含添加剂高压细水雾抑灭乙醇池火性能研究

为探究含NaCl、KCl、Na2CO3、K2CO3、NaHCO3、KHCO3六种碱金属盐以及SDBS、CAB35、APG0810三种起泡剂对高压细水雾抑灭乙醇池火性能的影响,在空间尺寸为6 m×6 m×4 m的受限空间内开展纯高压细水雾与含不同添加剂的高压细水雾对乙醇池火抑灭性能的对比实验。结果显示：相比纯高压细水雾灭火,添加碱金属盐与起泡剂的高压细水雾的灭火时间明显缩短,并且缩短的主要是处在火焰被撕裂抑制、火焰向周围游走阶段的时间;其他条件不变时,灭火时间随着添加剂浓度的增加先减小后增大,与纯高压细水雾相比,两类添加剂中各自灭火时间最短的分别为含3%KHCO3、3%SDBS的高压细水雾,可分别缩短灭火时间57.4%、64.6%;平均降温速率随着添加剂浓度的增加先增大后减小,降温速率最高的为含3%SDBS的细水雾,相较于纯高压细水雾提高了217.54%;含不同碱金属盐与起泡剂的高压细水雾对乙醇池火的抑灭性能各不相同,但与纯高压细水雾相比都得到显著提高。     

Acoustically Enhanced Water Mist Suppression of Heptane Fueled Flames

Recent research has shown that acoustics can be used to suppress flames from a liquid fuel source. The results of these experiments indicated that acoustics alone are insufficient to control flames beyond the incipient stage. Recent research has also shown that variations in the delivery of water mist to a fire can enhance the mist’s efficiency. Therefore, the addition of acoustics to water mist may be an effective means of enhancing an established fire protection technology. For the first time, acoustics and water mist have been combined and studied as a flame suppression strategy. A series of experiments were conducted that explored the potential for coupling acoustics with water mist as means of flame suppression. Heptane fueled flames were created from two different sized ceramic fiber wicks: 30 mm?×?50 mm with 5 mL of fuel, and 60 mm?×?100 mm with 20 mL of fuel. The flames were then exposed to water mist delivered at a constant rate, which was found to be incapable of suppressing the flames. Next, low frequency sound waves at 62 Hz and 80 Hz were used to suppress flames from both wicks, with each frequency being generated by a different resonator. Finally, acoustics from both resonators were combined with water mist, and used to suppress flames from both wicks. The results showed that a combination of acoustic waves and water mist suppressed the flames more effectively than each individual technique on its own. This finding opens the possibility of developing more efficient ways to use water mist technology.     

管廊风速对细水雾系统灭火效果影响研究

建立等比例综合管廊数值模型,采用FDS模拟了通风风速为0、0.4、0.8、1.2 m/s下电缆舱着火工况的细水雾灭火效果,分析风速对灭火效果的影响以及纵向通风与细水雾共同作用下的烟气蔓延情况。结果表明,随着通风风速的增加,尽管管廊内部的含氧量增加,但火源及正上方温度下降,很大程度上减缓了火源竖向发展趋势。研究结果证明了高压细水雾灭火系统的有效性。城市综合管廊采用细水雾系统时,施加不高于1.2 m/s风速的通风气流对细水雾灭火更为有利。     

Examination of the Extinguishment Performance of a Water Mist System Using Continuous and Cycling Discharges

We conducted a series of full-scale fire tests of a twin-fluid water mist system in an empty enclosure and in a simulated machinery space. During the tests, two water mist discharge modes, continuous and cycling, were used. We investigated the extinguishment performance of the water mist system using these two discharge modes under various fire scenarios, including different fire sizes, types, and locations, and different ventilation conditions. Test results showed that use of the cycling discharge substantially improved the effectiveness of the water mist system for fire suppression, in comparison to the continuous discharge. The corresponding extinguishing time and water requirement for fire suppression were significantly reduced, and some fires that could not be extinguished with the continuous discharge were extinguished with the cycling discharge. The improvement in fire suppression was attributed to high depletion and dilution rate of oxygen and the recurrent dynamic mixing generated by the cycling water mist discharge in the compartment.     

单、双喷头细水雾对正庚烷池火灾的抑制作用

为了研究单、双喷头细水雾抑灭正庚烷池火灾的效能和机理,在半体积飞机模拟货舱中开展了单、双喷头细水雾雾滴粒径测试和抑灭20 cm 正庚烷池火灾的实验研究。结果表明,双喷头细水雾协同工作会导致雾滴之间相互碰撞发生二次破碎,有助于雾化效果的提升。通过对燃料表面温度、火焰区平均温度和舱内氧气浓度的测量和计算,对比分析了单、双喷头细水雾抑灭火的主导机理。结果表明,单喷头细水雾灭火的平均时间为283.14 s,耗水量约为3.54 L,燃料表面冷却是其抑灭火的主导机理。双喷头细水雾灭火的平均时间为212.22 s,耗水量约为5.31L,火焰冷却是其抑灭火的主导机理。     

细水雾控制高层住宅烟道火灾的有效性及参数优化

为了有效控制高层住宅厨房烟道火灾,构建细水雾控制厨房食用油火和带分支烟道的高层住宅厨房烟道油垢火的FDS数值模型,分析高层住宅厨房烟道细水雾灭火系统有效性的影响因素及最佳设计参数。结果表明,如果未能即时扑灭高层住宅底层厨房食用油火,在强烈的烟囱效应作用下,高温火焰和烟气会引燃烟道内油垢,造成火势的迅速蔓延。本文所建的30 m高厨房烟道火模型中,最佳细水雾灭火系统运行模式为关闭厨房抽油烟机,即时开启厨房灶台上方和主烟道内分段设置的细水雾喷头,雾流量分别为0.6,10 L/min,细水雾最佳参数为喷射流速10 m/s、喷射角度60°、水雾粒径500 μm。     

侧向喷射条件下细水雾扑灭水平表面流淌火研究

为探讨侧向喷射条件下细水雾扑灭流淌火的技术可行性,针对水平表面流淌火,在考虑火焰辐射、燃料与垫层之间的对流换热基础上,建立细水雾在开敞空间扑灭流淌火理论模型,实验研究细水雾喷头排数、倾斜角度对火焰形状、火焰温度、灭火机理和灭火时间的影响。结果表明：细水雾冲击燃料加快其流淌时可以增强灭火能力;采用单排喷头水平喷射时可有效抑制一侧火焰且对火焰拉伸作用最强;采用双排喷头水平喷射时,可有效抑制两侧火焰且灭火速度最快;当喷头向上倾斜15°时,细水雾冷却燃料能力减弱并使灭火时间变长。     

水喷雾系统抑制电动汽车火灾有效性实验研究

为解决现有消防手段难以有效扑灭电动汽车火灾的问题,设计了水喷雾隔热阻火系统和拖车式车载水喷雾灭火降温系统.对模拟电动汽车火灾进行灭火有效性全尺度实验.结果表明,在现有工况条件下,水喷雾隔热阻火系统能有效抑制车辆底盘的射流火焰,可防止火灾向相邻车辆蔓延,但受安装位置限制,该系统对驾驶舱内部火焰的抑制和降温效果较差,灭火后...     

细水雾抑制扩散火焰的数值模拟

通过实验和数值模拟研究了细水雾抑制扩散火焰的作用过程，探讨了细水雾抑制扩散火焰的机理和规律。细水雾抑制扩散火焰主要是通过水雾的蒸发潜热吸热、热容吸热、稀释氧气等作用，达到控制和扑灭火灾的目的。在实验的基础上，进行了一维数值模拟，其模拟结果与实验数据的物理趋势基本一致，验证了实验结果的合理性。     

两相流细水雾灭B类火实验研究

采用气液同管雾状流输送方式,在两相流系统中设置雾化混合器,使结构简化.实验研究不同热释放率时两相流细水雾的灭火特性及规律.采用热电偶树和气体分析仪测量火焰温度及火场氧浓度,通过灭火时间评价细水雾的灭火效率,将两相流细水雾的灭火效果同单相流进行对比.实验结果显示,热释放率对细水雾的灭火效果影响显著;两相流在较低压力下就可达到单相流较高压力的灭火效果.     

高压细水雾灭火系统用于绍兴市档案馆库房

细水雾灭火系统是一种灭火效率高、耗水量少、绿色环保的新型灭火系统。结合绍兴市综合档案馆大型库房消防设计实例,介绍了高压细水雾灭火系统的组成、工作原理、设计参数、计算公式、控制方式等,提出了高压细水雾灭火系统在实际应用中存在的问题和相关建议。     

Interaction of water mists with a diffusion flame in a confined space

This paper describes the study of the interaction of water mists with a diffusion flame in a confined space with proper ventilation control. Water mist was generated by a single pressure nozzle and diffusion flames were produced from ethanol and pine samples, respectively. The LDV/APV system was employed to determine the water mist characteristics. The Cone Calorimeter was used to measure the heat release rate, oxygen and carbon monoxide concentrations and other important parameters of the interaction under various conditions. The test results showed that water mist suppressed the diffusion flame in the confined space through oxygen displacement, evaporative cooling and heat radiant attenuation, and enhanced the combustion through expansion of the mixture and chain reaction as well. Suppression played the dominating role when the water mists with enough volume flux were applied to the diffusion flame in confined space. The poorer was the ventilation, the easier the suppression. The water mists had a more complex effect on the solid sample than the liquid, and affected the smoke release rate and movement.     

超细水雾抑制甲烷-煤尘复合爆炸的实验研究

为掌握瓦斯-煤尘复合爆炸机理,通过可视化爆炸装置进行了密闭空间的超细水雾抑制甲烷-煤尘复合爆炸实验,探究了不同浓度的超细水雾对爆炸超压、压力上升速率、火焰传播速度的影响;研究了超细水雾作用下的火焰传播特征和爆炸不同阶段的抑爆机理。测定了不同煤尘粒径、浓度下的临界抑爆浓度。结果表明：超细水雾使爆炸超压延迟上升;爆炸火焰经历了点火焰、局部强发展火焰、连续不光滑火焰以及稳定分层火焰4 个发展阶段,抑制局部强发展火焰的出现是抑制爆炸的关键;随着超细水雾浓度的增加,压力的二次加速上升现象逐渐消失,放热速率与火焰锋面的燃烧速率的相关性增强;水雾的临界抑爆浓度随煤尘浓度的增加先增后降,随煤尘粒径的增加而降低。     

The Capabilities and Limitations of Total Flooding, Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems in Machinery Space Applications

Water mist fire suppression systems are being seriously considered as replacements for Halon 1301 total flooding systems in machinery space applications. A total flooding water mist system is designed to discharge mist uniformly throughout the entire enclosure/compartment. The tests conducted to date form a substantial database for water mist systems installed in machinery spaces with volumes from 100 m³ to 1,000 m³ and varying degrees of ventilation. These tests have also identified the strengths and limitations of water mist in these applications. This report describes the capabilities of total flooding water mist fire suppression systems in machinery space applications.     

纵向风速对隧道细水雾灭火效果影响探讨

摘 要：为了探究细水雾和纵向通风共同作用下隧道内烟气运动情况,确定配置有细水雾灭火系统的隧道最佳通风策略。采用FDS建立了隧道细水雾数值模拟模型,分别计算了不同纵向风速情况下隧道内温度、有害气体浓度及辐射热通量的变化情况。结果表明：30 MW火灾规模下,烟气层在火源上风向15 m的喷雾区开始出现逐渐层降,烟气层下降至2 m以下;至300 s灭火结束时,上风向150 m内,烟气层全部下降至2 m以下。故火灾发生5 min后,人员疏散距离应大于150 m。对比相同通风风速下（1 m/s）细水雾施加前后辐射热通量变化情况得出,开启细水雾灭火系统25 s后,火源下游5 m处热辐射强度由6 kW/m2降至0。建议开启细水雾灭火系统时尽量保持隧道内1 m/s的通风风速。     

A Study of Total Flooding Water Mist Fire Suppression System Performance Using a Transient One-Zone Computer Model

Due to the intense R&D activity in the field of water mist fire suppression during the past decade, the qualitative and quantitative understanding on the performance of water mist has increased significantly. This development has led to a point in which quantitative theoretical models describing large-scale water mist fire suppression systems begin to emerge. This paper describes the composition and validation of one such model, designed for total flooding water mist applications, especially against flammable liquid hazards in enclosures. The basic construction of the model is first described, followed by an example on the validation of the model using full-scale experimental data. The model is then used to investigate the limitations to the maximum possible mist concentration in the protected space. The potential of the model as an engineering tool is illustrated by making predictions on the scaling laws associated with water mist systems in the framework of IMO MSC/Circ.668/728 as the enclosure volumes and ventilation conditions are varied. The predictions are found to be in agreement with what is indicated by the recent US Coast Guard test series in very large machinery spaces.     

基于综合管廊火灾特性的细水雾灭火系统应用研究

综合管廊电力电缆舱室具有较高的火灾危险性,一旦发生火情,极易酿成重大火灾事故。笔者研建了综合管廊实体火灾试验平台,开展了不同工况条件下的细水雾灭火系统局部应用与全淹没应用灭火试验研究。研究表明,对于综合管廊电力舱,细水雾灭火系统宜采用全淹没灭火方式;若需采用局部应用灭火方式,应对着火分区与相邻分区同时喷射细水雾,并保证一定的灭火区间长度和喷雾强度。灭火过程中,通风排烟系统与门窗洞口严重影响细水雾灭火性能,火灾时应及时联动关闭;全淹没应用时,适当增大系统喷雾强度,是保障细水雾高效能灭火的关键。     

超细水雾影响小型火焰在固体可燃物上蔓延的数值模型

开发了CFD模型，用来预测细水雾中火焰沿固体燃料蔓延的特性。采用气体和固体燃料作为对比试验，利用不稳定两维保守公式描述自持性火焰蔓延情况。因为的分析重点主要放在火焰前锋火焰的熄灭机理（火焰前锋完全暴露在细水雾中），所以考虑了有限率（finite—rate）化学反应。火焰基本传播数据也可虑了用于细水雾和蒸气质量的公式，这包括水蒸发造成的能量消耗。还对在细水雾喷洒下聚合材料做成的厚燃料床上火焰的水平传播进行了试验。结果显示，火焰热释放区内自持性能量守恒对外部能量消耗非常敏感。在本试验中，主要是水滴蒸发造成的能量消耗。因此，在火焰前锋，火焰在细水雾的喷洒下挣扎着，要么按几乎相同的速度（没有水喷雾情况下）继续传播，要么被完全熄灭。本文还研究了水滴直径大于30μm细水雾的灭火特性。本文获得了在不同条件下火焰蔓延情况下，灭火需要的细水雾质量分率的关键浓度。     

综合管廊电缆舱灭火系统效果研究

针对某综合管廊的电缆舱室,采取全尺寸实验和数值模拟结合的方法,探究综合管廊内电缆舱的火灾特性,对比分析干粉灭火系统和高压细水雾灭火两种灭火系统的灭火效果。将火源功率为0.7 MW 的乙醇火设置于电缆架底部,观察火灾发展和烟气蔓延情况,分析电缆舱火灾特性;对比两种灭火系统开启后管廊内的温度和烟气变化规律,分析灭火效果。在实验基础上利用FDS 软件进行数值模拟以补充验证多工况火灾灭火结果。结果表明,电缆舱关闭防火门后,火灾不会持续发展,舱内温度稳定在600～700 ℃之间;干粉灭火系统有效灭火时间较短,且降温效果有限,火源上方温度降至440 ℃后发生了复燃现象;高压细水雾系统有效灭火时间较长,可以持续进行灭火,降温效果较为明显,且对于烟气蔓延有较明显的抑制作用,能为后续消防队员进入创造有利条件。