粉体技术在中药中的应用

简要介绍了粉体技术在中药加工中的应用,列举了粉体技术在中药制剂工艺和制剂疗效中所产生的影响,同时阐述了超微粉碎加工技术在中药现代化中的作用,简介了微米中药、纳米中药,并且引用中药超微粉碎一些实验研究,证明中药经超微粉碎后细粉比粗粉溶出的速度快,并且有效成分的溶出比较均匀。     

中药超微粉碎研究渐成热点

中药超微粉碎(又称中药微粉化)是随着现代粉体工程微粉化技术——超微粉体技术的发展而新兴的一门中药加工技术。超微粉体技术作为一门跨学科、跨行业的高新技术，在中药制药工业中的应用虽然尚处于起步阶段，但利用该技术研究的中药超微制剂如微米中药、纳米中药等已引起科技界和中医药界的广泛关注，并已成为近几年来中药界的研究热点。     

关于中药及其制剂辐照灭菌的效果研究

目的研究中药及其制剂在辐照前后的变化情况。方法利用60℃对其以不同剂量照射，并对主要成分过检测。结果经过辐照后，中药及其制剂的主要成分无显著变化。结论大多数中药及其制剂在一定剂量范围内是可以利用辐照来灭菌的，其品质不会改变。     

纳米技术与中药

纳米中药是近几年来迅速发展起来的前沿科技领域。将纳米科学技术和传统的中药相结合,有力地推动了医药科技的发展。本文中主要介绍了纳米中药的概念、制备技术和收集纳米粒子的方法,阐述了纳米中药的优点以及存在的问题,并对其进行了展望,指出纳米中药是中药走向国际化的一条途径,具有着广泛地发展前景。     

中药制剂用药禁忌分析

中药合理用药的四要素为安全、有效、经济、适当。其中的“适当”包含了适当的时间、适当的剂量、适当的用药时间和适当的用药方法。中药服用的方法与疗效有着颇为重要的关系，准确的服用方法有助于疾病的康复，甚至可起到事半功倍的效果。古人依据“天人合一”的理论在这方面积累了很多经验。在中医学中，中药有各种制剂，而每种制剂服用方法不同，对疗效有明显影响。同时中药也有很多饮食禁忌，遵从这些原则，有助于疾病尽快痊愈。中药以其源远流长的历史队及确切的疗效，在我国医药发展史上一直被广泛应用，尤其是临床工作中，中西药结合治疗往往起到事半功倍的效果。中药源白天然，药性平和，但不良反应、毒副作用等也时有发生，因此，合理应用中药，才能促进中药事业的健康发展。     

浅谈中药新工艺新技术的发展应用

中药若要进入国际市场,其现代化势在必行。其中制剂工艺与生产技木的现代化是相当关键的坏节。近年一些中药制剂新技木以及一些新技术在中药制剂领域的应用大大促进了中药现代化的进程。     

谈中药用药过程中应注意的问题

中药以其源远流长的历史以及确切的疗效，在我国医药发展史上一直被广泛应用，尤其是临床工作中，中西药结合治疗往往起到事半功倍的效果，中药源自天然，药性平和，但不良反应、毒副作用等也时有发生，因此，合理应用中药，才能促进中药事业的健康发展。下面就谈谈中药制剂及用药过程中应注意的几个问题。     

谈对中药新药研究发展的分析

文章从加强天然产物活性成分研究，从古方、验方研究开发新药，加强有效部位的研究，尤其是对复方有效部位中主要药效物质或者主要药效物质群的研究，应用生物技术开发中药新药，测试分析方法的现代化，中药新药制剂工艺的现代化，以及中药新药新释药系统的研究等诸方面论述了面向21世纪中药新药研究开发思路与方法。     

毛细管电泳在中药研究中的应用概况

本文综述了近几年毛细管电泳在中药材的鉴定、中药炮制品的鉴定中药有效成分分析、中药复方制剂的成分分析领域的应用概况。     

关于中药复方制剂制备工艺的研究

中药复方作为中医临床用药的主要形式，体现了中医整体观念和辨证论治的特点。制备工艺的研究是中药复方新药研究的一个重要环节，是药效毒理研究、临床研究的基础。在中药组方确定以后，首先要进行与质量研究相结合的制备工艺研究，要求工艺合理、稳定、成熟。按照研究工作的实际步骤，将中药复方制剂工艺研究进展作一阐述。     

Traditional Chinese Medicine as a Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Empirical Practice to Evidence-Based Therapy

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune condition with an elusive etiology. Conventional and biological disease-modifying drugs sometimes fail or produce only partial responses. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has long been used in China as a treatment for RA and is achieving ever-increasing acceptance worldwide. TCM treatments are traditionally guided by the theory of treatment based on TCM syndrome differentiation; however, they remain a matter of empirical practice relying on TCM theories and doctors’ own experience, which places severe restrictions on worldwide TCM application. Nevertheless, TCM is a treasure trove for drug discovery, particularly as a treatment for complicated human conditions. The discoveries of artemisinin as a treatment for malaria and of TCM–arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) combination therapy as a treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) are excellent examples of the great value of TCM. Regarding RA treatments, many Chinese medicinal herbs and their formulas, extracts, ingredients, and even single compounds have been used in clinical applications. Several Chinese proprietary medicines (CPMs) derived from TCM formulas or herbal bioactive components, such as the controlled-release ZhengQingFengTongNing (ZQFTN) Tablets, Tripterygium Glycoside Tablets, and Total Glucosides of Peony (TGP) Capsules, have been included in the National Health Insurance Directory of China, and show comparable therapeutic efficacies to those of western chemical drugs with fewer side effects. As TCM research has advanced, particularly in the use of multidisciplinary technologies, the scientific foundations and characteristics of the use of TCM to treat RA have been revealed, and the quality of TCM treatments have been increasingly enhanced. However, TCM generally lacks sufficient clinical and laboratory data to be consistent with international standards for quality, safety, and efficacy in order to support its application worldwide. Therefore, intensive basic and clinical studies on TCM are required. In particular, investigations that use cutting-edge technologies in analytical chemistry, biology, and biomedical sciences, and the development of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and personalized pragmatic randomized controlled trials (PPRCTs) are necessary. Researchers should also collaborate to advance TCM from empirical practice to evidence-based therapy, thus consistently promoting TCM development and globalization in a vital, beneficial, and contributable manner.     

中医药添加物产品的企业标准问题

本文首先对有关通过标准化法推动中医药添加物企业标准的现状做出了综述.由于中医药应用领域大,中医药产业链加速扩展延伸,并不断扩展与整合,实现了快速持续增长,这是我国中医药产业近年来的趋势.随之而来的是相关添加物产业标准化建设的问题.本文针对中医药添加物标准化建设过程中面临的困难进行了分析,然后详细讨论了制度建设的目标、定位、性质和内容等若干问题,最后给出了制度建设的意见和对策.     

试论中医学的性质与特点，中医理论的形成与发展

论述了中医学的性质与特点，以及中医理论的形成与发展。中医理论来源于实践，是古人长期与疾病斗争的大量实践，从实践经验的积累、综合到感性认识上升为理性认识，并广泛借鉴古代哲学、人文科学的思想、方法、世界观，逐渐形成以整体观为特点的系统化、理论化的中医理论；强调了中医药现代化的目的是全面提高中医药防病治病能力，不断发展创新；讨论了中医理论现代化的内容、重点及注意事项进行。     

中华医道的认识领域及其理论纲纪

中医与人类生存和健康的关系，及其在民族复兴和经济发展中的战略地位问题已经日益引起人们的普遍关注。为了使人们对于中医的理论有一个概括的了解，须在中华文化及其自然与生命之道宏大的精神背景下，并比较现代科学革命的最新进展，重申中华医道的认识领域、认识过程、范畴网络、实践目标，以及阴阳五行、藏象经络、病因病机、治则本草等理论纲纪。     

中医舌诊客观化研究

中国中医研究院西苑医院等运用计算机图处理技术,结合中医舌诊断相关理论研制的“中医舌诊专家系统”,实现了舌诊的定量分析,我们应用该系统,对９２７例患者舌质舌苔定量观察,探讨舌诊定量变化规律,结果表明,各类舌质苔有相应的ＲＧＢ（Ｒ为红色,Ｇ为绿色,Ｂ为蓝色）数量特征（Ｐ＜０．０１）,舌苔ＲＧＢ值的不仅与舌苔颜色密切相关,而且和舌苔的厚薄,腐腻等变化明显相关,舌苔面积百分数基本上反映了舌苔的覆盖面积,因此,应用中医舌诊专家系统对舌质舌苔进行量化诊断,可为中医辨证提供客观依据。     

pH-sensitive and mucoadhesive microspheres for duodenum-specific drug delivery system

Particulate systems that could deliver drug specifically to duodenum have not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to develop a novel duodenum-specific drug delivery system based on thiolated chitosan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate maleate (HPMCAM) for the duodenal ulcer application. Berberine hydrochloride was used as model drug. Thiolated chitosan was synthesized and further used for the preparation of mucoadhesive microspheres. HPMCAM, which is insoluble below pH 3.0 was synthesized and used for the coating of thiolated chitosan microspheres (TCM). The resulting thiolated chitosan immobilized on chitosan was 268.21?±?18 μmol/g. In vitro mucoadhesion study showed that the mucoadhesion property of TCM was better than that of chitosan microspheres. Morphological observation showed that the HPMCAM coating would maintain its integrity in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) for 2?h and dissolved quickly in simulated pathological duodenal fluid (SPDF; pH 3.3). In vitro drug release studies showed that only 4.75% of the drug was released in SGF for 2?h, while nearly 90% of the drug was released within 6?h after transferring into SPDF.     

pH-Sensitive and mucoadhesive microspheres for duodenum-specific drug delivery system

Particulate systems that could deliver drug specifically to duodenum have not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to develop a novel duodenum-specific drug delivery system based on thiolated chitosan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate maleate (HPMCAM) for the duodenal ulcer application. Berberine hydrochloride was used as model drug. Thiolated chitosan was synthesized and further used for the preparation of mucoadhesive microspheres. HPMCAM, which is insoluble below pH 3.0 was synthesized and used for the coating of thiolated chitosan microspheres (TCM). The resulting thiolated chitosan immobilized on chitosan was 268.21?±?18 μmol/g. In vitro mucoadhesion study showed that the mucoadhesion property of TCM was better than that of chitosan microspheres. Morphological observation showed that the HPMCAM coating would maintain its integrity in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) for 2?h and dissolved quickly in simulated pathological duodenal fluid (SPDF; pH 3.3). In vitro drug release studies showed that only 4.75% of the drug was released in SGF for 2?h, while nearly 90% of the drug was released within 6?h after transferring into SPDF.     

Effects of humidity and soil organic matter on the sorption of chlorinated methanes in synthetic humic-clay complexes.

Vapor-phase sorption is the most influential process governing the transport and the fate of volatile organic compounds in soil. To understand the influence of both soil organic content and the humidity of soil on the vapor sorption is an important process for degradation processes. The single-pellet moment technique was used to investigate sorption and diffusion of trichloromethane (TCM) and carbon tetrachloride (CTC) at varying relative humidities (0-80%) of synthetic humic-clay complex pellets consisting of clay (montmorillonite) and different amounts of organic matter (humic acid). The effective diffusivities of TCM and CTC did not show a noticeable change with moisture and humic acid content. On the other hand, with increasing humic acid content of clay at 0% relative humidity, an appreciable decrease of the equilibrium sorption constants of the tracers (TCM, CTC) was found because of the blockage of some sites of the mineral surfaces and especially micropores by the humic acid. The presence of water also reduced dramatically the sorption of TCM and CTC on synthetic humic-clay complexes. Above 20% relative humidity, the sorption coefficient of TCM and CTC varied only slightly with humic acid content. It was concluded that the sorption of TCM and CTC in synthetic humic-clay complexes was strongly effected by the moisture and humic acid content.     

全量补偿复合反演算法的改进及其应用

全量补偿法的提出为部分输入未知条件下的结构参数识别以及荷载反演提供了一个很好的思路,但由于该算法在进行参数估计时没有考虑已知输入与未知输入的可信度差别,因此参数收敛过程中会产生振荡现象,收敛速度相对较慢。在此基础上,充分利用部分输入可确知而部分输入未知的激励特性,构造了一个基于加权最小二乘准则的改进算法。与原算法相比,改进算法不仅在理论上更加完备,而且其收敛特性也有质的改善。在同等的参数识别精度条件下,其所需的迭代次数仅为原算法的十分之一。