医源性气管、支气管食管瘘的外科治疗

目的 探讨医源性气管、支气管食管瘘的病因及外科治疗方法,为临床治疗提供经验. 方法 1995年1月至2008年12月上海市胸科医院及上海市第六人民医院共收治气管、支气管食管瘘患者21例,其中医源性12例,男8例,女4例;年龄35～74岁,平均年龄47岁.原发病主要为肿瘤,在治疗原发病21 d～5年后发生瘘,其中气管食管瘘2例,支气管食管瘘10例;右侧支气管瘘6例,左侧支气管瘘4例.采用单纯瘘管切除、气管或支气管及食管瘘口修补2例,肺叶切除、食管瘘口修补5例,气管瘘修补或全肺切除合并消化道重建5例. 结果 全组无手术死亡,术后发生并发症2例,均治愈,无术后复发.12例患者术后均随访1年,无气管、支气管食管瘘发生. 结论 医源性气管、支气管食管瘘病情复杂、严重,手术是最有效的治疗手段.     

非恶性食管-气管/支气管瘘的外科治疗

目的探讨非恶性食管-气管/支气管瘘的临床特点和处理方法。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2011年10月北京协和医院收治12例非恶性食管-气管/支气管瘘患者的临床资料,其中男6例,女6例;平均年龄49.8(32～72)岁。食管气管瘘7例,食管支气管瘘1例,食管癌术后胸胃支气管瘘2例,食管憩室支气管瘘2例。右侧开胸入路9例,左侧开胸3例。行食管瘘、气管瘘修补7例;食管瘘、支气管瘘修补1例;胸胃瘘、支气管瘘修补术2例;食管下段、左肺下叶切除,食管胃弓下吻合术1例;左肺下叶切除,食管憩室瘘修补术1例。结果全部患者均顺利恢复,无手术合并症或死亡,7～10 d恢复经口进食。术后3个月～1年内复查纤维支气管镜及上消化道造影,无气管支气管狭窄,无食管狭窄,不必采用支架或扩张治疗。术后随诊3个月～10年,均恢复良好。结论食管-气管/支气管瘘排除恶性病因,明确瘘口位置,术前给予充分营养支持,手术Ⅰ期修补瘘口,可以获得良好的治疗效果。     

外科重建治疗获得性食管气管-支气管瘘(附8例报告)

目的探讨获得性食管气管-支气管瘘的病因、诊断及外科处理原则。方法对我科及南方医院胸外科自1997.8-2005.7共收治8例食管呼吸道瘘的病例进行回顾性分析。术前诊断主要靠食管钡餐;位置和大小主要靠气管镜和食管镜。薄层CT扫描也具有较好诊断价值。全组采用的手术方法有三种:1.食管、气管分别修补术;2.胸膜或带蒂肌瓣封闭瘘口术,胸骨后结肠或胃代食管;3.食管支气管瘘加下肺叶切除、食管重建术。结果全组接受手术治疗者7例全部治愈出院;颈部食管结肠吻合口瘘出现1例,全部病例均随访。4例良性病变所致瘘病人均存活。恶性病变所致3例均于术后3-6月死亡,主要死因是肿瘤扩散致多器官衰竭。未接受手术治疗者1例死亡。结论外科干预是获得性食管气管-支气管瘘的首选治疗。根据不同的病人选择不同的术式去重建食管和气管的连续性,才可取得良好的效果。     

食管支架术后延迟性并发症的手术治疗

目的探讨食管支架术后延迟性并发症的手术治疗效果和预防措施.方法 1999年1月至2002年8月我院手术治疗7例支架术后并发食管出血、再狭窄、穿孔或食管气管瘘患者,食管大部或食管胃部分切除(连同支架)6 例,其中胃代食管3例,结肠代食管2例,胸胃代食管1例;颈部食管胃部分切除、食管胃纵行缝合1例;同期行右肺上中叶切除、气管节段性切除和左主支气管膜部修补术各1例.结果 1例术后13天死亡,6例疗效满意,随诊5～36个月,6例患者均生存,能进软质食物.结论良性食管狭窄应慎用食管内支架治疗,食管支架术后并发食管再狭窄或穿孔行手术切除可挽救患者生命,提高远期生存率和生活质量.     

食管闭锁的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨先天性食管闭锁的临床特点及治疗。 方法：回顾性分析食管闭锁患儿18例临床资料，其中5例放弃手术治疗，余13例均行手术治疗。 结果：13例行一期食管气管瘘结扎+食管闭锁切除端端吻合手术治疗的患者中，存活11例，4例发生吻合口狭窄，给予球囊扩张治愈；2例发生吻合口瘘，1例保守治愈，1例再次手术治愈；1例再发气管食管瘘再次手术治愈。死亡2例，分别于术后第3天和第6天死于呼吸衰竭、吻合口瘘及心衰。 结论：早期诊断、并发症的预防和积极处理是提高食管闭锁手术治疗效果的关键。     

食管双瓣法修补复杂气管食管瘘

获得性气管食管瘘(TEF)通常是由于不同原因导致相邻的气管和食管肇受到侵蚀而形成.创伤和恶性肿瘤是形成TEF的重要原因.随着食管支架在良性食管狭窄或食管穿孔治疗中的广泛应用,食管支架所造成的TEF逐渐增加,成为医源性TEF的另一个重要因素.我们利用食管双瓣修补手术方式治疗TEF,使用食管壁作为保护性补片修补巨大的气管瘘口,避免了气管切除及重建,结果令人满意,现报道如下.     

自发性食管破裂的早期诊断与治疗

目的 总结自发性食管破裂的早期诊断、治疗方法及临床疗效.方法 2004年1月-2006年6月,收治15例自发性食管破裂男性患者.年龄38～56岁,平均46岁.发病至确诊时间为6～72 h,其中<24 h 12例.暴食后上腹受压憋气所致3例,暴食后跌伤1例,大量饮酒后呕吐所致11例.破口位于食管中下段或下段,长4～12 cm.1例发病后于外院行内支架治疗并发食管、气管瘘1个月,入院确诊后放弃治疗.余14例均手术治疗,其中行食管修补术8例,食管切除、食管胃吻合术6例.结果 14例术后顺利恢复,住院11～18 d.无手术死亡、吻合口瘘和其他并发症发生.2例术后2个月出现吻合口轻度狭窄(06～0.8 cm),仅进流食,经胃镜直视下行球囊扩张后缓解.14例获随访,随访时间6个月～2年.无进食困难及哽咽不适.行上消化道碘化油造影示吻合口通畅,食管无扩张,消化功能良好.结论 自发性食管破裂经早期诊断和手术治疗均易治愈,并发症少,预后满意.     

食管癌切除术后胸胃-气管/支气管瘘的防治经验与教训

目的 总结食管癌切除、管状胃代食管术后并发胸胃-气管/支气管瘘的原因、诊断、预防及治疗经验.方法 2010年1月至2012年2月共应用管状胃代食管技术治疗食管癌手术切除食管癌1490例,发生胸胃-气管/支气管瘘10例,总发生率为0.67％,其中5例死亡.复习患者临床资料,总结分析瘘的发生原因、特点、治疗方法及预防措施.结果 胸胃-气管/支气管瘘发生于左主支气管7例,气管远段2例,右支气管1例.首选内镜治疗8例,3例治愈,5例堵瘘失败者中2例死亡,3例行择期手术治疗,其中1例治愈,2例死亡;1例直接行手术治疗治愈;1例放弃治疗死亡.结论 胸胃-气管/支气管瘘与手术操作损伤及管状胃切缘缝合材料磨损气管/支气管壁等因素有关,而严密缝合及妥善包埋胃小弯切缘、用人工材料或大网膜隔开支气管将有效减少胸胃气管瘘的发生,食管支架在管状胃内完全封闭瘘口有困难仅适于瘘口距吻合口较近的患者,气管支架可改善生活质量但很难使瘘口愈合,手术是最有效彻底解决问题的方案,以同期修补重建为佳,但要严格掌握指征.     

食管癌术后胸胃瘘发生原因及治疗方法

目的探讨食管癌切除胃代食管术后胸胃瘘发生的原因及手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析5例胸胃瘘患者的临床资料。结果4例瘘口直径小于1cm，行瘘口修补术；1例因胸胃大片坏死，先行胸胃大部切除加食管旷置术，并行空肠造瘘，后分期行结肠代食管术。5例手术均获成功，术后出现声嘶、肺部感染各1例。随访10个月至4年，患者均可进普通饮食。1例饱食后胸胃淤滞排空不畅，口服胃动力药可使症状缓解。结论食管癌切除胃代食管术后发生胸胃瘘包括胃壁穿孔和坏死．再次手术治疗为最佳选择。     

气管良性狭窄袖式切除重建外科治疗

目的探讨气管良性狭窄的临床特点和外科手术治疗策略。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年12月同济医院胸外科收治的15例气管良性狭窄患者的临床资料,男11例、女4例,年龄10～57（34.52±2.45）岁;均为气管内插管后发生狭窄,颈段气管良性狭窄13例,气管中段2例。6例患者行气管狭窄切除并端端吻合重建术,9例行气管狭窄切除端端吻合横行气管切开术。结果本组15例患者均安全度过麻醉期和手术期,全组无手术死亡。术后发生切口感染及气胸各1例,所有患者均顺利出院。随访3～36个月,所有患者日常活动正常,无呼吸困难症状,无再狭窄发生。结论气管良性狭窄的治疗首选气管袖式切除重建手术治疗,预防性气管切开利于术后呼吸道管理,减少并发症的发生。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.