天津海域重金属元素环境地球化学特征及其影响因素分析

根据天津海域49个底质样品的粒度分析、重金属分析及对测试结果进行的聚类分析和相关分析,综合研究了天津海域表层沉积物类型分布特征和重金属元素的分布特征,使用多元潜在生态风险指数法对天津海域的底质环境进行了评价,探讨了天津海域的现代沉积环境和重金属元素的环境地球化学特征.研究发现:(1)粘土质粉砂是天津海域分布最广的沉积物类型,Hg 是天津海域的主要污染元素;(2)重金属元素富集区分别位于大沽排污河口地区和永定新河口至东疆港外侧的地区,这两个地区水动力较缓,沉积物粒度较细;(3)除 Hg 外,其他几种重金属元素与沉积物中砂、粉砂和粘土含量之间存在极强的相关性.     

金州湾表层沉积物粒度特征及沉积环境

通过对金州湾海域72个表层沉积物样品进行粒度分析,探讨了金州湾表层沉积物物质组成和粒度参数的分布特征,根据粒度参数特征,利用Q型聚类分析将研究区划分为3组沉积区,结合粒度频率分布曲线、粒度概率累积曲线和C-M图阐述沉积物的粒径组成、沉积动力条件和沉积物的搬运沉积条件。结果表明：研究区沉积物类型为粘土质粉砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、砂和砂 粉砂 粘土。研究区可划分为3种沉积环境,Ⅰ组沉积环境：沉积物类型以砂质粉砂和粘土质粉砂为主,粒径较小,含部分粗组分颗粒物,分选差,粒度频率分布曲线呈双峰,形成较为封闭静稳的海湾环境;Ⅱ组沉积环境：沉积物类型以粘土质粉砂为主,粒径小、分选较差 差,沉积环境较为复杂,为受潮流和沿岸流作用的沉积环境;Ⅲ组沉积环境：沉积物类型以粉砂质砂和砂为主,粒径较大、分选较差,为受潮流和海流影响的沉积环境。整体上由东向西,沉积物呈现出细 较粗 粗的变化趋势。其原因在于机场人工岛的建设阻挡了潮流和海流的作用,导致东部的I、Ⅱ组沉积环境形成较为封闭的环境;Ⅲ组沉积环境为离岸较远的海洋环境,水动力较强,海洋性特征明显。因此机场人工岛的建设对金州湾海域沉积物的分布产生了显著影响。     

大亚湾表层沉积物中污染物质的地球化学行为研究

大亚湾表层沉积物以粉砂质粘土、粘土质粉砂及粉砂为主组成。表层沉积物的污染表现以硫化物及铅、锌、汞、砷为主,其中硫化物、铅、锌的污染现象在本海区普遍出现。污染物质从海水向沉积物转移是多因素综合作用的结果,悬浮物、生物及沉积物的吸附等多种转移方式都可能存在。沉积物中某些元素之间存在一定的相关性,但沉积物与其粒度组成的粘土含量及海水理化要素之间无明显相关性。     

苏鲁交界海域表层沉积物类型和分布特征

对2002年采自苏鲁交界海域的466个表层沉积物样品作了粒度分析和粒度参数计算,并进行了沉积物分类和分布特征的研究,结果表明:(1)研究海域的表层沉积物类型主要为砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、粘土质粉砂和砂-粉砂-粘土5种。(2)研究海域的表层沉积物主体是砂,随着离岸距离的增大,砂含量将逐渐增加然后又逐渐减少。砂含量的经、纬向分带性不明显。粉砂与砂的平面分布特征正好相反,粘土含量的平面分布特征与粉砂相似。(3)研究海域表层沉积物的平均粒径为0.34~7.30,平均为4.09,沉积物颗粒的直径总体上为细砂粒径;分选系数为0.34~4.26,平均为2.10,分选差;偏态为-0.41~0.75,平均为0.29;峰态为0.66~3.69,平均为1.34。(4)根据沉积物中各组分含量、粒度参数、水深、沉积物类型的平面变化特征等,由西向东将研究区分成西部、中部和东部3个分区。由岸向海,西部分区沉积物由粗到细地变化,平均粒径等值线呈NE向与岸线平行分布;东部和中部分区,沉积物粒度变化的规律不明显。     

海洋表层沉积物类型分布图绘制方法研究

介绍一种绘制海洋沉积物类型分布图的新方法.假定构成海洋沉积物粒度(砂、粉砂和粘土)的比例数值在海床分布呈线性或非线性渐变过程.在绘图海域内,“无缝”加密设置有限个插值点,避开不易操作的类型插值问题.利用已知采样点沉积物中砂、粉砂和粘土比例数值,直接采用数值方法单因子插值,根据每个插值点沉积物中砂、粉砂和粘土比例数值,按...     

南黄海沉积物不同粒度分析结果的对比研究

分析了南黄海海域65个沉积物样品的激光法与综合法(筛析法—沉析法)的粒度分析结果,并作了对比研究。南黄海沉积物样品的激光粒度仪和筛析法测试结果很接近;激光粒度仪测定的细粒组分(>4Φ)的含量85%样品的测试效率达到75%以上,平均值为92%,表层沉积物黏土粒级的激光法与综合法分析结果呈弱正相关。用激光粒度分析南黄海海域沉积物结果可靠,可以替代传统的粒度分析方法。     

不同的前处理方法对南黄海沉积物粒度测试的影响

选取多个南黄海表层和浅表层的沉积物样品,分别以两种方法做前处理并采用激光粒度仪测试后,通过测试结果的对比,来探讨不同前处理方法对南黄海沉积物粒度测试的影响。南黄海的样品经过有机质和碳酸盐去除处理与未经过处理所测得的粒度概率分布曲线和粒度参数进行比较,结果显示,粒度概率分布曲线其峰值数、峰态及粒径分布范围发生明显变化,对水动力条件分析具有一定的影响作用;而粒度参数则具有平均粒径增粗、分选变差、偏度更为正偏、峰度更宽等特征,但多数没有改变参数的描述等级。这些粒度特征与南黄海沉积物中碳酸盐和有机质含量较低有关。因此,对不同海域沉积物进行粒度分析时,应首先通过对比实验优选合适的前处理方法,以得到符合调查研究要求的粒度参数结果。     

南黄海、东海北部陆架区表层沉积物 有机质分布特征

对南黄海和东海北部462个表层沉积物样品进行了有机碳、总氮及粒度测试,以趋探讨表层沉积物有机质的分布规 律及来源。结果表明：南黄海及东海北部陆架区沉积有机碳质量分数分布范围为0.11 豫耀0.82 豫,均值为0.44 豫;总氮质量 分数分布范围为0.01 豫耀0.11 豫,均值为0.06 豫。有机碳及总氮质量分数平面分布特征相似,泥质沉积区质量分数较高,砂 质沉积区较低,最高值位于杭州湾外部。其分布特征明显遵从粒度效应,随着粒度变粗,有机碳、总氮质量分数减小,其中 在粒度>4准的细粒沉积物中,粒度处于6原11准的细粒沉积物更为富集有机碳。沉积物C/N比值显示,南黄海及东海北部大部 分区域沉积有机质为陆地和海洋混合来源,仅在123.5毅E以东、31毅N以南东海中陆架小部分区域为海洋自生来源。     

使用激光粒度仪测定海洋沉积物碳酸盐含量和粒度分布的尝试

目前对于海洋沉积物中碳酸盐粒度分布的测试方法还较少,而传统的光学鉴定与统计的方法较费时、费力.根据激光粒度仪测量原理,使用Malvern 2000型激光粒度仪对采自硫球海沟的柱状沉积物中的碳酸盐含量和粒度分布进行了测定.结果表明,对于碳酸盐含量较高的(＞15%)海洋沉积物样品,通过对去碳酸盐前后沉积物样品的测定,能较好地获得沉积物碳酸盐含量和粒度分布的相关资料和数据,与传统的测量方法相比,其可信度较高.研究证明,此种测试方法我们提供了一种快速、有效地测试深海沉积物碳酸盐含量和粒度分布的手段.     

西南印度洋中脊沉积物粒度特征及不同前处理方法对粒度特征的影响

通过采用多种前处理方法,对西南印度洋中脊沉积物粒度进行了测定、分析和对比研究。其中,未去除碳酸盐的样品平均粒径介于7.18~8.35Φ;分选较差;偏度表现为极负偏,且负偏程度随着分选变差逐渐变大;峰度表现为平坦。粒度频率曲线呈较显著的多峰分布。去除碳酸盐之后,样品平均粒径介于5.95~6.64Φ;分选变好;偏度由极负偏变为极正偏;峰度由正态向平坦方向变化;黏土质量分数明显减少,粉砂质量分数显著增加。粒度频率分布曲线、粒度象特征及粒度结构也都发生了明显的改变。这些变化指示了沉积物的搬运处于静水悬浮和递变悬浮的过渡阶段,而是否去除碳酸盐将对粒度分析结果产生显著影响。此外,有机质和生物硅的存在也对沉积物粒度测试结果造成了影响,使细粒组分明显增加,但并不影响粒度分布的基本形态。     

改性粘土对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)和东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)的去除作用

利用改性粘土去除藻华生物是目前有害藻华应急处置最常用的方法。本文研究了六种铝盐改性粘土(PAC-MC、PAFC-MC、PAFCs-MC、AC-MC、AS-MC、PAS-MC)对藻华生物球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)的去除效率,考察了悬浮液pH、改性粘土颗粒表面电位及粒径分布等因子对去除效率的影响。结果显示:不同赤潮生物由于生物特征不同,其去除效率存在较大差异,PAC-MC、PAFC-MC、PAFCs-MC对东海原甲藻有较高的去除效率,但对于球形棕囊藻去除能力较差;AC-MC、AS-MC、PAS-MC对两种藻华生物均有较好的去除效果,但对水体酸碱扰动较大,在pH敏感水域应注意用量;对于同一种改性粘土,提高铝离子含量、增加改性粘土浓度有利于除藻效率的提升;自絮凝程度越低、表面正电性越强(或负电性越弱)、悬浮液pH值越低的改性粘土,除藻能力越强。本研究进一步为改性粘土应急处置有害藻华提供了参考。     

Contrasting trace element geochemistry in two American and French salt marshes

Trace metals were analyzed in the bulk fine phase of two contrasting salt marsh cores on the North Atlantic east (Baie de l'Aiguillon, LaRochelle, France) and west (Lewes, DE, USA) coasts. The purpose is to gauge how the different clay mineral sources and surface sedimentary diagenetic conditions affect the respective trace element geochemistries. It has been established that there is considerably more clay mineral diagenesis at the zone of redox transition in the Delaware core than in the l'Aiguillon core. The Delaware core shows unweathered glacial sedimentary material directly deposited from the continental shelf whereas the l'Aiguillon core is formed from soil clays deposited after river and estuarine transport. Although there is strong Mn redox depletion in the Delaware salt marsh core, and enrichment in the French one at l'Aiguillon, transition elements seem to follow iron content in both cores. The trace pollutant elements Pb, Sn and Zn show pronounced depth profiles in both North Atlantic cores. The Pb, Sn and Zn appear to be carried by clay sources into the French marshes, while appearing to be largely deposited by atmospheric processes as well into the Delaware marsh.Upon deposition, the Zn appears to become decoupled from lead, which is probably more strongly fixed on clays. The Sn seems to be both air transported, and carried as well on non-clay phases contaminated by industrial organo-tins, including antifouling bottom paints. Copper while uniformly enriched in France, probably from use in regional vineyards, appears enriched only near the top at Delaware, suggesting diagenetic recycling in the more abundant peat in the surface. The Cs and Li appear to be tracers for specific soil-derived clay sources in the French core source materials. These observations suggest that clay is a very important carrier in fixing trace elements for historical records as salt marsh sediments.     

Clay Minerals and Geotechnical Index Properties of Marine Clays in East Asia

Clay mineral composition and geotechnical index properties of marine clays collected from Singapore, Korea, and Japan were investigated, and the correlation of clay mineral composition with the consistency limits and activity of the clays was examined. Predominant clay minerals were kaolinite for Singapore clay, kaolinite, vermiculite, and illite for Pusan clay, and smectite for Hachirogata and Ariake clay from Japan. The activity of clay indicates that Singapore clay is classified as normal or inactive, Pusan clay as normal, and Hachirogata and Ariake clays mostly as active. Significant positive correlations were found between smectite percentage in bulk soil and the liquid and plastic limits of the clays.     

Clay Minerals and Geotechnical Index Properties of Marine Clays in East Asia

Clay mineral composition and geotechnical index properties of marine clays collected from Singapore, Korea, and Japan were investigated, and the correlation of clay mineral composition with the consistency limits and activity of the clays was examined. Predominant clay minerals were kaolinite for Singapore clay, kaolinite, vermiculite, and illite for Pusan clay, and smectite for Hachirogata and Ariake clay from Japan. The activity of clay indicates that Singapore clay is classified as normal or inactive, Pusan clay as normal, and Hachirogata and Ariake clays mostly as active. Significant positive correlations were found between smectite percentage in bulk soil and the liquid and plastic limits of the clays.     

Geological and Geotechnical Characteristics of Marine Clays at the Busan New Port

Despite a number of geotechnical investigations that have been carried out in the Busan new port area of South Korea, the local practicing engineers have been unable to deduce successfully the geotechnical properties of the clays due to their spatial variation. In the area, clay deposits, so-called Pusan clays, are unusually thick, varying from 20 m to 70 m in thickness. For this study, comprehensive geological and geotechnical investigations were carried out with sophisticated sampling techniques, in situ and laboratory tests as well as geological analyses at an additional three locations. As a result of the investigations, it was found that depositional environments are closely related to the relative changes in sea level and have different features depending on location and depth. The clays consist of soft and stiff clays in the upper and the lower layers, respectively, which are classified as normally consolidated and cemented clay. Moreover, most of the geotechnical properties undergo small changes due to their depositional environment. Information about these effects would be quite helpful to understand the spatial variation of geotechnical properties as well as the effect of sample disturbance. Some correlations which reflect the geological history of the deposts were conducted for physical indexes and mechanical properties.     

Consolidation and creep behaviors of two typical marine clays in China

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the deformation characteristics of two typical marine clays obtained from Dalian and Shanghai, respectively, in China. Three kinds of laboratory tests, i.e. conventional oedometer tests, one-dimensional and triaxial creep tests were carried out. The results obtained from consolidation tests demonstrate linear v e ？ log？ relationships for Shanghai clay at normally consolidated state, while partly or even global non-linearrelationships for Dalian clay. The compression index c C for both clays follows the correlation of Cc=0.009（WL-10）where WL is the liquid limit of soil. The relationship between v log Kv （ Kv is the hydraulic conductivity of soil） and voidratio e is generally linear and the hydraulic conductivity change index kv C can be described by their initial void ratio forboth clays. The secondary compressibility of Dalian clay lies in medium to high range and is higher than that of Shanghaiclay which lies in the range of low to medium. Furthermore, based on drained triaxial creep tests, the stress-strain-timerelationships following Mesri＇s creep equation have been developed for Dalian and Shanghai clays which can predict thelong-term deformation of both clays reasonably well.     

Geological and Geotechnical Characteristics of Marine Clays at the Busan New Port

ABSTRACT

Despite a number of geotechnical investigations that have been carried out in the Busan new port area of South Korea, the local practicing engineers have been unable to deduce successfully the geotechnical properties of the clays due to their spatial variation. In the area, clay deposits, so-called Pusan clays, are unusually thick, varying from 20 m to 70 m in thickness. For this study, comprehensive geological and geotechnical investigations were carried out with sophisticated sampling techniques, in situ and laboratory tests as well as geological analyses at an additional three locations. As a result of the investigations, it was found that depositional environments are closely related to the relative changes in sea level and have different features depending on location and depth. The clays consist of soft and stiff clays in the upper and the lower layers, respectively, which are classified as normally consolidated and cemented clay. Moreover, most of the geotechnical properties undergo small changes due to their depositional environment. Information about these effects would be quite helpful to understand the spatial variation of geotechnical properties as well as the effect of sample disturbance. Some correlations which reflect the geological history of the deposts were conducted for physical indexes and mechanical properties.     

超声改性对不同粘土去除藻华生物效率的影响

粘土表面改性方法是提高改性粘土絮凝有害藻华效率的关键。本文研究了超声改性法对粘土去除藻华生物效率的影响,对比分析了粘土颗粒在改性前后的粒度分布、扫描电镜图像以及表面电位等理化特征变化,进而初步探讨了超声改性的作用机制。结果显示,超声改性处理可以有效提高本研究中所试验五种粘土去除藻华生物能力。超声改性导致粘土颗粒粒径进一步减小,且超声时间越长,颗粒粒径越小;超声处理后的粘土粒度分布集中、颗粒均匀,延长超声处理时间可以有效提高增效效果。同时发现,超声改性后粘土颗粒的表面电位负电性变弱,降低了粘土颗粒与表面负电性藻细胞之间的静电斥力,从而提高了粘土对藻华生物藻细胞的絮凝去除能力。本研究探索了提高粘土去除藻华生物效率的新方法,为进一步增强改性粘土去除能力提供了参考。     

粘土矿物对海水中主要营养盐的吸附研究

对海水中磷盐和硝酸盐在粘土矿物上的吸附行为的研究发现，海水体系中高岭土对磷酸盐的吸附能力大于蒙脱土，其原因为，粘土颗粒的表层铝／硅结构比是控制磷酸盐吸附的主要因素，其中铝含量越高，肿附能力越大。考察ＰＨ、粘土酸改性处理等因素对吸附作用的影响，结果表明，ＰＨ＜８．５的磷酸盐吸附ＰＨ曲线呈峰形，其吸附作用以阴离子交换为主；ＰＨ＞８．５时磷酸盐的吸附作用以沉淀吸附为主。酸改性蒙脱土可提高吸附磷酸盐的能力     

改性黏土对褐潮生物种Aureococcus anophagefferens的去除研究

褐潮是一种由微微型藻引发的藻华,已连续4年在渤海海域暴发,给当地带来巨大的经济损失。目前,在褐潮尚不能有效预防、预控情况下,如何控制和减少其对生态环境和沿海经济带来的危害,成为一个急需解决的问题。利用改性黏土消除藻华是一种快速有效、并得以多次现场成功应用的方法。考察比较了多种不同产地、不同类型的黏土及其改性后对褐潮生物种Aureococcus anophagef ferens(抑食金球藻)的去除效果,选取5种典型的黏土作为主要的实验材料,开展了不同条件下黏土及其改性后对A. anophagef ferens去除效率的影响研究。实验发现,因A. anophagef ferens个体微小、藻华时密度大,相同用量的黏土或改性黏土对其去除效率低于常见的硅藻、甲藻生物;不同类型黏土对其去除效率有影响,高岭土的去除效率高于蒙脱土;而黏土改性后对A. anophagef ferens的去除效率提高3倍以上。在此基础上,还考察分析了黏土粒径、分散介质等因素对A. anophagef ferens去除效率的影响,为进一步研发安全、高效的褐潮应急消除材料做了有益探索。