蒸发式冷凝器传热传质性能研究

建立单级压缩制冷循环蒸发式冷凝器实验台,研究逆流状态下,迎面风速和喷淋密度对传热传质的性能影响。通过调节水泵和风机的频率改变风水量的配比关系,得出蒸发式冷凝器的传热传质性能变化情况。分析数据得出,当迎面风速为2.96 m/s,喷淋密度为0.057 kg/(m·s)时,总传热系数达最优值628 W/(m2·K),传质系数随风速的增大而增大,随喷淋密度的变化不明显。此外,通过实验数据回归得到传质系数计算关联式。     

蒸发式冷凝器性能研究及强化

蒸发式冷凝器具有节水、节能、结构紧凑等优点,在工业制冷等领域得到了广泛的应用。建立了蒸发式冷凝器性能测试实验平台,测试了喷淋密度和迎面风速对蒸发式冷凝器传热性能及对其制冷系统制冷性能的影响。结果表明,在喷淋密度为0.047kg/m.s,迎面风速为3.01m/s时,蒸发式冷凝器的性能达到最佳,能效比为5.0,总传热系数为425W/m2。比较性实验表明,采用填料来提高蒸发式冷凝器的性能,在相同的操作条件下,总传热系数提高7.2%~16.9%,能效比提高0.4%~3.5%。     

环境参数对蒸发式冷却换热器性能影响的实验研究

本文利用由焓差室控制环境参数的水-水蒸发式冷却换热器实验台,研究喷淋密度、迎面风速和环境参数对其传热传质性能的影响。当改变喷淋密度和迎面风速时,测得最佳喷淋密度为0.031 4 kg/(m·s),最佳迎面风速为3.22 m/s;在最佳喷淋密度和最佳迎面风速的条件下,改变环境参数,测得湿球温度从22℃上升至28℃时,总传热系数降低约4.2%,传质系数降低约9.3%;相对湿度从85%降低至55%时,总传热系数上升约10%,传质系数上升约13.7%。     

CO_2冷风机性能测试实验研究

本文搭建了测试CO_2冷风机性能的实验台,在直接膨胀供液系统和泵供液系统下,通过改变传热温差、库温、循环倍率、迎面风速等参数来研究CO_2冷风机的性能。结果表明:在直接膨胀供液系统中,随着蒸发温度的降低,传热系数和制冷量均呈减小的趋势,蒸发温度从-22℃降低到-47℃时,传热系数从20.2 W/(m2·K)降低到16.6 W/(m2·K),制冷量从7.5 k W降低到6 k W;在泵供液系统中,随着循环倍率的增加,传热系数呈现先增大,达到最大值后缓慢减小的趋势,当循环倍率为3时,传热系数达到最大值,以库温为-20℃时为例,当循环倍率从1增大到3,传热系数增大约13.2%,循环倍率继续增大时,传热系数开始下降,增大到5时,换热系数下降至2%左右。当迎面风速从2.2 m/s变化至2.5 m/s时,传热系数仅增加了2.12%;但迎面风速从2.5m/s变化至3.2 m/s时,增幅为11.4%;当迎面风速从3.2 m/s变化至3.5 m/s时,传热系数增长幅度又变缓,仅增加了0.88%。     

椭圆形套管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器传热性能实验研究

本文搭建了蒸发式冷凝器性能测试系统,采用控制变量法实验研究了迎面风速、喷淋密度、湿球温度、循环水温度、冷却水流量各参数变化对椭圆形套管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器传热性能的影响。实验结果表明：该冷凝器实验系统的最佳迎面风速和喷淋密度分别为3.1 m/s和0.005 6 kg/(m·s),冷凝器管外空气压降随迎面风速的增大而迅速增加;随着空气湿球温度升高,冷凝器外传热过程的热流密度(即外热流密度)降低67.5%,而内传热过程的热流密度(即内热流密度)增大47.5%,依靠内传热过程的增强,冷凝器性能良好;随着循环水温度升高,冷凝器的内热流密度降低率高达64.6%,传热性能急剧下降;随着冷却水流量增大,冷凝器的内热流密度大幅提高2.92倍,总热流密度增大21.1%,传热性能显著增强;该冷凝器在低湿球温度、低循环水温度、大冷却水流量的工况下传热性能较优。     

两种双侧强化管管外R245fa降膜蒸发的实验对比

本文搭建了水平单管降膜蒸发实验台,以R245fa为工质实验研究两种三维翅双侧强化管降膜蒸发的换热特性。提出了新型Wilson-Gnielinski图解法,用于从实验的总传热系数中获得管内外表面传热系数。分析强化管表面结构对换热性能的影响,拟合出管内外换热关联式并提出强化换热方案。结果表明,与光滑管理论表面传热系数相比,Y型管的管内、管外换热强化倍率分别为2.12～2.94和2.27～5.54,T型管的管内、管外强化倍率分别为2.48～2.98和2.58～3.00。Y型管管外换热性能较好,T型管管内换热性能较好。Y型管的最佳喷淋密度(0.14～0.18 kg/(m·s))比T型管的最佳喷淋密度(约0.10 kg/(m·s))大;两种强化管表面传热系数均随热流密度的增加先上升后下降,但Y型管表面传热系数的变化速率较快;两种管子的换热效果均随蒸发温度的升高而增强。     

冲击射流下旋转热管砂轮冷凝器传热特性

轴向旋转热管砂轮是用于强化磨削弧区换热的新型砂轮,其冷凝器换热性能的优劣直接影响整个热管砂轮的换热性能。本文结合冷凝器设计方法设计了热管砂轮冷凝器,并借助数值模拟的方法对轴向旋转热管砂轮冷凝器的换热性能进行分析,以优化旋转热管砂轮冷凝器的结构参数。研究不同的翅片高度(f=0～8 mm)、喷嘴到翅片顶部距离(d=3～11 mm)、低温空气射流速度(v_j=45～115 m/s)和砂轮转速(n=150～1 180 r/min)等对冷凝器换热性能的影响,结果表明：当翅片高度为6 mm时,获得最佳传热性能,对流换热表面传热系数约为459 W/(m²·K),与无翅片结构相比,对流换热表面传热系数提高36%;当喷嘴到翅片顶部距离为5 mm时,换热性能最好,传热系数为459 W/(m²·K);当低温空气射流速度提高时,对流换热表面传热系数随之提高,射流速度为115 m/s时对流换热表面传热系数最高,可达459 W/(m²·K),与射流速度为45 m/s时相比提高43%;当砂轮转速提高,对流换热表面传热系数也随之升高...     

内翅板蒸发式冷凝器降膜流动与传热特性

为了增强蒸发式冷凝器板外气液两相流动与传热,基于数值模拟方法对比分析了几种新型的板片结构,研究了板片构型、喷淋水喷淋密度、空气入口速度等因素对气液两相流流体流动及传热性能的影响。结果表明:半圆波纹板有较长的水膜稳定时间和较大的换热面积,换热性能较好;不同板片结构的蒸发式冷凝器具有不同的最佳喷淋水喷淋密度,最佳喷淋密度区间范围为0.48~0.93 kg/(m·s);空气入口速度一定时,半圆波纹板的壁面温度随喷淋密度增大而增大,气液界面温度随喷淋密度增大而减小;当空气入口速度小于2.5 m/s时,空气入口速度的适当增大能够有效减薄半圆波纹板板外水膜厚度,强化换热。     

采用多通道直冷板的两相循环冷却系统实验研究

本文搭建了以R1233zd(E)为工质的多通道直冷板两相循环冷却系统,并在冷凝温度为10、15、20 ℃,质量通量147~882 kg/(m2?s),热流密度7.73~39.75 kW/m2工况下对系统热力学循环和冷却性能进行实验研究。实验结果表明：质量通量上升,出口制冷剂焓值降低,热流密度上升,蒸发压力与出口制冷剂焓值升高。不同热流密度下冷板壁面温度随质量通量的变化趋势有所不同：当热流密度为7.73 kW/m2时,制冷剂质量通量由147 kg/(m2?s)增至735 kg/(m2?s),最大温差由2.9 K降至1.6 K;当热流密度为39.75 kW/m2时,最大温差由3.6 K增至5.2 K。不同质量通量下,换热系数随热流密度增加有不同幅度的升高：质量通量为147 kg/(m2?s)时,换热系数由1 843 W/(m2?K)增至4 528 W/(m2?K);而质量通量为588 kg/(m2?s)时,在相同条件下换热系数由1 536 W/(m2?K)增至3 569 W/(m2?K)。     

防护工程蒸发冷凝式冷水机组运行特性的实验研究

本文分析了蒸发式冷凝器在防护工程中应用的可行性,搭建了防护工程蒸发冷凝式冷水机组模拟实验台,研究风量和喷淋水密度对其传热传质性能的影响。结果表明:当喷淋密度恒定时,随着风量的减小,蒸发冷凝式冷水机组制冷量和排热量基本不变,单位风量排热量和总功耗增加,ECR降低;在不同风量下,制冷量、压缩机功耗和ECR随喷淋密度的变化规律相同;实验台最佳风量和最佳喷淋密度分别为2 000 m~3/h和0.025 kg/(m·s)。     

Effect of pulsations on two-layer channel flow

The effect of vertical wall vibrations on two-phase channel flow is examined. The basic flow consists of two superposed fluid layers in a channel whose walls oscillate perpendicular to themselves in a prescribed, time-periodic manner. The solution for the basic flow is presented in closed form for Stokes flow, and its stability to small periodic perturbations is assessed by means of a Floquet analysis. It is found that the pulsations have a generally destabilizing influence on the flow. They tend to worsen the Rayleigh–Taylor instability present for unstably stratified fluids; the larger the amplitude of the pulsations, the greater the range of unstable wave numbers. For stably stratified fluids, the pulsations raise the growth rate of small perturbations, but are not sufficient to destabilize the flow. In the latter part of the paper, the basic flow for arbitrary Reynolds number is computed numerically assuming a flat interface, and the motion of the interface in time is predicted. The existence of a time-periodic flow is demonstrated in which the ratio of the layer thicknesses remains constant throughout the motion.     

Numerical Simulation of Self-Excited Oscillation of a Turbulent Jet Flowing into a Rectangular Cavity

The example of a plane jet flow into a rectangular cavity (“dead end”) is used in comparing the capabilities of different approaches to numerical simulation of self-oscillatory turbulent flows characterized by global quasi-periodic oscillation of all flow parameters. The calculations are performed for two flow modes, of which the first one is statistically steady according to the available experimental data, and the second one is self-oscillatory. In both cases, three approaches are used to describe the turbulence, namely, the method of large eddy simulation (LES) in combination with the subgrid model of Smagorinsky, and steady and unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations (SRANS and URANS) with two well-known differential models of turbulence. In the case of the first flow mode, all three approaches produce qualitatively similar and quantitatively close results. In the case of the second (self-oscillatory) mode, a steady-state solution of Reynolds equations may only be obtained in half the domain using the symmetry boundary conditions; within the framework of the other two approaches, the solutions turn out to be unsteady-state. In so doing, their characteristics calculated using the LES and URANS methods differ significantly from each other; in the case of URANS, they further depend on the model of turbulence employed. The best results as regards the accuracy of prediction of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of self-oscillation are produced by the use of the LES and three-dimensional URANS methods. A similar inference may be made with respect to the mean flow parameters. From this standpoint, the worst results are those obtained from calculations involving the use of the symmetry boundary conditions on the geometric symmetry plane of the flow.__________Translated from Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2005, pp. 568–579.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by D. M. Denisikhina, I. A. Bassina, D. A. Nikulin, and M. Kh. Strelets.     

错流离心分级技术的研究

通过分析分级设备中分级力场方向和介质流体流动方向 ,提出了错流分级和逆流分级的概念 ,并在详细讨论这两种不同分级形式各自特点的基础上 ,设计出一种新型的错流离心分级设备。分级实验结果表明 ,该分级设备不仅适用于微细粉末分级 ,而且能在一次分级过程中获取多个窄级别分级产品     

CMC液体垂直向下流动沸腾流型实验

采用透明导电玻璃管，进行了流动沸腾流型实验研究。观察到一种新的流型：闪蒸沸腾。建立了流型判别式。     

Choke-free flow in trapezoidal channels with change in bed elevation

Solutions for choke-free flow in a trapezoidal channel, with rise in bed elevation that may occur with partial filling up of the channel bottom, are discussed. In this analysis, the side slopes of the channel are assumed to be the same before and after the transition. Considering smooth and gradual transition zones, equations of energy and continuity are solved for subcritical and supercritical upstream flow conditions to determine the maximum limiting rise in bed elevation. The ranges of the upstream flow depths are also obtained for the choke-free condition, using the continuity equation of the upstream flow. A list of symbols is given at the end of the paper     

Accelerated and robust finite volume Navier-Stokes solver for all speeds

The paper describes the results obtained from a multigrid accelerated Navier-Stokes solver. The method is based on 2-D explicit cell-centred finite volume Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (N-S) flow solver for speeds from near-incompressible Mach numbers to high hypersonic Mach numbers including flows at high angles of attack. The time integration is done using a hybrid 5-stage Runge-Kutta local time stepping scheme. With the help of a simple technique, the capability of the Jameson-Schmidt-Turkel numerical dissipation scheme has been enhanced to include hypersonic flows. The iterative procedure is accelerated significantly by incorporating a multigrid technique which has been used in all computations up to about supersonic speeds. Systematic numerical experiments were conducted to evolve guidelines to generate airfoil grid that could offer reliable flow simulations. The computed results are in very good agreement with experimental data where available, especially from the point of view of predicting large suction peaks and shock locations where considerable departures are often seen in the literature. Further, the highly accelerated computations make this code a useful tool of practical interest in preliminary aerodynamic design.     

Hourglass of constant weight

In contrast to a still common belief, a steadily flowing hourglass changes its weight over the course of time (Shen and Scott in Am J Phys 53(8):787–788, 1985). We will show that, nevertheless, it is possible to construct hourglasses that do not change their weight.     

水平管内流动冷凝流型图研究进展

水平管内流动冷凝的两相流型对其传热与流动的研究十分重要,流型图则是流型辨别及其转换判断的重要工具。本文总结了目前水平管内流动冷凝流型图及其转换标准的研究进展,列举了七种针对流动冷凝提出的流型图:Breber et al.(1980),Tandon et al.(1982),Cavallini et al.(2002,2006),El Hajal et al.(2003),Kim et al.(2012)和Nema et al.(2014),根据现有的研究,发现目前的两相流型图大多针对绝热条件及流动沸腾所提出,其应用于流动冷凝中存在一定的偏差,而流动冷凝两相流型图目前研究还较少。另外,现有的流型图大多针对常规管道和基于常温常压工质所提出,其应用于微管道和低温或高压等工质存在一定的困难,且其研究还未能与传热及压降模型的研究实现较好的联系。     

Non-dilatant double-shearing theory applied to granular funnel-flow in hoppers

The storage and efficient withdrawal of material from silos and hoppers is basic to numerous industrial processes. Practising engineers classify two fundamental flows, namely mass-flow and funnel-flow. The former describes the situation when the bulk solid is in motion at every point in the silo or hopper, whenever material is drawn from the outlet. The latter describes the situation when a stable channel forms, called a rat-hole, and the flow is such that only material above the rat-hole is in motion. Funnel-flow occurs whenever the outlet walls are too rough and not sufficiently steeply sloped. Funnel-flow is generally erratic and can give rise either to segregation problems or may lead to complete blockage of the outlet. Here two relevant analytical solutions of the equations for the non-dilatant double-shearing model of granular flow are presented for both plane and axially symmetric funnel-flow. These solutions give rise to flow patterns which are similar to those observed in funnel-flow in the discharge of rectangular and circular cylindrical silos and hoppers.     

A continuum model for pumping performance of turbomolecular pumps in all flow regimes

In the present study a continuum model for one-dimensional plane Couette-Poiseuille flow is implemented to turbomolecular pumps in different flow regimes. Pumping performance of various turbomolecular pumps including 6 single rotors, a rotor-stator row, a rotor-stator-rotor row, and a multi-row with 13 alternative rotor-stator rows is considered here. The obtained results show that the model provides good quantitative values for pumping performance of turbomolecular pumps over the whole regimes ranging from molecular flow to transition to slip flow.