were treated with TSPG, EGF＋bFGF, or TSPG＋EGF＋bFGF, respectively; （2） to induce dopaminergic neuronal differentiation, NSCs were treated with TSPG, IL-1, or TSPG＋IL-1, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： In vitro experiment： the effects of TSPG on NSCs proliferation were evaluated with flow cytometry and MTT assay. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression was determined by immunocytochemistry assay to observe effects of TSPG on dopaminergic neuronal differentiation. In vivo experiment： differentiation of grafted NSCs in the mouse brain was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Behavioral changes were evaluated by spontaneous activity frequency, memory function, and score of paralysis agitans. RESULTS： （1） NSCs were cultured and passaged for more than three passages. Immunocytochemistry revealed positive nestin staining, as well as neurofilament protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein. （2） TSPG significantly increased NSC proliferation, in particular when combined with EGF and bFGF, which was twice as effective as FGF or bFGF alone. TSPG also induced dopaminergic differentiation in NSCs, in particular when TSPG was added together with IL-1, resulting in an effect five times greater than that of IL-1 alone. （3） At day 30 following transplantation, most NSCs in the TSPG prevention group differentiated into dopaminergic neurons, and the scores of paralysis agitans, spontaneous activity, and memory function were significantly increased compared with TSPG alone or TSPG＋IL-1 groups （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： TSPG stimulated NSC proliferation, in particular when combined with FGF and bFGF. TSPG significantly induced dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of NSCs, and the effect was greater when combined with IL-1. In addition, TSPG greatly improved behavior in the Parkinson＇s disease mouse model following NSC transplantation. Following NSC transplantation, TSPG pretreatment exhibited superior efficacy over either TSPG alone or TSPG in combination with IL-1, in terms of behavioral improvements in the Parkinson＇s disease mouse model.     

脑梗死致尿失禁的临床研究及针灸治疗的疗效观察

目的探讨脑梗死后尿失禁发生与病变部位的关系,以及尿失禁的相关危险因素,同时观察针灸治疗梗塞后尿失禁的疗效。方法对352例患者分为尿失禁组和无尿失禁组,主要观察指标：（1）脑梗死后尿失禁的发病率;（2）脑梗死后尿失禁的单因素分析结果;（3）脑梗死后尿失禁危险因素的回归分析结果;（4）尿失禁患者参照随机对照表随机分成两组,即针灸治疗组和非针灸对照组,观察其治疗尿失禁的效果。结果脑梗死急性期尿失禁的发病率为50.2%。尿失禁与性别、冠心病、高血压、糖尿病无显著关系（P〉0.05）;与年龄、凝视麻痹、失语、失用、GCS、OCSP、NIHSS和Barthel指数相关（P〈0.01）。针灸治疗70例脑梗死患者,总有效率达89.29%,未接受针灸治疗的79例好转率仅为50.73%。结论脑内有多个排尿调节中枢,其受累或其发出纤维受累均可引起尿失禁。应用中医传统针灸治疗尿失禁,恢复大脑皮层对膀胱以及尿道括约肌的控制,促进尿失禁恢复。     

Disrupted structural and functional brain connectomes in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer＇s disease

Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） is the most common type of dementia, comprising an estimated 60-80% of all dementia cases. It is clinically characterized by impairments of memory and other cognitive functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that these impairments are associated with abnormal structural and functional connections among brain regions, leading to a disconnection concept of AD. With the advent of a combination of non-invasive neuroimaging （structural magnetic resonance imaging （MRI）, diffusion MRI, and functional MRI） and neurophysiological techniques （electroencephalography and magnetoencephaJography） with graph theoretical analysis, recent studies have shown that patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment （MCI）, the prodromal stage of AD, exhibit disrupted topological organization in large-scale brain networks （i.e., connectomics） and that this disruption is significantly correlated with the decline of cognitive functions. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of brain connectomics in AD and MCI, focusing on the changes in the topological organization of large-scale structural and functional brain networks using graph theoretical approaches. Based on the two different perspectives of information segregation and integration, the literature reviewed here suggests that AD and MCI are associated with disrupted segregation and integration in brain networks. Thus, these connectomics studies open up a new window for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of AD and demonstrate the potential to uncover imaging biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and treatment evaluation for this disease.     

墨蝶呤还原酶基因与精神分裂症相关性的研究进展

墨蝶呤还原酶（SPR）催化四氢生物蝶呤（BH4）从头合成途径的最后一步反应。SPR基因遗传缺陷或突变可导致BH。的合成紊乱,影响单胺类神经递质（如多巴胺、5-羟色胺及谷氨酸等）的合成或释放,进而参与包括精神分裂症在内的多种神经精神系统疾病的发生发展过程。此外,SPR基因敲除小鼠表现出持续增强的自主活动等类精神分裂症症状,说明该基因在精神分裂症的发病中扮演重要的角色。进一步研究SPR基因及其单核苷酸多态性的功能,可为阐明精神分裂症的发病机制提供重要的线索,也为新一代抗精神病药物的研制及开发开拓新的视野。现对SPR基因与精神分裂症的相关研究做一综述。     

Wnt信号通路与骨髓间充质干细胞增殖及分化的关系

骨髓间充质干细胞（bonemarrow—derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs）是骨髓中不同于造血干细胞的一类细胞,其来源丰富,取材简便,易分离、纯化、培养,在一定的条件下可以迅速体外扩增,具有多向分化潜能,可以通过不同的方法被诱导分化成骨细胞、软骨细胞、肌细胞、神经胶质细胞、神经元细胞等,而且它具有低免疫源性,向病变部位迁移的能力,     

癫痫与自杀

自杀而导致死亡被为是增加癫痫患者死亡率的最重要原因之一。国外许多研究报道都表明癫痫患者的自杀率比普通人群的自杀率高几倍到二十几倍。可能导致癫痫患者自杀的危险性因素是有多方面的,本文将从5-HT、抗癫痫药及癫痫手术治疗、精神病理等方面对癫痫患者可能存在自杀危险因素进行综述,并希望在癫痫的综合治疗中对这些危险因素能加以考虑。     

人格与情境的交互作用对行为的影响

首先回顾了心理学界存在已久的有关行为的人格特质决定论和情境决定论，然后在对以往相关研究和文献资料回顾和梳理的基础上，提出了如下观点：行为是由人格和情境以交互作用的方式共同决定的，并且具体的交互作用模式是以个体行为的适应性为标准的。还从以往相关研究和文献资料中找到了反驳既往观点以及支持新观点的证据。并依据新观点，提出了有关人事选拔中行为测量应用方面的建议。最后，对行为影响因素的研究方向做了适当展望。