新疆薄罗藓科(Leskeaceae)植物分类的初步研究

通过对产自新疆的薄罗藓科5属8种的分类学研究,包括多毛藓属Lescuraea Bruch & Schimp. in B.S.G. 的弯叶多毛藓L. incurvata (Hedw.) Lawton,密根多毛藓 L. radicosa (Mitt.) Moeck.,石生多毛藓L. saxicola (Schimp. in B.S.G.) Mol. in Lor.;薄罗藓属Leskea Hedw. 的薄罗藓L. polycarpa Hedw. ;细罗藓属Leskeella (Brid.) Loeske 的细罗藓L. nervosa (Brid.)Loeske ;细枝藓属Lindbergia (C. Müll) Broth. 的中华细枝藓L. sinensis (C. Müll) Broth. ,以及假细罗藓属 Pseudoleskeella Kindb. 的假细罗藓P. catenulata (Brid. ex Schrad.) Kindb.和瓦叶假细罗藓P. tectorum (Brid. )Kindb.。其中,薄罗藓属Leskea Hedw.为新疆新记录属;薄罗藓Leskea polycarpa Hedw. 和密根多毛藓Lescuraea radicosa (Mitt.) Moeck. 是新疆新记录种。根据标本形态特征,编制了新疆薄罗藓科植物分属、分种检索表,简要讨论了其生境和地理分布特点。     

新疆薄罗藓科植物新记录

通过对新疆西天山昭苏县苔藓植物进行调查鉴定,报道了新疆分布的薄罗藓科（Leskeaceae）1个新记录属——拟柳叶藓属（Orthoamblystegium Dixon&Sakurai）和2个新记录种——拟柳叶藓[Orthoamblystegium spurio-subtile (Broth.&Paris) Kanda&Nog.]和粗肋薄罗藓[Leskea scabrinervis Broth.&Paris]。本文对2个新记录种的形态特征、生境及分布进行了详细描述和记录,并提供了显微形态解剖图。     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮中藓类植物形态解剖特征

对组成古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮的4种1变种藓类植物刺叶墙藓(Tortula desertorum Broth.)、真藓(Bryum argenteum Hedw.)、绿色流苏藓〔Crossidium squamiferum(Viv.)Jur.〕、泛生墙藓(Tortula muralis Hedw.)、泛生墙藓无芒变种(Tortula muralis var. aestiva Brid. ex Hedw.)的茎、叶形态解剖结构进行了观察。结果表明:除刺叶墙藓叶片上部为2层细胞组成外,其他4种叶片均由1层细胞组成。所有藓类植物叶片都具有明显或粗壮的中肋,起到了支持叶片和导水的作用。茎皮部外层细胞壁不同程度加厚。生物结皮中的藓类植物表现出叶片背卷或内卷、具疣状突起、透明毛尖(泛生墙藓无芒变种除外)以及边缘细胞壁加厚等特征,这些特征是对干旱荒漠环境长期适应的结果。研究结果为进一步揭示荒漠藓类植物形态特征与环境之间的关系提供理论依据。     

新疆真藓属(Bryum Hedw.)新资料

通过经典分类学方法,对采自新疆各地的185号真藓属植物标本进行了整理、鉴定,报道新疆新记录2种:毛状真藓(Bryum apiculatum Schwaegr.)与近高山真藓(Bryum paradoxum Schwaegr.)。重新确定了曾有文献记载,但未见现存标本因而未加入新疆苔藓植物名录的:狭网真藓(Bryum algovicum Sendt.ex C.Müll.)与红蒴真藓(Bryum atrovirens Brid.)。并对新记录种的识别特征、生境及其地理分布作了阐述。根据识别特征绘制了狭网真藓、红蒴真藓与近高山真藓的墨线图。     

新疆木灵藓属Orthotrichum Hedw.植物的分类学研究

根据历年采自新疆各地区的350号木灵藓属Orthotrichum 植物标本,在查阅大量文献的基础上,通过经典分类学方法,对新疆木灵藓属植物进行了整理、鉴定和分类。结果表明：新疆有木灵藓属植物5亚属、17种,包括裸孔亚属subg. Gymnoporus (6种) 、直叶亚属subg. Orthophyllum (1种)、疣叶亚属subg. Pulchella (5种)、圆孔亚属subg. Phaneroporum (1种)、木灵藓亚属subg. Orthotrichum (4种),其中高山木灵藓Orthotrichum alpestre Hornsch. ex B.S.G为中国新记录种;中国木灵藓O. hookeri Wils. ex Mitt.、东亚木灵藓O. ibukiense Toy.、短丛木灵藓O. pumilum Sw. 和卷叶木灵藓O. revolutum C. Muell. 为新疆新记录种。通过对新疆新记录种的生境、识别特征、采集地点、地理分布、海拔等信息的整理分析,绘制了4个种的线条图,并编制了新疆木灵藓属植物的分亚属和分种检索表。     

新疆丝瓜藓属(Pohlia Hedw.)的分类学修订

基于标本和文献,对新疆丝瓜藓属（Pohlia Hedw.）进行全面修订,更正了此前部分标本的错误鉴定,将卵蒴丝瓜藓(Pohlia proligera)和糙枝丝瓜藓(P.camptotrachela)从本区名录中移除,将多态丝瓜藓(P.minor)归并为丝瓜藓多态变种(P.elongata var.greenii)的异名,新增新疆丝瓜藓属新纪录2种：拟长蒴丝瓜藓(P.longicollis)和小丝瓜藓狭叶变种(P.crudoides var.revolvens)。[WTBZ]现已知新疆丝瓜藓属有8种,2变种,种数约占全国的1/3。通过分析各个种的识别特征、与相近种的区别和生境,编制了新疆丝瓜藓属分种检索表。     

新疆青藓科和柳叶藓科新记录种

通过对新疆阿尔泰山苔藓植物的调查研究,发现新疆新纪录种3种,分别为:亚灰白青藓Brachythecium pseudo-subalbicans Y.F.Wang et R.L.Hu,羽状青藓Brachythecium propinnatum Redf.,细肋镰刀藓Drepanocladus tenuinervis T. Kop..其中,亚灰白青藓在该地区的发现成为该种在中国分布的最北边缘.这些新纪录的发现,丰富了新疆苔藓植物研究资料.同时提出新改名:亚灰白青藓Brachythecium pseudo-subalbicans Y.F.Wang et R.L.Hu.     

十种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学观察

利用石蜡切片的方法 ,对十种藓类植物 ,钝叶蓑藓 (Macromitriumjaponicum Doz.et.Molk .)、疏齿墙藓〔 Tortulanorvegica(Web .)Wahl.exLindb .〕、岸生连轴藓〔 Schistidiumrivularis(Brid .)Podp .〕、树形疣灯藓〔Trachycystisussuriensis(MaacketRegel )T .Kop .〕、齿边缩叶藓〔 Ptychomitriumdentatum(Mitt.)Jaeg .〕、山羽藓〔 Abietinellaabietina(Hedw .)Fleisch〕、东亚万年藓 ( Climaciumjaponicum Lindb .)鼠尾藓〔 Myurocladamaximowiczii(Borszcz)SteeretSchof.〕、卷叶凤尾藓 (FissidensdubiusP .Beauv .)及二形凤尾藓 (FissidensgeminiflorusDoz .etMolk .)的茎横切面的解剖观察结果表明 :茎的形状、中轴细胞的有无、形状及所占的比例、外皮部厚壁细胞的层数等特征因种类不同而有明显差异 ,可以作为分类依据之一。外皮部厚壁细胞的层数可能与藓类植物的生境有关。     

黄土地与沙地生物结皮的发育特征及其生态功能异同

基于课题组已有研究成果,选取陕北水蚀风蚀交错区内气候条件相同但土壤质地迥异的试验区,探讨黄土地和沙地生物结皮发育特征及其生态效应的异同。结果表明:(1)苔藓结皮是2种土地生物结皮的重要类型,其中,黄土地的优势藓种为尖叶对齿藓[Didymodon constrictus(Mitt.)Saito.]、真藓(Bryum argenteum Hedw.)、狭网真藓(B.algovicum Sendt.);沙地的优势藓种为黄色真藓(B.pallescens Scheich.)、弯叶真藓(B.recurvulum Mitt.)、银叶真藓(B.argenteum Hedw.)。沙地乔灌植物下生物结皮盖度(77.5%)、厚度(11.8 mm)及容重(1.9 g·cm~(-3))均高于黄土地生物结皮,而黄土地多年生草本植物下生物结皮抗剪强度(26.5 k Pa)高于沙地生物结皮,总体上,沙地生物结皮发育的更好。(2)黄土地的入渗增幅和0~200 cm剖面的平均土壤含水率增幅均显著高于沙地(P0.05),且在旱季和雨季其0~200 cm剖面的平均土壤含水率增幅分别比沙地高1.4%和1.9%。(3)两地生物结皮均表现出了较好的减蚀作用,其减蚀效率分别为81.0%和90.6%。     

新疆棉藓科及其分类系统评述

本文首次报道了新疆藓类植物的一个新记录科－棉藓科Ｐｌａｇｏｉｔｈｅｃｉａｃｅａｅ，含－属－种，光泽棉Ｐｌａｇｉｏｔｈｅｃｉｕｍ Ｌａｅｔｕｍ Ｂ．Ｓ．Ｇ．。文中还简要评述了棉藓科的分类历史。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.